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        臥輥式摘穗機構(gòu)摘穗輥高度差對玉米籽粒損失的影響

        2017-03-27 00:57:05陳美舟孫雪峰程修沛賈曉東李其昀
        農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2017年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:損失率果穗籽粒

        陳美舟,孫雪峰,程修沛,賈曉東,李其昀

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        臥輥式摘穗機構(gòu)摘穗輥高度差對玉米籽粒損失的影響

        陳美舟1,孫雪峰2,程修沛1,賈曉東3,李其昀1※

        (1. 山東理工大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,淄博 255000; 2.常州東風(fēng)農(nóng)機集團有限公司,常州 213000; 3. 山東建筑大學(xué)理學(xué)院,濟南 250000)

        針對臥輥式摘穗裝置存在的玉米籽粒損失嚴(yán)重、含雜率高等問題,該文通過理論分析和臺架試驗相結(jié)合的方法對摘穗過程中兩輥高度差對玉米損傷的影響及趨勢進行了分析。單因素試驗和方差分析表明,(兩輥軸線垂直的平面內(nèi),兩輥中心連線與水平面的夾角用表示)對玉米籽粒損失率有顯著的影響(<0.05)。在24°~30°范圍內(nèi),玉米平均籽粒損失率呈現(xiàn)明顯的下降趨勢,在30°時玉米平均籽粒損失率最小,3次試驗的平均籽粒損失為0.242%~0.483%;在33°、36°時,籽粒損失率較小,且相差不大。利用高速攝像技術(shù)對摘穗過程分析發(fā)現(xiàn),較小時,果穗滯留摘穗輥和“彈跳”現(xiàn)象是造成果穗二次損傷的主要原因;較大時,玉米植株喂入困難,玉米秸稈彎曲嚴(yán)重甚至折斷。為此,提出了在低位輥上安裝弧形隔板的優(yōu)化方案,試驗驗證表明,果穗通過弧形隔板滾動出摘穗?yún)^(qū)域,避免了低位輥對果穗的損傷,有效降低了玉米果穗的啃傷和籽粒損失率。該研究為臥輥式玉米摘穗裝置的優(yōu)化改進提供了參考。

        農(nóng)業(yè)機械;方差分析;試驗;臥輥式摘穗裝置;高度差;二次損傷;籽粒損失

        0 引 言

        臥輥式摘穗裝置多用于站稈摘穗的機型上,要求兩輥的軸線平行或夾角很小且具有約35 mm的高度差[1-2],使被摘下的果穗可以及時進入升運器或相應(yīng)的收集裝置,保證摘下的果穗能迅速脫離摘穗輥而避免掉粒損失。但是由于加工工藝以及裝配工藝等原因[3-5],兩摘穗輥的高度差得不到保證。高度差過小,被摘下的果穗,會滯留在摘穗輥上,并與旋轉(zhuǎn)的摘穗輥長時間的接觸而導(dǎo)致籽粒損失的增加;高度差過大,若兩摘輥的中心距不變則會使水平方向投影的間隙減小,尤其會造成摘穗輥前端導(dǎo)錐的引導(dǎo)作用失效,使玉米植株喂入困難,易被推倒或折斷,導(dǎo)致漏摘或果穗含雜率增大[6-9]。

        國內(nèi)外對于臥輥式摘穗裝置兩摘穗輥之間的高度差方面的研究甚少,尤其在對籽粒損失影響方面的研究處于空白。為此本課題組對臥輥式摘穗裝置進行了試驗研究,分析了兩輥高度差對玉米籽粒損失的影響與玉米果穗的運動規(guī)律,并結(jié)合高速攝像機采集的圖像,針對試驗過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的玉米果穗二次損傷的問題,對臥輥式摘穗裝置進行了優(yōu)化設(shè)計,對比試驗表明優(yōu)化后的摘穗裝置可有效降低籽粒損失,改善玉米摘穗質(zhì)量,為臥輥式摘穗裝置的優(yōu)化設(shè)計提供了參考。

        1 臥輥式玉米摘穗裝置結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理

        臥輥式玉米摘穗裝置主要由摘穗裝置、夾持喂入裝置、傳動系統(tǒng)、夾角調(diào)節(jié)裝置、高速攝像系統(tǒng)和計算機數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)等組成,如圖1所示。

        高速攝像機放置在低位摘穗輥一側(cè),與普通錄像機成90°安置,對玉米摘穗過程進行立體圖像采集和捕捉,通過觀察試驗錄像對玉米摘穗過程中玉米果穗運動軌跡、籽粒損失以及莖稈折斷等現(xiàn)象進行直觀分析。夾角調(diào)節(jié)裝置同步調(diào)節(jié)同一側(cè)的一對掛耳在傾斜耳的上下位置用以實現(xiàn)兩輥高度差的調(diào)節(jié),如圖2所示。

        .傾斜調(diào)節(jié)耳 2.掛耳 3.電磁調(diào)速電機 4.高位輥位置 5.低位輥位置 6. 鉸接耳

        輔助設(shè)備:DM6235P數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)速表、JD1A-11型電磁調(diào)速電動機控制器、ACS-6型電子計價稱等[10-11]。

        工作時,玉米植株由夾持喂入裝置夾持喂入,經(jīng)摘穗輥前導(dǎo)錐導(dǎo)入相向旋轉(zhuǎn)的摘穗輥后,玉米莖稈在摘穗段受到兩輥上螺旋凸棱的作用力和兩輥夾持力的聯(lián)合作用,玉米莖稈向后向下運動,玉米果穗被高、低位摘穗輥擠下,摘穗完成,秸稈繼續(xù)被向下拉莖,脫離機器。

        2 摘穗裝置結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)

        2.1 摘穗輥直徑與間隙

        摘穗輥應(yīng)保證能夠抓取莖稈但不能抓取果穗[12-14],即

        式中1、2分別代表玉米果穗直徑與莖稈直徑,mm;為摘穗輥間隙,mm;為摘穗輥直徑,mm;1與2分別代表對玉米果穗、玉米莖稈的抓取系數(shù),本試驗摘穗輥的光輥外表面帶螺旋筋條的凸棱,如圖3所示,因此取1≈2=1,則

        3.41(1–)≥≥3.41(2–) (2)

        中國大部分地區(qū)種植的玉米植株,其結(jié)穗處的秸稈直徑一般為18~24 mm[12],玉米果穗大端的直徑為45~60 mm[13],摘穗輥間隙=(0.3~0.4)2[14],則設(shè)計摘穗輥間隙可調(diào)范圍為4~12 mm,對摘穗輥的要求是能夠抓取最小直徑的莖稈而最小果穗不被抓取,則摘穗輥直徑大小為

        因此本試驗摘穗輥直徑選取中間范圍70 mm,在合理范圍之內(nèi)。摘穗輥間隙根據(jù)試驗時秸稈的具體情況確定其大小為6 mm[15-16]。

        2.2 兩輥高度差

        本試驗設(shè)計中兩摘穗輥高度差的調(diào)節(jié)主要通過調(diào)節(jié)兩輥中心連線與水平面的夾角(表示下同)而實現(xiàn),高度差和之間存在函數(shù)關(guān)系,即

        為了便于兩輥高度差調(diào)節(jié)和試驗參數(shù)的確定,本文采用代替兩輥高度差。玉米收獲機兩摘穗輥的高度差一般在35 mm左右[17]。因此,高度差選擇5個水平分別為36、40、44、48、52 mm,對應(yīng)的圓整后為24°、27°、30°、33°、36°。與兩輥高度差的關(guān)系如圖4所示。

        1.低位輥 2.高位輥

        1. Low snapping roller 2. High snapping roller

        注:為摘穗輥中心連線與水平面的夾角,(°);為摘穗輥中心的高度差,mm;為兩摘穗輥的間隙,mm。

        Note:is angle between central line of snapping rollers and horizontal, (°);is height difference of central line of snapping rollers, mm;is gap of snapping rollers, mm.

        圖4與高度差的關(guān)系

        Fig.4 Relationship betweenand height difference

        2.3 摘穗輥結(jié)構(gòu)

        摘穗輥選用多螺旋摘穗輥,光輥外表面帶有螺旋筋條的凸棱。凸棱最大高度為12 mm,拉莖筋條呈三角形高12 mm,強制拉莖段長度為120 mm,每條摘穗輥共6根拉莖筋條。

        3 玉米摘穗試驗

        3.1 試驗材料

        玉米品種為登海605,試驗用玉米植株取自山東省淄博市張店區(qū)付家鎮(zhèn)付家村。正常收獲期獲得,隨機選取30株成熟玉米植株進行測量,結(jié)穗處莖稈直徑平均值為18.9 mm,籽粒的平均含水率為26.3%。

        3.2 評價指標(biāo)

        本試驗旨在研究兩輥高度差對玉米籽粒損失以及果穗運動規(guī)律的影響,降低由兩輥高度差造成的玉米籽粒損失。因此選擇玉米籽粒損失率作為試驗評價指標(biāo)[18-19],公式如下所示

        式中為籽粒損失率,%;1為損失籽粒的質(zhì)量,g;2為籽粒的總質(zhì)量,g。

        3.3 試驗結(jié)果與分析

        為了研究兩輥高度差對玉米籽粒損失的影響規(guī)律,試驗因素采取單因素試驗,兩摘穗輥間隙固定在6 mm,喂入速度固定在1.2 m/s,摘穗輥轉(zhuǎn)速固定在800 r/min,對行喂入,每組試驗重復(fù)3次[20-23],每次隨機選取3株玉米,取均值。試驗結(jié)果如表1所示。

        表1 θ對籽粒損失的影響試驗結(jié)果

        注:“1”,“2”,“3”表示試驗序號。下同。

        Note: “1”, “2” and “3” represent experimental numbers. The same below.

        如表1所示,在24°~30°變化時,玉米籽粒損失呈現(xiàn)明顯的下降趨勢,但各個試驗水平的籽粒損失率均小于國家行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《NY/T 1355-2007 玉米收獲機作業(yè)質(zhì)量》[24]的規(guī)定,在30°時籽粒損失率最小,3次試驗的平均籽粒損失為0.242%~0.483%。在33°和36°時,籽粒損失率較小,且相差不大。

        利用SPSS軟件在顯著性水平=0.05下,對對進行檢驗,方差分析如表2所示,輸出結(jié)果中值小于0.05,因此可以推斷在顯著性水平=0.05下對籽粒損失率有顯著的差異[25-27]。

        表2 籽粒損失率方差分析

        注:“*”表示試驗因素對試驗結(jié)果在0.05水平上有影響顯著。

        Note: “*” represents the factor has significant effect on test result at 0.05 level.

        3.4 試驗現(xiàn)象分析

        試驗過程中,利用高速攝像機快速捕捉不同角度時的試驗現(xiàn)象,并對此進行分析。

        為24°時,如圖5所示,果穗因滯留在摘穗輥間而造成二次損傷。右側(cè)圖像顯示,低位輥凸棱不斷的對果穗頂端撞擊,應(yīng)是過小時籽粒損失較大的主要原因。如圖6所示,部分果穗出現(xiàn)了“彈跳”現(xiàn)象,左側(cè)圖像為剛摘下時果穗開始彈跳,右側(cè)圖像為果穗落下時碰到高位輥產(chǎn)生二次損傷,圈中亮點為碰撞后損失的籽粒,與之較近的果穗上有明顯的凹痕。

        為27°和30°時,部分果穗偶爾會出現(xiàn)上述問題,果穗被摘下后滯留在摘穗輥上的時間較短。為30°時,果穗直接跳出摘穗輥,因此,在設(shè)計玉米收獲機時,應(yīng)重視摘穗輥到升運器之間的銜接及材料。

        為33°和36°時,如圖7所示,果穗滯留在摘穗輥上的幾率明顯減少,但由于增大,摘穗輥中心距不變,使得摘穗輥水平面投影間隙縮小,造成玉米植株喂入困難,即使喂入實現(xiàn)也易造成玉米秸稈彎曲過度彎曲甚至折斷,影響正常摘穗。因此,采用較大的時,需要進一步調(diào)整高低兩摘穗輥之間的間隙,或設(shè)計成后端角度大,前端角度小的兩條軸線不平行輥子,以保證玉米植株的喂入和正常摘穗。

        另外,兩輥間隙調(diào)節(jié)部件只調(diào)節(jié)了摘穗輥前端的間隙,摘穗輥后部(靠近齒輪的一側(cè))變化相對較小。高低位兩摘穗輥的間隙是否合理,直接影響玉米果穗的籽粒損失以及莖稈的喂入情況。高低位兩摘穗輥的間隙過大,一方面會降低兩輥夾持力增加莖稈在高低輥間打滑的幾率,影響拉莖(摘穗)效果及秸稈向后輸送的能力,秸稈易滯留甚至堵塞,另一方面由于間隙過大,增加了果穗與摘穗輥的接觸面積,使得玉米果穗的籽粒損失率增高,較小的果穗可能會出現(xiàn)“咬穗”現(xiàn)象。高低位兩摘穗輥的間隙過小,莖稈容易被夾斷或拉斷,導(dǎo)致果穗含雜率的增高,也會出現(xiàn)堵塞的情況。

        4 結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化及驗證

        針對玉米摘穗試驗中出現(xiàn)的“二次損傷”和“彈跳”等造成籽粒損失等問題,課題組設(shè)計了在低位輥上加裝弧形隔板的解決方案,果穗被摘下后從弧形隔板滑到護板上,避免二次損傷,降低籽粒的損失。優(yōu)化后的結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸如圖8所示,其中弧形隔板與低位輥凸棱的間隙為2~5 mm[28-30],實物圖如圖9所示。

        對優(yōu)化后的臥輥式玉米摘穗裝置進行驗證試驗,試驗條件保持不變,試驗結(jié)果如表3所示。

        表3 帶隔板后θ對籽粒損失率影響的試驗結(jié)果

        優(yōu)化后,在24°~30°變化時,玉米籽粒的損失比優(yōu)化前明顯減少,且仍呈下降趨勢。為24°時,玉米籽粒損失率的平均值從0.674%降低到0.264%,效果最為顯著。為30°時,玉米籽粒損失率最小,損失范圍在0~0.338%。優(yōu)化前后,對玉米籽粒損失的影響趨勢對比,如圖10所示。

        與無弧形隔板時相比,果穗通過弧形隔板滾動出摘穗?yún)^(qū)域,避免了低位摘穗輥對果穗造成的二次損傷。但在低位摘穗輥上方加裝弧形隔板后,高位摘穗輥與弧形隔板間的高度差變小,不利于果穗滑出摘穗?yún)^(qū)域,如圖11所示。若果穗滯留在摘穗?yún)^(qū)域上,會被后面的玉米植株帶入高位摘穗輥與弧形隔板的間隙而造成損傷。因此,為30°時較24°和27°時的摘穗效果更好。

        5 結(jié) 論

        1)通過課題組前期對臥輥式摘穗裝置的兩輥高度差(或在兩輥軸線垂直的截面內(nèi),兩輥中心連線與水平線的夾角表示)對籽粒損失影響的試驗研究,在24°~30°時,玉米籽粒損失率呈現(xiàn)明顯的下降趨勢,在30°時籽粒損失率最小,3次試驗的平均籽粒損失為0.242%~0.483%;在33°、36°時,籽粒損失率較小,且相差不大。

        2)結(jié)合高速攝像機采集的圖像發(fā)現(xiàn),果穗滯留摘穗輥上并被旋轉(zhuǎn)的低位摘穗輥啃傷和“彈跳”是造成果穗二次損傷的主要原因,過大時玉米植株喂入困難,使得玉米秸稈彎曲嚴(yán)重甚至折斷,也會造成玉米籽粒損失和較高的含雜率。

        3)優(yōu)化臥輥式摘穗裝置并進行驗證試驗,低位輥安裝弧形隔板能夠有效的避免果穗因低位摘穗輥撞擊而產(chǎn)生的二次損傷,玉米籽粒損失顯著降低,為30°時,玉米籽粒損失最小,僅為0.164%。

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        Effect of height difference of horizontal corn snapping rollers device on grain loss

        Chen Meizhou1, Sun Xuefeng2, Cheng Xiupei1, Jia Xiaodong3, Li Qiyun1※

        (1,,255000,; 2,213000,; 3.,,250000,)

        In recent years, corn acreage has became the first place instead of wheat and rice in China.However, corn mechanical harvesting level is low, which has seriously affected the development of corn mechanization. Corn snapping device is a main component of corn harvesting machine, and plays an important role on the quality of harvester. Compared to other kinds of corn ear picking device, horizontal snapping rollers device is easy to cause serious corn grain loss rate and high impurity rate, which has been the choke points of corn harvester development for a long time. Heightdifference of snapping rollers is a significant factor that affects the ability of horizontal snapping rollers device to pick corn ears. If the height difference is too small, corn ears will stick on snapping rollers after picking, and the prolonged exposure increases corn grain loss seriously. When the height difference is too large, the center distance of snapping rollers remains constant that leads to small horizontal projection gap, and triangulardomain shaped by the front cone of the snapping rollers still makes it difficult to feed for corn plant, finally corn plant will bent and broken off, which leads to serious grain impurity rate. Based on the issue of serious gnawing harm and loss of corn ears, experimental research was conducted to analyze the effect of height difference on grain loss. In order to improve the precision for adjustment on the height difference and determine the parameters, the angle between the line of centers of two snapping rollers and the horizontal surface (the angle) was employed to represent the height difference. The horizontal snapping rollers device was built, and the grain loss rate was taken as the index to estimate the effect on height difference. Through the single factor experiment, the impact of the anglewas analyzed. The harvesting process was captured with the high-speed photography, which was helpful to analyze comprehensively in the late period. Through the single factor experiment and the analysis of variance, it was found that the grain loss rate reduced quickly from 24°-30° and changes were small and inconspicuous at 33° and 36°. The average grain loss was the least (0.354%) when the angle was 30°. High-speed cameras were used to collect image datum and analyze the datum. And two phenomena were discerned. It revealed that some corn ears stayed on the snapping rollers after picking, and there was also a “bouncing” phenomenon. Those phenomena caused secondary damage of corn ears and high impurity. In addition, when the anglewas too large, it was more difficult for corn stalk feeding, which made the corn stalk bending seriously and even to break, and even if the corn stalk was fed, it was easy to cause blocking on the snapping region. So if the large angle is employed, the gap between snapping rollers needs to be adjusted or the snapping rollers can be designed not to parallel with large backend and small front-end to ensure corn plant smoothly. For these phenomena, a curved bulkhead was installed above the low snapping roller. The contrast test showed that the solution reduced the chance of secondary damage to the corn ears. The single factor experiment showed that the grain loss rate reduced at each angle variously and grain loss rate was the least(0.164%) when the angle was 30o. The contrast test showed that the solution reduced the chance of secondary damage on the corn ears. It also prevented the snapping rollers from impacting on the corn ears, thereby reducing loss of corn grain. This study provides a reference for optimization and improvement on horizontal snapping rolls device.

        agricultural machinery; analysis of variance; experiments; horizontal snapping rollers device; height difference; secondary damage; grain loss

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.04.009

        S225

        A

        1002-6819(2017)-04-0063-06

        2016-05-29

        2016-11-10

        山東省重點研發(fā)計劃項目(2015GGX101003);公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(200903059-0402);山東省科技發(fā)展計劃項目(2010GNC10965);山東省自然科學(xué)基金專項(ZR2009DL012);山東省自然科學(xué)基金項目(2010 ZRE04018);農(nóng)業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化資金項目(2014)

        陳美舟,女,山東濟寧人,博士生,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機械的設(shè)計與研究。淄博 山東理工大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,255000。 Email:chenfeng2830@163.com

        李其昀,男,山東淄博人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機械的設(shè)計與研究。淄博 山東理工大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,255000。Email:liqiyun@sdut.edu.cn

        陳美舟,孫雪峰,程修沛,賈曉東,李其昀. 臥輥式摘穗機構(gòu)摘穗輥高度差對玉米籽粒損失的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(4):63-68. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.04.009 http://www.tcsae.org

        Chen Meizhou, Sun Xuefeng, Cheng Xiupei, Jia Xiaodong, Li Qiyun. Effect of height difference of horizontal corn snapping rollers device on grain loss[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(4): 63-68. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.04.009 http://www.tcsae.org

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