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        高考試卷中的英語特殊句式

        2017-03-11 06:02:30大連市第二十四中學李鐵英
        遼寧招生考試 2017年7期
        關鍵詞:句首省略例句

        大連市第二十四中學 李鐵英

        英語的特殊句式一直是高考中的熱點與難點。由于與學生熟悉的英語陳述句結構差異大,句式比較雜亂,學生掌握起來有一定的難度。筆者試以2016年高考真題中出現(xiàn)的特殊句式為主要例句,簡單講解特殊句式中的強調句、倒裝句及省略句的結構、高考易錯點及使用它們提高高考寫作的小技巧。

        一、強調句的基本結構及高考難點

        強調句是為了使句子的部分內容突出而采用的一種修辭手段。

        1.強調句的基本句型是“It is/was+被強調部分(通常是主語、賓語或狀語)+that/who(當強調主語且主語指人)+其他部分”。

        例句:(2016·天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel_____the coach picks up tourists. (正確答案為:that)

        2.如果需要強調謂語時,使用助動詞“do/does或did+動詞原形”的結構。

        例句:(2016·北京卷)However, when something_____interest me,I could become absorbed.(正確答案為:did)

        注意:①not...until...句型的強調句是 “It is/was not until+被強調部分 +that+其他部分”。

        例句:(2016·浙江卷)It was not until I became involved in student government_____I gained the confidence to handle projects that I created with the help of ASUCR Office of the President.(正確答案為:that)

        ②強調句中的連接詞一般只用that,who,即使在強調時間狀語和地點狀語時也如此。學生在改錯中尤其容易忽視這一點。

        請看下文這個改錯:

        It was not until then when the term “Canada”entered the country's history.

        正確答案為:when改為that。強調句掌握不熟練的學生常常誤以為此句為定語從句或狀語從句。

        ③強調謂語時只用do/does和did,沒有別的形式。

        二、倒裝句的基本結構及高考難點

        顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句。為方便高考復習,可以把高考常見的倒裝句分為全部倒裝句3種,部分倒裝句3種及其他倒裝句3種。

        1.全部倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有:

        (1)here,there,in,out,up,down,then,thus 等副詞置于句首,謂語動詞常用 be,come,go,lie,run 等。

        例句:(2016·天津卷)Then_____ (come)the final awards ceremony at the end of the year.(正確答案為:came)

        注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

        例句:Here he comes.

        (2)表方位的地點狀語放句首,謂語動詞常用be,remain,lie,sit,stand 等。

        例句:(2010·重慶卷) At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River_____(lie)Chongqing,one of the ten largest cities in China.(正確答案為:lies)

        (3)表語提前放句首。

        例句:(2016·全國Ⅰ卷)In this box_____(be)some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient. (正確答案為:are)

        注意:there be結構也屬于全部倒裝的句型結構,be動詞的使用遵循就近原則。

        例句:There are various means of communicating with strangers.

        2.部分倒裝是把助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞放在主語之前。常見的結構有:

        (1)含有否定意義的副詞、連接詞放在句首。

        表示否定的副詞有 never,nor,neither;

        表示半否定意義的副詞有hardly,few,seldom,little;

        含有 no和 not的詞組有 by no means,in no case,at no time,under no circumstances,not until,notonly...butalso,no sooner...than=hardly...when/scarcely...when。

        例 句 :(2016·江 蘇 卷 ) Not untilrecently_____they encourage the development of touristrelated activities in the rural areas.(正確答案為:did)

        注意:只有當not only...but also連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的not only...but also僅連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結構。

        例句:(2014·大綱全國卷)Not only_____the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. (正確答案為:do)

        (2)only修飾狀語(從句)且放在句首時。

        例句:(2016·全國Ⅰ卷)Only after a year of friendly discussion_____Ms Gaf finally say yes.(正確答案為:did)

        (3)當“so/such...that...”結構中的 so, such 連同它所直接修飾的成分位于句首時,主句要進行倒裝(that后面的結果狀語從句不倒裝)。

        例句:(2009·廣東卷)So sudden_____ (be) the attack that the enemy had no time to escape.(正確答案為:was)

        3.其他高考常見的倒裝結構有:

        (1)“so (nor, neither)+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be 動詞+主語”。表示前面敘述的情況(否定情況)也適合于另一個人或物,意為“也,同樣,也如此”。

        例句:(2016·北京卷)If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below.He would die, and so_____the sick children of Nome.(正確答案為:would)

        注意:①這一句型倒裝部分的助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、連系動詞的時態(tài)和形式要與前句及全句語義一致。

        ②表示前面的多種情況也適合于另一人或物,或者既有肯定又有否定情況或涉及到不同類型的動詞時可用:“It is the same with sth./sb. ”或“So it is with sth./sb.”句型。

        例句:She does well in English,but is poor in maths.So it is with Lucy.

        ③當so表示對前句內容的肯定、符合,或進一步強調前面所說的情況,或者贊同前面的說法時,應用自然語序。意為 “的確,正是”。

        例句:—Tom works hard.湯姆工作很賣力。

        —So he does and so do you. 的確如此,你也是。

        (2)由as、though引導讓步狀語從句要倒裝。結構為“表語/狀語/動詞原形+as+主語+其他”。

        例句:(2016·天津卷)Here I learned my first important lesson:_____ (disable)as I was in language,I could still be smart and well express myself with clay.(正確答案為:Disabled)

        注意:①句首是實義動詞,其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。

        例句:(2011·全國卷)Try hard_____she might,Sue couldn't get the door open. (正確答案為:as)

        ②句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。

        例句:Child as he is, he knows a lot.

        (3)if虛擬條件句中,若從句謂語動詞有 were,should,had 時,省略 if,將 were, should, had 提前到從句句首構成倒裝。

        例 句 :If it hadn't been for their help, we couldn't have finished the work on time.

        =Hadn't it been for their help,we couldn't have finished the work on time.

        三、省略句的基本結構及高考難點

        省略是為了使句子更簡潔,同時又不影響句子意義的表達。常見的結構有:

        1.功能詞的省略

        功能詞指的是沒有完整意義,但有語法意義的詞,如冠詞、介詞、助動詞等。

        (1)冠詞的省略

        ①兩個并列的名詞前面,第二個可以省略。

        例句:A man and (a) woman are talking in the office.

        注意:如果省去冠詞會誤會為一個人則不省略。

        ②表示獨一無二的職位前,比如總統(tǒng)、主席、班長等,習慣省略冠詞。

        例句:They elected John monitor of the class.

        (2)介詞的省略

        have difficulty/problem/trouble+(in)+doing

        spend/waste time/energy+(in)+doing

        there is no sense/point+(in)+doing

        stop/prevent sb.+(from)+doing

        be busy+(in)+doing

        take turns+(at)+doing

        have a good/great/fun/hard/time+(in)+doing

        (3)that的省略

        ①引導賓語從句的that常??梢允÷?。

        例句:I suggested (that) we should go home.

        注意:a.兩個賓語從句連用時,第一個從句that可以省略,第二個從句的that不可省略。

        例 句 :The teachertold the students (that)they should hand in their homework the next day and that the homework must be signed names by their parents.

        b.在介詞短語后的賓語從句中that不可省略,且前面往往有個形式賓語it。

        例句:You may depend on it that they will support your plan.

        See to it that you arrive at the railway station on time.

        c.在雙賓語結構中,that從句充當直接賓語或是間接賓語時,不可以省略that。

        例句:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.

        ②引導定語從句并在從句中作表語或賓語that可省略。

        例句:Can I have the records (that) I lent you?

        2.句子結構的省略

        (1)主語的省略

        英語中的主語一般不可省略,但在口語中某些慣用表達也可省略,有時主語和助動詞一起省略。

        例句:(2016·浙江卷)—The movie starts at 8:30,and we can have a quick bite before we go.

        —_____(sound) great.See you at 8:10. (正確答案為:Sounds)

        (2)狀語從句的省略

        在 when,while,whenever, till,as soon as,if,unless, as if,though,as, whether引導的狀語從句中,若謂語有be動詞,而從句主語又跟主句主語相同或從句為it+be動詞時,則主句的主語和be常可省略。

        例句:(2016·全國Ⅰ卷)Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when________ (deal) with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.(正確答案為:dealing, when dealing=when other cultures are dealing)

        (3)虛擬語氣中should的省略

        在與 suggest, request, order, advise 等詞相關的名詞性從句中必須用虛擬語氣 “should+動詞原形”形式,should可省略。

        例句:(2016·全國Ⅱ卷) Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. (此題為改錯。正確答案為:can改為should或can刪掉,第二種改法就意味著省略should)

        (4)省略一個從句或從句的一部分,可用so或not代替。常用的動詞有 believe,think,expect,guess, hope, imagine, suppose, be afraid 等。

        例句:—Is he feeling better today?

        —I'm afraid not. (not=he is not feeling better today)

        (5)動詞不定式的省略

        不定式作某些動詞的賓語,賓補或主補時或作某些形容詞的狀語時,常常省略到to。常見動詞有l(wèi)ike, love, hope, wish, expect, mean, want等。常見的形容詞有 happy, glad, eager, anxious,willing, ready等。

        例句:She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.

        I think she should get a job,but you can't force her if she's not ready to.

        注意:①當不定式含有作助動詞用的have或be的形式時,要保留到原形have或be。

        例句:He did not come,but he ought to have.

        He is not the man he used to be.

        ②不定式to的省略

        a.主語部分有to do,系動詞是is/was時,作表語的不定式省略to。

        例句:The only thing you have to do is (to)press the button.

        b.作介詞 but, except, besides的賓語,前面有實義動詞do的各種形式時,常省略to。

        例句:Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning.

        ③ 在 see, watch, notice, observe, look at,hear, listen to, feel, have, make, let等詞后作賓語補足語時省略to.

        四、特殊句式在高考寫作中的使用

        高級詞匯和復雜句式的使用是衡量高中生英語寫作水平的一個重要指標。許多學生在英語寫作中能夠表述清楚自己希望表達的意思,但是單一的句式結構使作文單調乏味,請看下面這段表達感謝的學生作文:

        In the past three years,I have learned much knowledge.I have made many good friends.I have made such great progress with your help.

        這段敘述語義清晰,但句式單調,學生反復使用I have done...句式。改為適當?shù)奶厥饩涫胶螅疚目梢允沁@樣的:

        In the pastthree years, notonly have I learned much knowledgebut alsoIhavemade many good friends.It is with your help that I have made such great progress.

        顯然,特殊句式的恰切使用可以使作文大大增色。英語寫作中最常用的特殊句式包括:

        1.使用“There be sb.doing sth.”句型描述現(xiàn)象或概括原因。

        例句:At present, there are a lot of students cheating in the examinations.

        Nowadays,there are more and more people purchasing private cars.

        There are many factors contributing to/accounting for the phenomenon.

        2.使用“Here is/are...”倒裝句引出下文。

        例句:Here is my advice./Here are my tips.

        Here is the brief introduction to sth.

        3.使用“It is/was+被強調部分+that+其他部分”句式陳述活動的原因、目的、結果或意義等。

        例句:Itis the environmentpollution that causes this problem.

        It is our attitude that matters/counts.

        It is the achievements that havemademe confident.

        4.使用“名詞 /形容詞 /副詞+as/though+主語+謂語……”倒裝句表達轉折關系。

        例句:Tough though the problem is, we will give up by no means.

        5.使用“Not only...but also...”倒裝句表達并列關系。

        例句:Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology,but also they play an informative role in our daily life.

        Not only should the government adopt effective measures but everyone of us should play an active part.

        6.使用“Only+ 狀語(從句)...”倒裝句總結并簡潔有力地結尾。

        例句:Onlyin this waycan wesolvethe problem.

        Only if we can unite together are we more likely to solve the problem well.

        以上是特殊句式在高考中的常見用法。歸根到底,能根據高考題的語境和自己寫作的需要正確恰當?shù)厥褂镁湫筒攀顷P鍵,生搬硬套往往導致過猶不及。相信同學們在適當練習后一定能夠熟練掌握特殊句式用法。

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