馮明麗 徐麗君 田繼云 曹 勤 王曉春
上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬普陀醫(yī)院消化科(200062)
Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)急性非靜脈曲張性上消化道出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)比較
馮明麗 徐麗君 田繼云 曹 勤 王曉春*
上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬普陀醫(yī)院消化科(200062)
背景:急性非靜脈曲張性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)是消化科常見(jiàn)的臨床急癥,Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)常用于ANVUGIB風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層。目的:探討Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)ANVUGIB患者的輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。方法:采用Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)590例ANVUGIB住院患者進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)程度分級(jí)評(píng)分,應(yīng)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC)評(píng)估兩個(gè)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果:輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的ANVUGIB患者Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分顯著高于相應(yīng)未輸血、未行外科手術(shù)和存活者(P<0.01)。Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的AUC分別為0.785(95% CI: 0.743~0.828,P=0.000)、0.765(95% CI: 0.693~0.837,P=0.000)、0.835(95% CI: 0.703~0.966,P=0.005);Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的AUC分別為0.812(95% CI: 0.775~0.848,P=0.000)、0.870(95% CI: 0.811~0.930,P=0.000)、0.784(95% CI: 0.614~0.954,P=0.017)。結(jié)論:Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)ANVUGIB患者的輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值;Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)死亡的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值高于Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng),Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)輸血、外科手術(shù)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值高于Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。
Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng); Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng); 胃腸出血; 危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估; 輸血; 外科手術(shù); 死亡
急性非靜脈曲張性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)是消化科最常見(jiàn)的急、危重癥之一,發(fā)病率為19.4/10萬(wàn)~57.0/10萬(wàn),死亡率為8.6%[1]。因此,臨床上密切監(jiān)測(cè)患者出血病情,依據(jù)觀察指標(biāo)預(yù)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并擬定相應(yīng)的診治策略尤為重要。近年國(guó)內(nèi)外上消化道出血診治共識(shí)或指南[2-5]推薦采用Rockall評(píng)分、Blatchford評(píng)分等危險(xiǎn)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)ANVUGIB早期進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層以預(yù)判病情,積極診治改善預(yù)后。如何更好地運(yùn)用不同危險(xiǎn)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)ANVUGIB風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估成為近年臨床研究的熱點(diǎn)。本研究通過(guò)比較Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)ANVUGIB患者輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的評(píng)估價(jià)值及其可靠性,旨在為兩種系統(tǒng)的臨床實(shí)踐提供指導(dǎo)。
一、研究對(duì)象
收集2013年1月—2015年8月上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬普陀醫(yī)院ANVUGIB住院患者590例,均符合2009年ANVUGIB診治指南[6]的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并經(jīng)胃鏡檢查證實(shí)出血病因。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):各種病因引起的靜脈曲張破裂導(dǎo)致的上消化道出血者;鼻咽喉、口腔出血者;呼吸道出血者;食物引起的黑便者;未行胃鏡檢查者。
二、研究方法
采用回顧性分析方法,查閱住院資料完整的患者病歷,記錄基本臨床資料、合并癥、常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、胃鏡檢查等。按照Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)度評(píng)分,觀察終點(diǎn)為患者輸血、外科手術(shù)、死亡。比較Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)在ANVUGIB患者觀察終點(diǎn)時(shí)的差異,應(yīng)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC)評(píng)估兩種評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)ANVUGIB患者輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡預(yù)測(cè)的敏感性和特異性。
輸血治療指住院期間出現(xiàn)嘔血、黑便引起休克或血紅蛋白低于70 g/L時(shí)予以輸注懸浮紅細(xì)胞治療;外科手術(shù)治療指經(jīng)藥物保守治療或同時(shí)內(nèi)鏡下止血治療不能控制的出血患者轉(zhuǎn)外科手術(shù)治療;死亡指首次出血后在住院期間內(nèi)發(fā)生的患者死亡。Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)依據(jù)患者年齡、休克狀況、伴發(fā)病、內(nèi)鏡診斷和內(nèi)鏡下出血征象5項(xiàng)指標(biāo),將患者分為高危、中?;虻臀H巳?,其取值范圍為0~11分[7]。Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)依據(jù)患者收縮壓、血尿素氮、血紅蛋白、其他表現(xiàn)(脈搏≥100次/min、黑便、暈厥、肝臟疾病、心力衰竭)等指標(biāo),將患者分為中高危和低危人群,其取值范圍為0~23分[8]。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
一、患者臨床基本特征
590例ANVUGIB患者中,男464例(78.6%),女126例(21.4%);年齡13~92歲,中位年齡52歲;有黑便者417例(70.7%),伴嘔血者173例(29.3%),伴暈厥者41例(6.9%);合并高血壓、冠心病者144例(24.4%),合并糖尿病者88例(14.9%);輸血治療者125例(21.2%),外科手術(shù)者22例(3.7%),死亡6例(1.0%);胃鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)十二指腸球部潰瘍331例(56.1%),胃潰瘍223例(37.8%),吻合口潰瘍13例(2.2%),復(fù)合性潰瘍11例(1.9%),慢性胃炎8例(1.4%),食管炎2例(0.3%),胃腫瘤2例(0.3%)。
二、輸血、外科手術(shù)、死亡與Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分的關(guān)系
接受輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的ANVUGIB患者Rockall評(píng)分、Blatchford評(píng)分均顯著高于相應(yīng)未輸血者、未行外科手術(shù)者和存活者(P<0.01)(表1)。
治療終點(diǎn)例數(shù)Rockall評(píng)分P值Blatchford評(píng)分P值輸血 是1254.38±1.59<0.019.76±2.34<0.01 否4652.60±1.455.88±3.46外科手術(shù) 是224.41±1.30<0.0111.36±2.34<0.01 否5682.92±1.646.52±3.54死亡<0.01 是65.16±1.6010.33±2.66<0.01 否5842.95±1.636.66±3.61
三、各評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的AUC比較
Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)輸血的AUC分別為0.785(95% CI: 0.743~0.828,P=0.000)、0.812(95% CI: 0.775~0.848,P=0.000)(圖1),預(yù)測(cè)外科手術(shù)的AUC分別為0.765(95% CI: 0.693~0.837,P=0.000)、0.870(95% CI: 0.811~0.930,P=0.000)(圖2),預(yù)測(cè)死亡的AUC分別為0.835(95% CI: 0.703~0.966,P=0.005)、0.784(95% CI: 0.614~0.954,P=0.017)(圖3)。
圖1 Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)估ANVUGIB患者輸血的ROC
圖2 Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)估ANVUGIB患者外科手術(shù)的ROC
圖3 Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)估ANVUGIB患者死亡的ROC
ANVUGIB患者起病急,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,早期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估有利于監(jiān)測(cè)病情、擬定治療策略以改善預(yù)后。臨床采用單因素或多因素聯(lián)合預(yù)測(cè)上消化道出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),目前以多因素聯(lián)合預(yù)測(cè)的效果更好[9],國(guó)內(nèi)外指南推薦使用Rockall、Blatchford等評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)估患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后,指導(dǎo)后續(xù)治療。
本研究共納入ANVUGIB患者590例,其中輸血治療患者125例,占21.2%;外科手術(shù)者22例,占3.7%;死亡6例,占1.0%;出血病因以胃、十二指腸球部潰瘍?yōu)橹?93.9%)。本組患者死亡率較低,考慮可能與入組患者平均年齡較輕(52歲),且均為未納入急診和急診留觀治療的ANVUGIB住院患者有關(guān)。臨床上,ANVUGIB出血早期患者運(yùn)用Rockall出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)可降低死亡率[10]。
Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[7]于1996年提出,其評(píng)估指標(biāo)包括年齡、休克、伴發(fā)病、內(nèi)鏡診斷和內(nèi)鏡下出血征象5項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,對(duì)ANVUGIB的再出血率和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有良好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,且既往研究[10-11]發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值優(yōu)于對(duì)再出血和外科手術(shù)的預(yù)測(cè)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床予以輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的ANVUGIB患者Rockall評(píng)分均顯著高于相應(yīng)未輸血、未行外科手術(shù)和存活的患者(P<0.01),提示Rockall評(píng)分越高,出血越嚴(yán)重,往往需要更多干預(yù)治療,預(yù)后更差。本研究中Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的AUC分別為0.785、0.765、0.835,對(duì)死亡的預(yù)測(cè)能力最高,與國(guó)內(nèi)外研究[12-14]報(bào)道Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)上消化道出血死亡有良好的預(yù)測(cè)能力相符。
Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[8]于2000年提出,其評(píng)估指標(biāo)包括黑便、暈厥、脈搏、收縮壓、血紅蛋白、尿素氮以及肝病和心力衰竭證據(jù),用于上消化道出血患者的危險(xiǎn)分級(jí),對(duì)是否需要輸血、內(nèi)鏡下或外科手術(shù)等臨床干預(yù)有很好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,尤其是再出血和外科手術(shù)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床予以輸血、外科手術(shù)以及死亡的ANVUGIB患者Blatchford評(píng)分均顯著高于未予以輸血、未行外科手術(shù)和存活的患者(P<0.01),提示Blatchford評(píng)分越高,出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)輸血、外科手術(shù)和死亡的AUC分別為0.812、0.870、0.784,對(duì)外科手術(shù)的預(yù)測(cè)能力最高。Bryant等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)上消化道出血患者需手術(shù)干預(yù)的能力優(yōu)于其他評(píng)分系統(tǒng),但邵穎等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)老年ANVUGIB患者手術(shù)干預(yù)無(wú)預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,該評(píng)分系統(tǒng)是否能預(yù)測(cè)老年人ANVUGIB的外科手術(shù)需進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究中,Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)輸血、外科手術(shù)的預(yù)測(cè)能力優(yōu)于Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng),但對(duì)死亡的預(yù)測(cè)以Rockall評(píng)分系統(tǒng)更優(yōu),可能與各系統(tǒng)的不同評(píng)估指標(biāo)有關(guān),Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)無(wú)需年齡和內(nèi)鏡結(jié)果,更側(cè)重于全身生命指數(shù)情況。合理運(yùn)用上述兩種評(píng)分系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)有利于預(yù)測(cè)ANVUGIB患者的醫(yī)療終點(diǎn),有助于臨床果斷抉擇治療策略,尤其可為擬定外科手術(shù)等高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)治療時(shí)提供更客觀的預(yù)判依據(jù)。
總之,Rockall和Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)于上消化道出血病情嚴(yán)重程度的評(píng)估和預(yù)測(cè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的臨床有效性不斷得到證實(shí),可指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。但兩者的評(píng)估指標(biāo)相對(duì)較繁瑣,目前改良的Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[17]、AIMS65評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[18]等新型的出血評(píng)估系統(tǒng)已用于臨床研究,且顯示出較好的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。如何更好更方便地應(yīng)用各種出血評(píng)分系統(tǒng),值得臨床不斷探索。
1 Lau JY, Sung J, Hill C, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of complicated peptic ulcer disease: incidence, recurrence, risk factors and mortality[J]. Digestion, 2011, 84 (2): 102-113.
2 Barkun A, Bardou M, Marshall JK; Nonvariceal Upper GI Bleeding Consensus Conference Group. Consensus recommendations for managing patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2003, 139 (10): 843-857.
3 Sung JJ, Chan FK, Chen M, et al; Asia-Pacific Working Group. Asia-Pacific Working Group consensus on non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding[J]. Gut, 2011, 60 (9): 1170-1177.
4 中華內(nèi)科雜志, 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 中華消化雜志, 等. 急性非靜脈曲張性上消化道出血診治指南(2015年,南昌)[J]. 中華消化內(nèi)鏡雜志, 2015, 32 (12): 787-793.
5 中國(guó)醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)急診醫(yī)師分會(huì). 急性上消化道出血急診診治流程專家共識(shí)[J]. 中國(guó)急救醫(yī)學(xué), 2015, 35 (10): 865-873.
6 《中華內(nèi)科雜志》編委會(huì), 《中華消化雜志》編委會(huì), 《中華消化內(nèi)鏡雜志》編委會(huì). 急性非靜脈曲張性上消化道出血診治指南(2009,杭州)[J]. 中華消化內(nèi)鏡雜志, 2009, 26 (9): 449-452.
7 Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, et al. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage[J]. Gut, 1996, 38 (3): 316-321.
8 Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage[J]. Lancet, 2000, 356 (9238): 1318-1321.
9 許宏蓉, 張焜和, 呂農(nóng)華. 非靜脈曲張上消化道出血的死亡預(yù)測(cè)研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中華內(nèi)科雜志, 2013, 52 (9): 773-776.
10 Church NI, Dallal HJ, Masson J, Mowat NA, et al. Validity of the Rockall scoring system after endoscopic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer: a prospective cohort study[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006, 63 (4): 606-612.
11 Enns RA, Gagnon YM, Barkun AN, et al. Validity of the Rockall scoring system for outcomes from non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a Canadian setting[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2006, 12 (48): 7779-7785.
12 錢潔, 陳怡, 仲敏, 等. Rockall與Blatchford評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)估急性上消化道出血的比較研究[J]. 胃腸病學(xué), 2011, 16 (11): 644-648.
13 Vreeburg EM, Terwee CB, Snel P, et al. Validation of the Rockall risk scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding[J]. Gut, 1999, 44 (3): 331-335.
14 許勤, 胡乃中, 劉衡, 等. 急性非靜脈曲張上消化道出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的臨床研究[J]. 中華消化雜志, 2010, 30 (11): 828-831.
15 Bryant RV, Kuo P, Williamson K, et al. Performance of the Glasgow-Blatchford score in predicting clinical outcomes and intervention in hospitalized patients with upper GI bleeding[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2013, 78 (4): 576-583.
16 邵穎, 魏晟, 譚漫紅, 等. Blatchford危險(xiǎn)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)老年人急性非靜脈曲張上消化道出血的評(píng)估價(jià)值[J]. 中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2015, 34 (1): 62-66.
17 Cheng DW, Lu YW, Teller T, et al. A modified Glasgow Blatchford Score improves risk stratification in upper gastrointestinal bleed: a prospective comparison of scoring systems[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 36 (8): 782-789.
18 Robertson M, Majumdar A, Boyapati R, et al. Risk stratification in acute upper GI bleeding: comparison of the AIMS65 score with the Glasgow-Blatchford and Rockall scoring systems[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2016, 83 (6): 1151-1160.
(2016-07-25收稿;2016-08-28修回)
Comparative Study on Rockall and Blatchford Scoring System for Risk Assessment of Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
FENGMingli,XULijun,TIANJiyun,CAOQin,WANGXiaochun.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,PutuoHospital,ShanghaiUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Shanghai(200062)
WANG Xiaochun, Email: xiaochun1971@yeah.net
Rockall Scoring System; Blatchford Scoring System; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Risk Assessment; Blood Transfusion; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Death
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.02.007
*本文通信作者,Email: xiaochun1971@yeah.net
Background: Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) is a commonly seen gastrointestinal emergency. Rockall and Blatchford scoring system are commonly used for risk stratification in ANVUGIB. Aims: To investigate the predictive values of Rockall and Blatchford scoring system for assessing the risk of blood transfusion, surgical intervention and mortality in patients with ANVUGIB. Methods: Five hundred and ninety hospitalized patients with ANVUGIB were scored by Rockall and Blatchford scoring system, respectively. Predictive values of these two scoring systems for assessing the risk of blood transfusion, surgical intervention and mortality were assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Results: Rockall and Blatchford scores in patients with blood transfusion, surgical intervention and died were significantly higher than those in patients without blood transfusion, surgical intervention and survived (P<0.01). The AUC of Rockall scoring system for predicting blood transfusion, surgical intervention and mortality were 0.785 (95% CI: 0.743-0.828,P=0.000), 0.765 (95% CI: 0.693-0.837,P=0.000), 0.835 (95% CI: 0.703-0.966,P=0.005), respectively. The AUC of Blatchford scoring system for predicting blood transfusion, surgical intervention and mortality were 0.812 (95% CI: 0.775-0.848,P=0.000), 0.870 (95% CI: 0.811-0.930,P=0.000), 0.784 (95% CI: 0.614-0.954,P=0.017), respectively. Conclusions: Rockall and Blatchford scoring system have high predictive value for blood transfusion, surgical intervention and mortality in patients with ANVUGIB. Rockall scoring system is better for predicting mortality, while Blatchford scoring system is better for predicting blood transfusion and surgical intervention.