李夢苑, 葉傳濤, 張 穎, 賈戰(zhàn)生
(第四軍醫(yī)大學唐都醫(yī)院 傳染科,西安 710038)
HBV復制再激活研究進展
李夢苑, 葉傳濤, 張 穎, 賈戰(zhàn)生
(第四軍醫(yī)大學唐都醫(yī)院 傳染科,西安 710038)
在非活動性或已治愈的HBV感染者中,當機體免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)被打破時,可能發(fā)生以肝臟炎癥反應和HBV DNA水平增高為表現(xiàn)的HBV再激活(HBVr)現(xiàn)象,進而引起不同程度的肝功能異常、肝衰竭甚至死亡。對于HBVr的篩查、免疫抑制方案的危險分級以及患者個體情況等方面的系統(tǒng)性管理是亟待解決的問題,在免疫抑制治療及化療前篩查HBV血清學標志,評估患者HBVr的發(fā)生風險,制訂合適的個體化預防性抗病毒治療方案尤為關鍵。徹底清除肝細胞內(nèi)cccDNA是預防HBVr發(fā)生的根本。從病因、發(fā)病機制、診斷、預防及治療等方面詳細介紹了HBVr的相關研究進展。
肝炎病毒, 乙型; 病毒激活; 綜述
HBV是導致慢性肝臟疾病的重要因素之一,全球HBV感染者約4億,超過1/3的人曾感染過HBV[1]。HBV復制水平和炎癥反應程度主要取決于宿主的免疫狀態(tài)[2],當機體因各種原因導致病毒與機體的免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)被打破,即可能發(fā)生HBV再激活(HBV reactivation,HBVr),進而引起肝損傷,甚至肝衰竭。現(xiàn)就HBVr的定義、發(fā)生、診斷、預防及治療等方面作一綜述。
HBVr是指HBV DNA在非活動性或已治愈的HBV感染者血清中突然再次出現(xiàn)或升高,往往伴隨肝臟炎癥活動。HBVr常為偶發(fā),一般發(fā)生于化療、免疫抑制治療后以及宿主免疫狀態(tài)改變時[3]。據(jù)報道[4]在慢性HBV感染者中,經(jīng)過免疫抑制治療后HBVr的發(fā)生率為20%~50%,可導致癥狀明顯的急性肝炎、肝衰竭,甚至死亡。
2.1 應用化療藥物 化療是治療實體腫瘤和血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤的主要手段之一,惡性腫瘤化療期間使用的細胞毒性化療藥物及免疫抑制制劑(皮質類固醇、蒽環(huán)類藥物、細胞靶向生物制劑、抗代謝類藥物、酪氨酸激酶抑制劑等)均可導致HBVr的發(fā)生率明顯增高,報道病例最多的分別為淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、慢性淋巴細胞性白血病等。
2.1.1 皮質類固醇 皮質類固醇可通過抑制免疫效應細胞,降低細胞因子活性,促進病毒復制,并與HBV基因組中糖皮質激素反應元件結合,使HBV被充分激活,HBV的高度復制或(和)過度表達病毒抗原、病毒抗原的分泌障礙均可直接導致肝細胞損傷[4-5]。Yeo等[6]研究表明在128例接受化療的HBsAg陽性癌癥患者未經(jīng)抗病毒預防治療的情況下,類固醇激素的應用是導致HBVr發(fā)生的獨立危險因素,比值比為2.7(95%可信區(qū)間:1.0~7.2)。此外,皮質類固醇的高劑量(潑尼松用量>20 mg/d)及長療程應用(≥4周)都將使HBVr的發(fā)生率顯著升高[7]。
2.1.2 蒽環(huán)類藥物 蒽環(huán)類藥物屬于細胞周期非特異性藥物,廣泛應用于急性白血病、惡性淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、肝癌和胃癌等腫瘤治療中,也是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)可誘發(fā)HBVr的腫瘤化療藥物之一。一項研究[8]選取接受不同化療方案治療的不同癌癥患者1149例,其中接受含多柔比星化療方案的214例患者中3例化療前HBsAg陰性患者在化療后發(fā)生了HBVr,其他組無HBVr病例,研究表明當化療方案包含蒽環(huán)類藥物時,或將增高HBVr的發(fā)生率。蒽環(huán)類藥物可于體外以劑量依賴的方式刺激HepG2.2.15細胞產(chǎn)生HBV DNA,在體外針對HepG2.2.15細胞系的研究[9]顯示多柔比星的應用可增加HBV DNA的生成,且HBV DNA和HBsAg的分泌量隨多柔比星劑量的增加而增加,其機制可能在于多柔比星可特異地將細胞周期阻斷于G2/M期,已有研究[9]表明當HepG2.2.15的細胞周期停止于G1、G2期時,HBV的復制水平增加。多柔比星的應用也可擾亂HBV復制過程中的相關信號通路,導致HBVr的發(fā)生。
2.1.3 細胞靶向生物制劑 利妥昔單抗和奧法木單抗等抗CD20單抗可通過靶向B淋巴細胞表面CD20分子而起到殺傷B淋巴細胞的作用,是細胞靶向生物制劑的代表藥物,廣泛應用于血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤及自身免疫性疾病。據(jù)報道[10],約70%~80%的淋巴系統(tǒng)腫瘤為B淋巴細胞起源,且超過90%的B淋巴細胞瘤表面可表達CD20分子。利妥昔單抗的應用在很大程度上可改善CD20陽性的B淋巴細胞瘤患者的預后。但當其與非霍奇金淋巴瘤傳統(tǒng)CHOP方案(環(huán)磷酰胺+多柔比星+長春新堿+潑尼松)聯(lián)用,且無抗HBV預防性治療時,約有70% HBsAg陽性患者及10%~20% HBsAg陰性且抗-HBc陽性患者發(fā)生HBVr[11-12]。奧法木單抗作為利妥昔單抗耐藥后的替代治療藥物,其誘發(fā)HBVr的風險與利妥昔單抗相似。兩者均可與B淋巴細胞表面的CD20結合,通過補體依賴的細胞毒性作用和抗體依賴性細胞介導的細胞毒作用導致B淋巴細胞溶解,并抑制B淋巴細胞增殖,誘導B淋巴細胞凋亡,這一系列作用可直接導致由B淋巴細胞分化而來的漿細胞數(shù)量減少,繼而減少其抗體的產(chǎn)生,由此為化療后病毒的再激活創(chuàng)造了有利的條件[13]。此外,B淋巴細胞在HBV感染中除了產(chǎn)生中和抗體,其作為抗原遞呈細胞可與細胞毒性T淋巴細胞產(chǎn)生特異性應答。利妥昔單抗可以誘導持久的B淋巴細胞缺失,使細胞毒性T淋巴細胞對HBV感染肝細胞的免疫反應急劇下降,從而導致HBVr的發(fā)生[14]。
2.1.4 其他 其他細胞毒性藥物包括抗代謝類藥物如甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、氟尿嘧啶等,植物堿如長春新堿,紫杉烷類如紫杉醇,酪氨酸激酶抑制劑如伊馬替尼,以及大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類免疫抑制劑等均被報道在化療期間可引發(fā)HBVr,但其具體機制仍不詳[4,15]。
2.2 應用生物制劑 自身免疫性疾病應用免疫抑制藥物和細胞毒性藥物所造成的HBVr已有廣泛報道。其中,TNFα類藥物如英夫利昔單抗應用于類風濕性關節(jié)炎、強直性脊柱炎、炎性腸病及銀屑病等引起HBVr的報道十分多見。2011年一項系統(tǒng)性綜述[16]表明,在257例HBV血清學標志物陽性的患者中,應用抗TNFα類藥物后,HBVr的總體發(fā)生率為39%,其中未進行預防性抗病毒治療組中HBVr的發(fā)生率約是進行預防性抗病毒治療組的2.5倍。英夫利昔單抗的應用與肝損傷密切相關??筎NFα所引起HBVr的機制尚未明確。有研究[17-23]表明,肝內(nèi)TNFα的表達水平與免疫平衡相關,高水平的TNFα可增強CD8+T淋巴細胞對病毒的應答。TNFα阻斷劑通過靜脈給藥,可迅速達到血藥濃度的峰值從而產(chǎn)生最大生物效應,但同時將不可避免的導致TNFα清除,進而導致HBVr的發(fā)生。其他藥物如柳氮磺吡啶[24]、阿巴西普[25]等應用后也有引起HBVr的報道,但仍缺乏循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)。2.3 器官與組織移植 實體器官移植如肝移植、腎移植、心臟移植、肺移植以及造血干細胞移植術后通常需要長期服用免疫抑制劑來抵抗供體與受體之間的排異反應。據(jù)報道[26-27],若器官供體HBsAg陽性,則在未進行抗病毒預防性治療前,HBVr的發(fā)生率較高,在腎移植中可達50%~94%。肝移植中,若供體乙型肝炎血清學標志物陽性,則受體發(fā)生HBVr的幾率將大大增加[28]。在異體造血干細胞移植術后,總HBVr發(fā)生率約為10%,且長療程使用環(huán)孢素及非低劑量利妥昔單抗是HBVr發(fā)生的獨立危險因素[29]。環(huán)孢素引起HBVr的機制可能是由于抑制了Ca2+依賴的轉錄因子,如活化T淋巴細胞核因子,核因子-κB和IL-2等,上述細胞因子可較好地評估抗原特異性的細胞毒性T淋巴細胞的增殖和活化,從而使HBV的復制增加[30]。有研究表明[28],術前抗-HBs陽性的受體在移植術后,抗-HBs滴度將逐漸減低直至消失,繼而出現(xiàn)HBV DNA及HBsAg。因此在肝移植術后應用拉米夫定或肌注乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白保持抗-HBs滴度在前6個月>300 IU/μl,6個月后>100 IU/μl,可有效預防HBVr的發(fā)生[28]。
2.4 合并其他感染 合并其他病毒感染可影響HBV感染的自然史,引起HBVr的多數(shù)為與HIV或HCV的共感染。當HIV病毒感染后機體處于免疫缺陷狀態(tài),CD4+、CD8+T淋巴細胞數(shù)量減少,機會性感染增加,抗原遞呈過程中程序性死亡受體1/細胞程式死亡-配體1 相互作用所致的T淋巴細胞耗竭、調節(jié)性T淋巴細胞介導的免疫抑制均可能是HBV特異性免疫應答低下的原因,從而使HBV呈高水平復制。在高效抗逆轉錄病毒治療后,其直接的藥物肝毒性、免疫重建炎性綜合征、HBV耐藥所導致的HBVr,均可增加患者的肝病相關死亡風險[31]。 HBx可通過反式轉錄激活因子、有絲分裂信號等增強HIV基因組兩端長末端重復序列活性,上調HIV RNA水平及其蛋白表達,從而使HIV活化,進一步使HBV復制得以增強,且增加了HBV的病毒變異幾率[32-34]。
HBV/HCV擁有相同的傳播途徑,因而二者重疊感染在臨床上也較為常見。HBV/HCV共感染后不斷在動態(tài)中發(fā)展持衡,通常表現(xiàn)為血清較高水平的HCV RNA和低水平的HBV DNA[35]。在HBV/HCV重疊感染人群中,臨床檢測HBsAg陰性的隱匿性HBV感染比例約為5%~10%[36]。相關研究[37-40]報道在以干擾素及利巴韋林為抗病毒方案的治療后,HCV病毒得以清除,但繼而偶發(fā)HBVr,其機制可能是在抗病毒治療后HCV獲得持久的病毒學應答,HCV核心蛋白對HBV復制的抑制作用解除,從而使HBV再度激活。近期一項來自法國的研究[41]報道了4例HBV/HCV重疊感染者應用直接抗病毒藥物(DAA)后在早期出現(xiàn)了HBVr,并且與HBV感染狀態(tài)無關,與DAA藥物種類無關。但也有研究[42]顯示在服用雷迪帕韋/索非布韋的173例患者中,60%為HBV/HCV重疊感染,均并未出現(xiàn)HBVr。因此,應用DAA能否引起HBVr仍不明確。
臨床上HBVr通常發(fā)生于HBsAg陽性的慢性HBV感染者,偶可發(fā)生于非活動性的HBsAg攜帶者、隱匿性HBV感染者及急性乙型肝炎痊愈后的部分人群[3]。若宿主的免疫狀態(tài)改變,則可能引起HBVr。HBVr的發(fā)生機制目前仍不十分清楚,但其始動因素為針對HBV復制的免疫調控丟失這一觀點已經(jīng)達成共識。肝細胞cccDNA的持續(xù)存在是HBV復制的模板和再激活的基礎[43],當機體免疫狀態(tài)低下如應用免疫抑制藥物后,淋巴細胞功能降低,抑制病毒復制的細胞因子的分泌也被抑制,均可促進HBV的復制及其蛋白的表達[44]。當免疫抑制作用解除后,淋巴細胞功能得到恢復,機體免疫系統(tǒng)得以重建,此時細胞毒性T淋巴細胞將識別表達在肝細胞表面的HBV蛋白,進而殺傷肝細胞,導致急性的肝細胞損傷及壞死[45-47]。典型的HBVr可分為3個階段:(1)HBV復制增強期;(2)肝損傷期;(3)恢復期。但并非所有患者均遵循這3個階段,其病程與病毒載量及宿主免疫狀態(tài)相關。大部分的患者在經(jīng)歷過HBVr后僅表現(xiàn)為病毒的攜帶狀態(tài)而不出現(xiàn)相關的臨床癥狀,而部分患者可出現(xiàn)程度不等的肝臟炎癥反應[3]。
Yeo等[48]早在2004年時就明確提出,在免疫抑制治療期間或之后患者出現(xiàn)肝炎表現(xiàn),且HBV DNA水平高于基線水平10倍以上或絕對值大于40 000 IU/ml,同時伴有ALT≥3倍正常值上限或增高絕對值≥100 U/L,在排除其他可能引起肝炎癥狀的病毒感染后,即可診斷為HBVr。除外HBV DNA,在免疫抑制治療期間定期監(jiān)測肝功能及HBV血清學標志物對早期診斷HBVr也有重要意義。
5.1 HBVr的篩查 為了評估HBVr發(fā)生的風險并針對其進行預防性干預,亞太肝病學會及歐洲肝病學會等同時強調,所有患者在進行免疫抑制治療或化療前應常規(guī)篩查HBV血清學標志物,監(jiān)測HBsAg、抗-HBc,對于HBVr的預防十分重要。2012年歐洲肝病學會臨床實踐指南中強調,當HBsAg陰性但抗-HBc陽性時,推薦篩查HBV DNA。美國胃腸病學會則推薦中危至高危人群應普遍篩查HBsAg及抗-HBc,當HBsAg陽性或抗-HBc陽性時,應當篩查HBV DNA。近期一項針對接受免疫抑制治療的HBsAg陰性、抗-HBc陽性患者的研究[49]表明,HBV核心相關抗原作為一種新的HBV病毒學標志物,可作為免疫抑制治療前預測HBVr發(fā)生的重要指標。
多項研究[50-53]顯示,在腫瘤化療前進行HBV常規(guī)篩查的人數(shù)僅為總人數(shù)的13%~22%。 Stine等[54-55]分別調查了美國風濕免疫科和皮膚科在使用生物制劑時對HBVr的篩查情況,分別有69%和53%的臨床醫(yī)師能夠在治療前意識到HBVr的發(fā)生風險。因此,相關科室提高對HBVr的認識對其預防和治療尤為重要。
5.2 HBVr的預防 在進行免疫抑制治療前,針對HBVr的預防十分關鍵。2014年美國胃腸病學會指南[56]提出,對除HBVr發(fā)生的低風險人群[包括HBsAg陽性/抗-HBc陽性或HBsAg陰性/抗-HBc陽性患者使用傳統(tǒng)免疫抑制劑、關節(jié)腔內(nèi)局部使用皮質類固醇類藥物、口服皮質類固醇類藥物療程<1周,或HBsAg陰性/抗-HBc陽性患者長期使用低劑量(≤10 mg)皮質類固醇],其他人群在接受免疫抑制治療前均推薦常規(guī)使用預防性抗病毒藥物。盡量改變免疫治療方案,避免使用容易引發(fā)HBVr的高危方案。預防性的抗病毒治療可顯著降低HBVr的發(fā)生率,其相對危險度降低率為87%(95%可信區(qū)間:70%~94%)[56],且可提高HBsAg陽性患者接受免疫抑制治療時的生存率[57]。預防性抗病毒治療通常分為2個階段:預防期和鞏固期。預防期治療開始的時間點目前尚不統(tǒng)一,但大多推薦抗病毒治療應至少先于免疫抑制治療前1周。鞏固期通常需在結束化療后維持約12個月,至少達到化療結束的6個月。維持抗病毒治療的療程應根據(jù)患者HBV DNA水平的動態(tài)變化制訂相應的個體化方案。預防性抗病毒藥物有拉米夫定、阿德福韋酯、恩替卡韋、替諾福韋和替比夫定。美國肝病研究學會和歐洲肝病學會均推薦當預期療程少于12個月時,可選擇拉米夫定和替比夫定。當HBV DNA基線水平較高、預期療程較長時,則盡量選用恩替卡韋和替諾福韋。一項針對彌漫性大B淋巴細胞瘤患者接受R-CHOP方案(美羅華+環(huán)磷酰胺+阿霉素+長春新堿+強的松)治療中使用恩替卡韋和拉米夫定預防HBVr的單中心隨機對照試驗[58-59]表明,恩替卡韋在預防性抗病毒治療中優(yōu)于拉米夫定,HBVr的發(fā)生率分別為6.6%和30%。而阿德福韋酯因其較弱的抗病毒療效及潛在的腎毒性,并不是一線推薦的HBVr預防用藥。干擾素也因其骨髓抑制作用,使其應用十分有限。
5.3 HBVr的治療 若在免疫抑制治療或化療前未進行預防性抗病毒治療,一旦發(fā)生HBVr,將可能導致嚴重的肝衰竭,應及時采取相應措施。針對HBVr發(fā)生后的相關癥狀的對癥治療和及時的核苷和核苷酸類藥物抗病毒治療是治療的關鍵。免疫抑制治療的終止也有一定效果,但終止后仍可能使機體免疫系統(tǒng)重建,導致細胞毒性T淋巴細胞介導的大量肝細胞壞死。因此,這一措施的安全性及有效性仍需進一步研究。6 展望
HBVr因其較高發(fā)病率和病死率在臨床上日益受到關注,因此對于HBVr的篩查、免疫抑制方案的危險分級以及患者的個體情況等方面的系統(tǒng)性管理是亟待解決的問題。預防優(yōu)于補救,在免疫抑制治療及化療前篩查HBV血清學標志物,評估患者HBVr的發(fā)生風險,制訂合適的個體化預防性抗病毒治療方案尤為關鍵。徹底清除肝細胞內(nèi)cccDNA是預防HBVr發(fā)生的根本,隨著HBV抗病毒治療及相關臨床研究的進展,相信會為HBVr的解決帶來新的希望。
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引證本文:LI MY, YE CT, ZHANG Y, et al. Research advances in hepatitis B virus reactivation[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(4): 751-756. (in Chinese) 李夢苑, 葉傳濤, 張穎, 等. HBV復制再激活研究進展[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(4): 751-756.
(本文編輯:邢翔宇)
Research advances in hepatitis B virus reactivation
LIMengyuan,YEChuantao,ZHANGYing,etal.
(DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,TangduHospital,FourthMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Xi′an710038,China)
In non-active or cured patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, when the body′s immune homeostasis is broken, HBV reactivation may occur, with the manifestations of liver inflammation and increased HBV DNA level, and lead to varying degrees of abnormal liver function, liver failure, and even death. Systematic management from the aspects of the screening of HBV reactivation, risk stratification of immunosuppression regimens, and patient's individual information needs to be solved urgently. It is very important to perform the screening of HBV serological markers before immunosuppressive therapy and chemotherapy, evaluate the risk of HBV reactivation, and develop individualized prophylactic antiviral therapy. Complete removal of covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes is essential for preventing HBV reactivation. This article summarizes related research advances in HBV reactivation from the aspects of its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
hepatitis B virus; virus activation; reviews
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.04.036
2016-10-25;
2016-11-28。
李夢苑(1992-),女,主要從事HBV感染機制及細胞治療的研究。
賈戰(zhàn)生,電子信箱:jiazsh@fmmu.edu.cn。
R512.6
A
1001-5256(2017)04-0751-06