吳昆鵬,陳 瑩,言彩紅,黃治家,桂培根,吳正茂,張群峰,肖 宏
·論著·
持續(xù)性植物狀態(tài)患者生存狀況及其影響因素分析
吳昆鵬1,陳 瑩2*,言彩紅1,黃治家1,桂培根1,吳正茂1,張群峰1,肖 宏1
目的 探討顱腦損傷后持續(xù)性植物狀態(tài)(PVS)患者生存情況及預(yù)后相關(guān)因素。方法 選取2009年1月—2014年6月在南華大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科入住的腦創(chuàng)傷及腦卒中的PVS患者196例,其中腦創(chuàng)傷108例,腦卒中88例。收集患者臨床資料并對其進(jìn)行隨訪,隨訪資料包括住院時(shí)間、營養(yǎng)方式、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況、家庭照料情況、有無肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況、生存狀態(tài)等。分析患者的生存率,并采用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析影響PVS患者預(yù)后的因素。結(jié)果 196例患者中位生存時(shí)間為12.5個(gè)月,1年生存率為53.5%,2年生存率為20.0%。不同性別、疾病類型者預(yù)后比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);不同年齡、住院時(shí)間、有無胃造口、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況、家庭照料情況、有無肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況者預(yù)后比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析結(jié)果顯示,高齡、無胃造口、家庭照料情況差、有肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況差是PVS患者預(yù)后不良的因素(P<0.05)。按照預(yù)后不良因素?cái)?shù)量,將患者分為<2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素者(n=109)和≥2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素者(n=87),其中<2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素者中位生存時(shí)間為18.9個(gè)月,1年生存率為80.5%,2年生存率為30.0%;≥2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素者中位生存時(shí)間為7.8個(gè)月,1年生存率為14.8%,2年生存率為0。兩者1年、2年生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=92.781,P<0.001;χ2=26.073,P<0.001)。結(jié)論 約50.0% PVS患者在1年內(nèi)死亡。高齡、無胃造口、家庭照料情況差、有肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況差是PVS患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立不良因素。
持續(xù)植物人狀態(tài);預(yù)后;危險(xiǎn)因素
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,顱腦疾病急性期的治療已取得較大進(jìn)展,早期病死率顯著下降,但是腦功能的恢復(fù)并未因治療手段的進(jìn)展而改善,相反使得“植物生存狀態(tài)”患者隨之增多[1-2]。持續(xù)性植物狀態(tài)(persistent vegetative state,PVS)患者俗稱植物人,這一名稱首先由JENNETT等[3]于1972年提出,多見于腦創(chuàng)傷及腦卒中。目前腦卒中已成為我國第一致死性疾病,同時(shí)也是我國所有疾病中致殘率最高的疾病[4]。隨著PVS患者增多,其病死率高,致殘嚴(yán)重且缺乏有效治療,給社會(huì)及家庭帶來沉重負(fù)擔(dān)[5],且生存狀況也不容樂觀[6]。本研究對湖南省衡陽地區(qū)PVS患者進(jìn)行隨訪,觀察其預(yù)后并分析影響因素,以期為臨床更好地治療此類患者提供參考。
1.1 研究對象 選取2009年1月—2014年6月在南華大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科入住的腦創(chuàng)傷及腦卒中患者196例,均表現(xiàn)為PVS,腦卒中符合1989年WHO關(guān)于腦卒中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],PVS符合1996年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)急診醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì)制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]。排除:(1)伴惡性腫瘤、血液病、嚴(yán)重心、肺、肝、腎系統(tǒng)疾病者;(2)此次發(fā)病前生活不能自理者;(3)不配合隨訪者。196例患者中男104例,女92例;年齡26~76歲,平均年齡(64.3±9.3)歲;腦創(chuàng)傷108例,腦卒中88例。本研究獲本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 收集臨床資料 收集患者臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病史等。對腦創(chuàng)傷及腦卒中后PVS患者急性期(4周內(nèi))采用鼻腸管腸內(nèi)喂養(yǎng),恢復(fù)期(4周后)行胃造口喂養(yǎng),是否行胃造口按照家屬意愿實(shí)施,并簽署知情同意書。胃造口按照中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)腸外腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)學(xué)會(huì)(CSPEN)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]實(shí)施;不行胃造口者行鼻胃管喂養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 隨訪 患者進(jìn)行長期隨訪,包括長期留院患者(留院患者住專科病房,由家屬照料)。隨訪資料包括住院時(shí)間(d)、營養(yǎng)方式(有無胃造口)、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況(良、差)、家庭照料情況(好、差)、有無肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況(良、差)、生存狀態(tài)。家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)、家庭照料情況及營養(yǎng)狀況隨訪期間主要由家屬陳述。家庭照料情況以住院時(shí)期的情況做參考,包括身體清潔度、口腔清潔度、是否壓瘡、會(huì)陰部清潔度、是否身體異味、痰液引流情況、體質(zhì)量等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評估。隨訪方式為電話隨訪,1次/月,隨訪截至2015-08-01,以患者死亡或截至隨訪時(shí)間為終點(diǎn)?;颊呱嫫诙x為從入院明確診斷至患者死亡或截至隨訪時(shí)間,以月為單位。
2.1 總體生存分析 196例患者平均隨訪(15.3±11.6)個(gè)月,刪失數(shù)據(jù)33例?;颊咧形簧鏁r(shí)間為12.5個(gè)月,1年生存率為53.5%,2年生存率為20.0%。1例至隨訪結(jié)束仍然存活,生存時(shí)間達(dá)62個(gè)月(見圖1)。
圖1 196例PVS患者總體生存曲線
2.2 單因素分析 不同性別、疾病類型者預(yù)后比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);不同年齡、住院時(shí)間、有無胃造口、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況、家庭照料情況、有無肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況者預(yù)后比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
表1 不同臨床資料PVS患者預(yù)后比較〔n(%),n=196〕
Table 1 Comparison of prognosis of 196 PVS patients with different clinical data
臨床資料例數(shù)2年生存率χ2值P值性別3.1760.075 男10410(9.6) 女9218(19.6)年齡(歲)8.0850.004 <658820(22.7) ≥651088(7.4)疾病類型<0.001>0.050 腦創(chuàng)傷10815(13.9) 腦卒中8813(14.8)住院時(shí)間(d)8.2800.004 <6011624(6.3) ≥60804(28.3)胃造口23.503<0.001 有11028(25.5) 無860家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況8.1570.004 良14128(19.9) 差550家庭照料情況7.2290.007 好15528(18.1) 差410肺部感染8.1570.004 有550 無14128(19.9)營養(yǎng)狀況12.449<0.001 良13728(20.4) 差590
2.3 多因素分析 以患者預(yù)后(賦值:死亡=1,刪失=2)為因變量,以年齡(賦值:≥65歲=1,<65歲=2)、住院時(shí)間(賦值:≥60 d=1,<60 d=2)、胃造口(賦值:無=1,有=2)、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況(差=1,良=2)、家庭照料情況(差=1,好=2)、肺部感染(賦值:有=1,無=2)、營養(yǎng)狀況(賦值:差=1,良=2)為自變量進(jìn)行多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析,結(jié)果顯示,高齡、無胃造口、家庭照料情況差、有肺部感染、營養(yǎng)狀況差是PVS患者預(yù)后不良的因素(P<0.05,見表2)。
表2 PVS患者預(yù)后影響因素的Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析
Table 2 Cox proportional hazards model analysis on the influencing factors for the prognosis of PVS patients
因素回歸系數(shù)SEWaldχ2值RR值95%CIP值年齡0.0370.01112.0491.038(1.016,1.059)0.001胃造口1.4720.23439.6174.356(2.755,6.889)<0.001家庭照料情況1.5140.42612.6484.544(1.973,10.464)<0.001肺部感染1.0840.3638.9172.957(1.451,6.024)0.003營養(yǎng)狀況1.2100.30715.5613.352(1.838,6.114)<0.001
2.4 具有不同數(shù)量預(yù)后不良因素患者的生存分析 根據(jù)Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型得到的預(yù)后不良因素?cái)?shù)量,將患者分為<2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素者和≥2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素者,其中<2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素109例,中位生存時(shí)間為18.9個(gè)月,1年生存率為80.5%,2年生存率為30.0%;≥2個(gè)預(yù)后不良因素87例,中位生存時(shí)間為7.8個(gè)月,1年生存率為14.8%,2年生存率為0。兩者1年、2年生存率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=92.781,P<0.001;χ2=26.073,P<0.001,見圖2)。
圖2 具有不同數(shù)量預(yù)后不良因素者的生存曲線
Figure 2 Survival curve of PVS patients with different number of risk factors for poor prognosis
顱腦損傷因其高致殘病死性嚴(yán)重影響患者的生理功能和日常生活,而PVS是其中最為特殊的群體,因?yàn)榛颊邿o任何自主意識(shí),無吞咽功能,生存極為困難[10]。較多腦創(chuàng)傷及腦卒中患者即使是PVS,家屬也不愿放棄,堅(jiān)持在家里繼續(xù)照顧[11]。地方醫(yī)院此類患者眾多,而我國基層醫(yī)院PVS患者預(yù)后的研究甚少,此類患者認(rèn)知功能喪失,生活完全不能自理,其長期生存是醫(yī)務(wù)人員及其家屬必須面對的難題。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PVS患者1年生存率為53.5%,2年生存率為20.0%,明顯低于腦卒中后生存時(shí)間[12-13]。年齡是腦卒中患者預(yù)后的重要影響因素,本研究結(jié)果顯示,年齡≥65歲的PVS患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是<65歲患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的1.038倍,低于國外研究結(jié)果[14-15]。說明,在PVS患者預(yù)后中,可能存在其他更為重要的影響因素。
本研究隨訪結(jié)果還發(fā)現(xiàn),在PVS患者預(yù)后中,家庭照料情況是重要的影響因素。因PVS患者無意識(shí)活動(dòng),不能執(zhí)行指令,一切生活均需他人照顧,護(hù)理照料此類患者需要耗費(fèi)巨大的人力物力,尤其是吞咽、飲食、大小便、皮膚等護(hù)理,即使在院內(nèi)治療過程中,也容易出現(xiàn)誤吸、肺部感染、尿路感染、壓瘡、關(guān)節(jié)攣縮等[16],家庭照料情況良好的PVS患者,由于及時(shí)輔助痰液的排出、加強(qiáng)口腔及皮膚清潔、加強(qiáng)翻身及坐輪椅等護(hù)理,其肺部感染明顯減少[17-18]。肺部感染導(dǎo)致PVS患者病情加重,造成康復(fù)時(shí)間延遲,是其死亡的主要原因之一[19]。家庭照料情況好的患者身體保持清潔,經(jīng)常予以口腔護(hù)理,輔助吸痰,保持痰液引流通暢,定期翻身,減少了壓瘡的發(fā)生,且家庭照料情況好的家庭常為患者選擇胃造口進(jìn)行喂養(yǎng),保證了患者的營養(yǎng),提高了機(jī)體抵抗力,這些均能明顯減少肺部感染的發(fā)生,從而提高患者生存時(shí)間[20]。多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析發(fā)現(xiàn),家庭照料情況差者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是家庭照料情況好者的4.544倍,國外研究也提示護(hù)理因素對PVS患者的生存極為重要[21]。
本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),無胃造口者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是有胃造口者的4.356倍,有肺部感染者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是無肺部感染者的2.957倍,營養(yǎng)狀況差者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是營養(yǎng)狀況良者的3.352倍。國外報(bào)道肺部感染是腦卒中患者病死率上升的主要原因[22],而目前認(rèn)為,腦卒中后肺部感染的主要因素是意識(shí)障礙患者存在吞咽困難引起誤吸所致[23-24]。PVS患者認(rèn)知功能及吞咽功能均喪失,無意識(shí)活動(dòng)[10],不能經(jīng)口進(jìn)食,只能進(jìn)行鼻胃管管飼或者胃造口營養(yǎng)。而研究顯示長期保留胃管也將極大增加肺部感染的機(jī)會(huì)[25],進(jìn)而增加死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。長期保留胃管的患者肺部感染發(fā)生率高達(dá)45.3%,明顯高于胃造口患者14.5%的肺部感染發(fā)生率,而胃造口不易造成胃食管反流和吸入性肺炎,可避免長期留置胃管導(dǎo)致的胃食管糜爛[26-27],而且不影響面部美觀,便于護(hù)理和方便給藥。同時(shí)胃造口管粗短,不易阻塞,可將食物攪碎輸注,極大地改善了患者的營養(yǎng)狀況,而既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)營養(yǎng)不良是急性腦卒中后感染的危險(xiǎn)因素,是腦卒中預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[28-29]。
PVS患者生存時(shí)間極低,除年齡外,家庭因素幾乎決定了患者的生存狀況,因此,對PVS患者,家屬進(jìn)行良好的家庭照料,行胃造口營養(yǎng),改善患者的營養(yǎng)狀況,減少其肺部感染等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,能明顯改善患者生存預(yù)后及生活質(zhì)量。本研究的局限性在于:(1)樣本量偏小,存在研究偏倚;(2)電話隨訪患者家中的情況,不甚詳細(xì),有主觀因素的影響;(3)多因素分析結(jié)果中的家庭照料情況及營養(yǎng)狀況缺乏量化指標(biāo),主要靠家屬陳述。
作者貢獻(xiàn):陳瑩進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì);吳昆鵬、陳瑩進(jìn)行研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析、論文的修訂;吳昆鵬、言彩紅、黃治家、桂培根、吳正茂、張群峰、肖宏進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集;吳昆鵬、言彩紅、黃治家進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理;吳昆鵬進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理、撰寫論文;吳昆鵬、桂培根進(jìn)行結(jié)果的分析與解釋;陳瑩負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校、對文章整體負(fù)責(zé)、監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Survival Situation in Patients with Persistent Vegetative State and Its Influencing Factors
WUKun-peng1,CHENYing2*,YANCai-hong1,HUANGZhi-jia1,GUIPei-gen1,WUZheng-mao1,ZHANGQun-feng1,XIAOHong1
1.DepartmentofIntensiveCareUnit,theSecondHospital,UniversityofSouthChina,Hengyang421001,China
2.DepartmentofAnesthesia,theSecondHospital,UniversityofSouthChina,Hengyang421001,China
Objective To investigate the survival situation in patients with persistent vegetative state(PVS) after brain trauma and to explore the factors associated with their prognosis.Methods From January 2009 to June 2014,we selected 196 patients with PVS(108 were due to brain trauma and 88 due to stroke) admitted to Department of Intensive Care Unit,the Second Hospital,University of South China as the subjects of this study.We collected the clinical data of the subjects and gave them a follow-up,the latter including the following:length of hospital stay,alimentation mode,family economic conditions,family care status,incidence of lung infection,nutritional status,survival state and so on.The survival rate of patients was analyzed.And the factors influencing the prognosis of PVS patients were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression model.Results The median survival time was 12.5 months,1-year overall survival rate was 53.5% and 2-year overall survival rate was 20.0% for the 196 PVS patients.No difference in the prognosis was observed between PVS patients with different gender and type of disease(P>0.05).Age,length of hospital stay,stomach colostomy,family economic conditions,family care status,incidence of lung infection,nutritional status were the factors causing the statistically significant difference in the prognosis between the PVS patients(P<0.05).Results of Cox proportional hazards model analysis demonstrated that advanced age,no stomach colostomy,poor family care,lung infection and poor nutrition status were risk factors for the poor prognosis of PVS patients(P<0.05).According to the number of poor prognosis factors,the patients were divided into:group with 0 or 1 poor prognosis factor(109 cases,the median survival time was 18.9 months;1-year,2-year survival rates were 80.5%,30.0%,respectively);group with 2 or more poor prognosis factors(87 cases,the median survival time was 7.8 months;1-year,2-year survival rates were 14.8%,0,respectively ),which showed that the differences in the 1-year,2-year survival rate between the two groups were statistically significant(χ2=92.781,P<0.001;χ2=26.073,P<0.001).Conclusion Almost 50.0% of the PVS patients died within 1 year.Advanced age,no stomach colostomy,poor family care,lung infection,poor nutritional status are the independent adverse factors influencing the prognosis of PVS patients.
Persistent vegetative state;Prognosis;Risk factors
R 741.04
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.05.011
2016-04-11;
2016-11-05)
1.421001湖南省衡陽市,南華大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科
2.421001湖南省衡陽市,南華大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院麻醉科
*通信作者:陳瑩,主治醫(yī)師;E-mail:157456259@qq.com
吳昆鵬,陳瑩,言彩紅,等.持續(xù)性植物狀態(tài)患者生存狀況及其影響因素分析[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(5):558-562.[www.chinagp.net]
WU K P,CHEN Y,YAN C H,et al.Survival situation in patients with persistent vegetative state and its influencing factors[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(5):558-562.
*Correspondingauthor:CHENYing,Attendingphysician;E-mail:157456259@qq.com