安徽 吳元培
主謂一致高考考點(diǎn)透析
安徽 吳元培
主謂一致是指在英語的句子中,句子的主語與謂語動(dòng)詞在單、復(fù)數(shù)的意義表達(dá)上達(dá)到一致。處理主謂一致一般要遵從以下三條原則:
指謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于主語中心名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式,也就是形式上一致。
1.以單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞以及代替它們的代詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【典例1】(2016?浙江卷)(改錯(cuò))He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.
答案:was→were 解析:根據(jù)句法,賓語從句的主語“we”是復(fù)數(shù),所以應(yīng)將was改為were。
【典例2】(2016?全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)(填空) Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and_________(be) too violent for use at the table.
答案:were 解析:believed后接省略了that的賓語從句,在此賓語從句中,and連接兩個(gè)并列謂語,謂語動(dòng)詞都用一般過去時(shí);從句的主語是“knives”,所以此空填were。
【典例3】(2014?全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)(改錯(cuò))My dream school look like a big garden.
答案:look→ looks 解析:本句主語“my dream school”是第三人稱單數(shù),因此謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,所以把look改為looks。
【典例4】(2015?北京卷)(填空)—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes.We_________(treat) well by our hosts.
答案:were treated 解析:根據(jù)上句中的did可知下句用一般過去時(shí);且主語we與treat之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以此空用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),主語we是復(fù)數(shù),所以此空填were treated。
【典例5】(2015?湖南卷改編)(填空)It is important to remember that success__________(be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often __________(take) years to achieve.
答案:is; takes 解析:根據(jù)句中時(shí)間狀語“each day and often”可知,兩空都應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);根據(jù)句法,兩空的主語都是“success”,是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
2.主語后有 as well as,with,together with,along with,rather than,including,like,but,except,besides,in addition to等介詞短語時(shí),謂語應(yīng)與介詞前面的主語保持一致。
【典例6】(2013?福建卷改編)(填空)The famous musician,
as well as his students,___________(invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
答案:was invited 解析:主語后接“as well as”介詞短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其前的主語“the famous musician”保持一致;invite與主語“the famous musician”之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此此句應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài);根據(jù)句意,本句陳述過去的事實(shí),故用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),所以此空填was invited。
3.and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語,表示不同的事物,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。and連接的兩個(gè)名詞,指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí),此時(shí)and后面的名詞前面沒有冠詞,謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。
【典例7】(改錯(cuò))A poet and artist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.
答案:are→is 解析:“a poet and artist”意為“一位詩人兼畫家”,指同一人,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式;由時(shí)間狀語“tomorrow afternoon”可知,此句應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí),come是表示位移的動(dòng)詞,故此句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí),所以把a(bǔ)re改為is。
4.當(dāng)and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前分別有no,each,every,many a,more than one修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
【典例8】(2008?陜西卷改編)(填空)—Did you go to the show last night?
—Yeah.Every boy and girl in the area_____________(invite).
答案:was invited 解析:用and連接的兩個(gè)名詞若被every修飾,則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;invite與主語“Every boy and girl”之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系;由時(shí)間狀語“l(fā)ast night”判斷,此句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí);故此句用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),所以此空填was invited。
【注意】有時(shí)可將第二個(gè)every/each/no省略。
5.“one and a half”修飾名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語,謂語用單數(shù),主語是“one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,其謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【典例9】(填空)One and a half bananas____________(leave) on the table.
答案:is left 解析:句意為:桌上剩下一個(gè)半香蕉。此句陳述一般性事實(shí),因此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);one and a half后雖然跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,但整個(gè)短語作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)形式;leave與主語“One and a half bananas”之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故此句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),所以此空填is left。
6.表示“時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量”等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),常被看作一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
【典例10】(2014?全國大綱卷改編)(填空)Unless extra money____________( find), the theatre will close.
答案:is found 解析:此句是由unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,主句謂語用一般將來時(shí),所以從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。money是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,且money和 find構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此此空用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),所以此空填is found。
7.有些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如:chopsticks,trousers,shoes,gloves,glasses,scissors,compasses等名詞作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但與a kind/ type/ sort of, the kind/ type/ sort of, a pair of, the pair of等連用作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
【典例11】(填空)The pair of glasses__________(make)Lin yongjian more funny.
答案:makes 解析:“the pair of glasses”表示“這副眼鏡”,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;表示存在的狀態(tài),因此此句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以此空填makes。
8.由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,a large quantity of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語后面名詞的數(shù)而定。
【典例12】(2011?安徽卷改編)(改錯(cuò))The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which was saved for other purposes.
答案:was→were 解析:在定語從句中,the rest of后面的which指代先行詞“the raw materials”,定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞數(shù)保持一致,因此從句謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),所以把was改為were。
【典例13】(2011?湖南卷改編)(填空)One third of the country_____________(cover) with trees and the majority of the citizens __________(be) black people.
答案:is covered; are 解析:此句陳述一般性事實(shí),把整個(gè)國家國土視為整體,三分之一國土當(dāng)然也應(yīng)用單數(shù);而“the majority of citizens”指人,是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),所以此空謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【注意】“quantities of/ amounts of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與quantities/amounts of保持一致,其謂語動(dòng)詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【典例14】(2009?福建卷)(改錯(cuò)) —Why does the Lake smell terrible?
—Because large quantities of water has been polluted.
答案:has→have 解析:“quantities of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與“quantities”保持一致,其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,所以把has改為have。
9.由“few,a few,both,both of,a( large/great ) number of,a good/great many,one or two,more than,the majority of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但the quantity of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,the number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),the amount of +不可數(shù)名詞等構(gòu)成的短語作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),表示“……的數(shù)量/值”。
【典例15】(改錯(cuò))The number of people out of job are over 4 000, but a number of them are trying to apply for different jobs.
答案:are→is 解析:“the number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,所以把over前面的are改為is。
10.由“much,a little,a bit of,a great/good deal of,a large/ great/small amount of +不可數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要用單數(shù)形式。
【典例16】(改錯(cuò))A great amount of money have been spent on the projects.
答案:have→has 解析:“a great amount of +不可數(shù)名詞”作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,所以把have改為has。
11.在倒裝句中,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與后面的主語保持一致。
【典例17】(改錯(cuò)) Between the two rows of trees stand the teaching building.
答案:stand→stands 解析:本句強(qiáng)調(diào)介詞短語,主語“the teaching building”是名詞,所以此句采用完全倒裝;主語“the teaching building”是單數(shù),因此謂語動(dòng)詞采用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,故把stand改為stands。
指謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)在意義上或意念上與主語保持一致。
1.means,cattle,aircraft,crossroads,works(工廠),sheep,species,Chinese,Japanese等單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)視具體情況而定。
【典 例18】(改 錯(cuò))Every possible means have been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
答案:have→has 解析:means是單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞,every后接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,因此此句中means作單數(shù)用,故謂語動(dòng)詞用has been used,所以把have改為has。
2.動(dòng)名詞短語或不定式短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如果用and 連接短語作主語,則需看是表示一個(gè)整體還是不同的兩件事。
【典例19】(2016?新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)(填空) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow__________(be) often acceptable.
答案:is 解析:此句是動(dòng)名詞短語在句中作主語,謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式;此句陳述一般性事實(shí),因此此句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以此空填is。
3.主語從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;如果用and連接兩個(gè)從句作主語,則需看是表示一個(gè)整體還是不同的兩件事;從句作主語時(shí)有時(shí)則需根據(jù)表語來判定。
【典例20】What the children in the poor mountain village need___________(be) textbooks.
答案:are 解析:由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定?!皌extbooks”是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),在句中作表語,因此謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,所以此空填are。
4.all,some,any,most,part,half,the rest,the last等作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要隨主語所表示的意思來確定。
【典例21】(2014?湖南卷改編)(改錯(cuò))All we need_____(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
答案:is 解析:句意是:我們需要的是一片土地,在一年中的生長季節(jié)里我們可以在那里種植各種水果。
“a piece of land”在句中作表語,land是不可數(shù)名詞,因此謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;再根據(jù)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)可知,此空用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以此空填is。
5.equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage,advice,information等不可數(shù)集合名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);但 army,committee,team,family,group,government,class,population,audience,public等集合名詞作主語時(shí),如強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞的整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式;若強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞的個(gè)體組成部分,則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【典例22】(改錯(cuò))Some necessary equipment as well as food and clothes have been sent to the disaster-hit area since the powerful earthquake occurred.
答案:have→has 解析:since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,主句用現(xiàn)在完成(進(jìn)行)時(shí);主語后接“as well as”介詞短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其前的主語“some necessary equipment”保持一致,因此謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;send與主語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故此句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式,所以把have改為has。
6.定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞,表示 “一類人”,常用 的 有:rich,poor,living,dead,young,old,blind,sick,wounded,aged,disabled等,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【典例23】(填空)When the injured __________(send)to the hospital, they came to life.
答案:were sent 解析:“the+形容詞”指某一類人,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;主句謂語用一般過去時(shí),因此從句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí);send與句子的主語“the injured”之間構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故本句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),所以此空填were sent。
【注意】如果該形容詞表示“抽象概念”作主語,常用的有:new,old,beautiful,unexplained等,謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。如:
The true is to be distinguished from the false.
The unexpected has happened.
7.在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)取決于它所指代的先行詞;若one of前有the only, the very, the last修飾時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
【典例24】(2010?新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ改編)(填空) Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who____(wear) evening dress.
答案:wears 解析:定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致;the only修飾先行詞one,而非后面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞women,因此從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式;此句陳述一般性事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以此空填wears。
即謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與最靠近它的那部分主語保持一致。
1.以連詞 or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also,not...but,whether...or...連接的并列主語,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與最靠近它的主語保持一致。
【典例25】(填空) Either you or one of your students___________(be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
答案:is 解析:“either...or...”連接兩個(gè)主語,按就近原則來確定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。此句謂語應(yīng)與“one of your students”保持一致,因此謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,所以此空填is。
【典例26】(填空)Is it he or you who_________(be)in charge of the job and supposed to complete it punctually?
答案:are 解析:此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語“he or you”,根據(jù)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)“It is/ was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that/ who+剩余部分”,謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與所強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語“he or you”一致,or連接并列主語時(shí)采用就近原則,因此此空謂語應(yīng)與you一致,所以此空填are。
【典例27】(改錯(cuò))Not only other workers but also I are willing to have a rest after a week’s work.
答案:are→am 解析:not only...but also...連接兩個(gè)并列的主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞采用就近一致原則;因此此句謂語動(dòng)詞與“I”保持一致,所以謂語用am,所以把a(bǔ)re改為am。
2.there be句型中be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語;如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列主語,則謂語應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。此用法也適用Here引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。
【典例28】(填空)There__________ a dictionary, two pens and some magazines on the desk.
答案:is 解析:在there be句型中,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與最靠近它的名詞一致,所以此句謂語應(yīng)與“a dictionary”保持一致,所以此空填is。
【典例29】(2015?福建卷)(填空)Here ________ my tips for you.
答案:are 解析:本句是由here引起的倒裝句,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與“tips”保持一致,因此謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式;表示存在的狀態(tài),所以此句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以此空填are。
安徽省樅陽縣錢橋中學(xué))