□ 文/亨利·J·舒馬赫

By J. Berkshire Miller

推動(dòng)?xùn)|盟經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化輪值主席國(guó)菲律賓有哪些動(dòng)作

□ 文/亨利·J·舒馬赫

2016年9月8日，東盟峰會(huì)閉幕儀式在老撾萬(wàn)象舉行，菲律賓接棒老撾成為2017年?yáng)|盟輪值主席國(guó)

東盟經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體將著力促進(jìn)東盟域內(nèi)貨物和人員往來(lái)便利化。東盟十國(guó)蘊(yùn)含著前所未有的商業(yè)機(jī)遇，經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)潛力巨大，擁有近6.3億的消費(fèi)人群。隨著東盟域內(nèi)投資貿(mào)易規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大，該區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展前景可觀：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度加快、就業(yè)率提高、區(qū)域價(jià)值鏈形成等等。值得注意的是，目前東盟各成員國(guó)之間的交易額僅占地區(qū)貿(mào)易總額的24%；因此，擴(kuò)大東盟域內(nèi)貿(mào)易規(guī)模，建立服務(wù)于東盟市場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)樞紐，任重而道遠(yuǎn)。歐盟—東盟貿(mào)易投資關(guān)系已得到全面確立。東盟是歐盟在歐洲地區(qū)以外的第三大貿(mào)易伙伴，而歐盟則是東盟的第二大貿(mào)易伙伴，僅次于中國(guó)。鑒于此，深化東盟區(qū)域融合，加強(qiáng)東盟各成員國(guó)之間的邊境貿(mào)易與投資以及加強(qiáng)東盟與歐盟之間的投資貿(mào)易合作，意義重大，將使歐洲地區(qū)及菲律賓國(guó)內(nèi)的歐盟企業(yè)受益良多。值得一提的是，菲律賓將在2017年擔(dān)任東盟輪值主席國(guó)。菲律賓將利用這一絕佳的機(jī)會(huì)，帶領(lǐng)東盟各成員國(guó)繼續(xù)深化東盟經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化。

貿(mào)易便利化

盡管東盟地區(qū)的絕大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品享受零關(guān)稅待遇，或按0～5%的稅率繳納關(guān)稅，但非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘仍在很大程度上限制著東盟域內(nèi)的許多產(chǎn)品交易。因此，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)東盟各成員國(guó)之間的融合來(lái)消除非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘（尤其是原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則、產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及檢驗(yàn)等），勢(shì)在必行。在此背景之下，東盟各成員國(guó)應(yīng)統(tǒng)一海關(guān)監(jiān)管流程，并就醫(yī)療保健、食品飲料、汽車等重要行業(yè)簽署標(biāo)準(zhǔn)互認(rèn)協(xié)議。化妝品行業(yè)就是體現(xiàn)區(qū)域標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的一個(gè)典型案例。菲律賓化妝品行業(yè)采用并實(shí)施了《東盟食品藥物監(jiān)管指令》中所涵蓋的《東盟統(tǒng)一化妝品監(jiān)管計(jì)劃協(xié)定》等相關(guān)規(guī)定。

聚焦汽車行業(yè)

目前，由于缺少統(tǒng)一的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，菲律賓及東盟地區(qū)的汽車行業(yè)（包括汽車整車及零配件）的貿(mào)易受到諸多非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘的限制。因此，菲律賓應(yīng)充分利用2017年擔(dān)任東盟輪值主席國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)東盟汽車行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)向聯(lián)合國(guó)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)審批流程的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看齊?，F(xiàn)在，雖然東盟汽車行業(yè)的部分產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已達(dá)到聯(lián)合國(guó)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)關(guān)于汽車整車的管理規(guī)定，但仍有一部分車輛零備件未達(dá)到相關(guān)要求。菲律賓應(yīng)以身示范，促使東盟各成員國(guó)就汽車行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)簽署互認(rèn)協(xié)議，推進(jìn)與聯(lián)合國(guó)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相一致的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)。值得注意的是，部分東盟成員國(guó)對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)歐盟經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)在汽車零配件方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理辦法表示認(rèn)可。

東盟“一站式”服務(wù)窗口

加快設(shè)立綜合性強(qiáng)的東盟“一站式”服務(wù)窗口，有利于促進(jìn)東盟邊境貿(mào)易和域內(nèi)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，最終推動(dòng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和地區(qū)融合。對(duì)菲律賓來(lái)說(shuō)，首先要建立一個(gè)既具綜合性又充滿活力的國(guó)家級(jí)“一站式”在線服務(wù)窗口，從而更好地參與東盟“一站式”服務(wù)窗口的籌建。

簡(jiǎn)化海關(guān)通關(guān)手續(xù)，推動(dòng)域內(nèi)貿(mào)易發(fā)展

目前，東盟各成員國(guó)仍對(duì)彼此之間的海關(guān)通關(guān)設(shè)置了多道關(guān)卡，阻礙了東盟域內(nèi)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。菲律賓應(yīng)與東盟其他成員共同協(xié)商，精簡(jiǎn)優(yōu)化海關(guān)通關(guān)作業(yè)流程，如采用東盟海關(guān)對(duì)接系統(tǒng)、實(shí)現(xiàn)報(bào)關(guān)通關(guān)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換等等。近日，根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織《貿(mào)易便利化協(xié)定》和世界海關(guān)組織《京都公約》（修訂版）的相關(guān)規(guī)定，菲律賓頒布了《現(xiàn)代化海關(guān)和關(guān)稅法案》的實(shí)施細(xì)則，最大程度地簡(jiǎn)化通關(guān)手續(xù)。東盟其他國(guó)家也可采用該法案，從而推動(dòng)域內(nèi)貿(mào)易便利化。

保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，嚴(yán)禁非法貿(mào)易

東盟統(tǒng)一市場(chǎng)的形成，擴(kuò)大了非法貿(mào)易和假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展空間。因此，要確保東盟經(jīng)濟(jì)體促進(jìn)域內(nèi)貿(mào)易和投資的發(fā)展目標(biāo)順利達(dá)成，就必須在東盟各成員國(guó)之間實(shí)現(xiàn)合作機(jī)制化。

實(shí)施統(tǒng)一的區(qū)域標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與法規(guī)

除了加強(qiáng)貿(mào)易便利化以外，應(yīng)在東盟區(qū)域內(nèi)確立統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與法規(guī)，建立互認(rèn)機(jī)制，以確保投資便利化。制定適用于東盟各成員國(guó)的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)區(qū)域價(jià)值鏈的發(fā)展和拓展具有決定性作用?！稏|盟統(tǒng)一化妝品監(jiān)管計(jì)劃協(xié)定》將會(huì)是探索建立統(tǒng)一區(qū)域標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與法規(guī)的一次有益嘗試。

放寬長(zhǎng)期性投資約束限制

東盟各成員國(guó)需共同制定積極措施，解決投資商在東盟區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期投資時(shí)所關(guān)切的問(wèn)題。菲律賓及其他東盟國(guó)家可在新加坡、馬來(lái)西亞和泰國(guó)所達(dá)成的協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)上，舉辦更多跨境資金募集活動(dòng)，拓展跨境產(chǎn)品銷售渠道，吸引更多跨境投資，同時(shí)為中間商進(jìn)駐東盟市場(chǎng)提供更多便利。

·許志亮 編譯

·來(lái)源：菲律賓《商業(yè)鏡報(bào)》

Will Anyone in Asia Still Trust America?

By J. Berkshire Miller

At the conclusion of the leaders’summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in Peru last week, the Pacif c Rim trade group reasserted the importance of free trade in a joint communiqué. The APEC economies, including the United States, further committed to “keep our markets open and to fight against all forms of protectionism” — an intentional pushback to the growth of protectionist rhetoric, especially from the incoming administration in Washington, D.C.

循證護(hù)理學(xué)綜合了臨床最佳的護(hù)理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，針對(duì)護(hù)理工作中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，制定可行的護(hù)理措施，可避免工作的盲目性，最大程度為患者提供最佳的服務(wù)，滿足患者疾病康復(fù)的需要。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)不斷的進(jìn)步與完善，患者的治療需求也越來(lái)越高[6-7]，循證護(hù)理的實(shí)施依據(jù)是實(shí)事求是，同時(shí)也是護(hù)理人員保護(hù)自身合法權(quán)益的有力措施。研究中觀察組采用循證護(hù)理，護(hù)士打破了傳統(tǒng)的護(hù)理方法，通過(guò)查閱文獻(xiàn)不斷改進(jìn)護(hù)理工作，保證護(hù)理工作具有更加科學(xué)的證據(jù)。綜上所述，采用循證護(hù)理可有效的降低護(hù)理工作者及患者家屬護(hù)理的工作量，值得臨床推廣。

President-elect Donald Trump has vowed, most recently in a YouTube video released on November 21, to make America’s withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the US-led flagship free trade deal in the Asia-Pacific, a top priority for his administration. Trump’s vitriol has already eliminated any chance that Congress will ratify the pact during the remaining lame-duck period of the current administration.

America’s credibility in the region is already crumbling before the TPP’s off cial burial. The almost certain failure of the deal — at least in its current form— is a body blow to key US allies, especially Japan, and other important states in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and Singapore, that viewed the deal as the litmus test of Washington’s commitment to Asia. Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong put it best on the potential of the TPP failing: “It is your credibility as an ally (that is at stake). How can anyone believe in you any more?”

Indeed, the election of Trump has

rattled US friends and allies in the Asia-Pacific who are worried that the incoming administration might signal Washington’s gradual retreat from the region. The range of concerns among US allies, such as Japan and South Korea, is vast: from the questioning of alliance burden-sharing, to the new administration’s plans for North Korea, or the black box that is Trump’s strategy— or lack thereof — for dealing with China.

But the most critical of these issues is the likely death of the TPP, which sounds the knell for Washington’s wider strategic plans. Specifically, it marks a fatal blow to US President Barack Obama’s “rebalance” to the Asia-Pacific. This was a policy grounded on three legs — economic, diplomatic, and security — but the economic foundation, and arguably the most critical strategic element, was the TPP, a 12-country deal that encompasses nearly 40 percent of the world’s gross domestic product. The TPP was meant to bridge the gap and connect Washington’s Asia policy into a long-term strategy, binding the region not only to the United States, but also enhancing regional economic interdependence and cooperation.

The Merlion in Singapore

Rather than relying on the traditional“hub and spoke” model of US engagement in Asia that focuses on bilateral relationships and alliances, the TPP is meant to support a more integrated and overlapping diplomatic and economic network — led by theUnited States — that connects like-minded countries in the region. The prospect of this network was especially enticing for most states in the region. Although they have deep interest in nurturing economic ties with China, they are desperately looking for a hedge to the emerging Sinocentric economic order in the region.

This dissipation of US credibility will be most acute in Southeast Asia, where the TPP originated. The failure of the United States to follow through on its commitments to economically engage with the region will result in weakened relationships. While the United States theoretically has two treaty allies in the region, the Philippines and Thailand (non-TPP members), these relationships are fragile and have become the Achilles’heel of Washington’s security network in Asia due to the emergence of strongman politics in both states —a military junta in Thailand and an erratic nationalist president in the Philippines.

The TPP was important because it targeted less established relationships in Southeast Asia with key emerging states such as Vietnam and Malaysia. Trade was the effective unif er for many states here who craved stronger ties with Washington but did not want to fully join in on containing China. The capital developed through the promise of the TPP helped nurture Washington’s relations with the region – as evidenced by the unprecedented growth in the defense relationship with Vietnam.

None of this is now likely to happen. While Trump’s eventual landing spot on regional security issues remains uncertain, his economic views are clear. He has labelled the reform of international trade policy, including not just the TPP but also the North American Free Trade Agreement, a top priority for his administration.

Most of Trump’s critique on the TPP focuses on its alleged bolstering of Asian economies at the expense of American jobs. This protectionist argument holds little water, considering that higher-paying jobs in US companies are largely supported by Washington’s ability to sell exports overseas. The TPP, in addition to other free trade agreements the United States has in force, would allow the US lower tariffs and barriers to free trade in the dynamic Asia-Pacific region. According to an analysis by the Peterson Institute for International Economics, the TPP would provide an estimated US$ 131 million increase in real income in the United States by 2030. This would also be complemented by an estimated US$ 357 billion growth in exports by 2030 as a result of a completed pact. In addition to the economic dividends, the TPP differs from other large trade agreements as a result of its commitment to setting a standard for high-level free trade, which took years of grueling negotiations to establish. Essentially, the TPP is intended not just to lower tariff rates and provide market access, but to go the extra mile by insisting on intensive structural and regulatory reforms among the signatories. Many of these commitments for reforms come at a high political cost for US allies, like Japan, and emerging friends in the region, like Vietnam, who are now stuck with a decision on whether to scrap the deal they invested so much time and capital in, or accept a “TPP-lite” without the United States for the foreseeable future.

The step backward on the TPP has re-energised agreements largely led by China, including the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). While the memberships of the TPP and the RCEP include a large overlap, the most striking difference is the absence of China in the former, and the United States in the latter. Beijing is also likely to push harder on its economic plans for the region by promoting its Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Belt and Road initiative. Beijing may also look to pry away US influence in the region through work to finalise its trilateral trade negotiations with Japan and South Korea. China already inked a bilateral deal with South Korea in 2015. Other possible avenues would be the Free Trade Agreement in the Asia-Pacif c.

The failure of US commitment on the TPP erodes the legacy of Obama’s signature foreign-policy initiative, the rebalance to Asia. It also leads to uncertainty in the region on where to look for leadership. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was originally opposed to the TPP, has ironically become the deal’s most prolific salesman.“Success or failure will sway the direction of the global free-trade system and the strategic environment in the Asia-Pacific,” he said. The warning is not just a ploy to stoke fear in Washington, but represents the concerns of many of Washington’s most trusted friends in the region. Trump should consider the consequences.

·Source: The Washington Post