唐德祝,彭 麗(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科,重慶 400016)
泊沙康唑防治侵襲性肺部真菌感染的機(jī)制與臨床研究進(jìn)展
唐德祝*,彭 麗#(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科,重慶 400016)
目的:為泊沙康唑防治侵襲性肺部真菌感染(IPFI)的機(jī)制研究與臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。方法:以“Posaconazole”“Invasive pulmonary fungal infection”“泊沙康唑”“侵襲性肺部真菌感染”等為關(guān)鍵詞,組合查詢2001年1月-2015年10月在PubMed、SpringerLink、Wiley Online Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對(duì)泊沙康唑的藥品基本信息、藥動(dòng)學(xué)/藥效學(xué)特征、藥理作用及其作用機(jī)制和臨床研究進(jìn)行綜述。結(jié)果:共檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)3 478篇,其中有效文獻(xiàn)51篇。泊沙康唑?qū)儆谌蝾惪拐婢?,其分子結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是在母環(huán)基礎(chǔ)上延伸出一條側(cè)鏈,具有呋喃環(huán),同時(shí)以氯代替了苯環(huán)上的氟,可抑制真菌細(xì)胞膜上合成麥角固醇的關(guān)鍵酶羊毛甾醇14α-去甲基化酶,從而發(fā)揮抗真菌作用;其具有耐藥性低、生物利用度高、肺內(nèi)濃度高等特點(diǎn)。泊沙康唑在小鼠肺內(nèi)的藥物濃度高,藥-時(shí)曲線下面積與最低抑菌濃度的比值可達(dá)440.91,對(duì)感染肺曲霉菌、毛霉菌的小鼠具有抗真菌效果。泊沙康唑?qū)PFI有一定效果,甚至可作為難治性IPFI的挽救治療用藥,但僅限于臨床觀察研究和個(gè)案報(bào)道,尚需更多高質(zhì)量的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究進(jìn)一步評(píng)估其防治IPFI的價(jià)值。
泊沙康唑;侵襲性肺部真菌感染;防治
近年來(lái),隨著廣譜抗生素、免疫抑制劑的大量應(yīng)用和侵襲性操作的增多及免疫缺陷宿主的增加,侵襲性真菌感染(IFI)的發(fā)病率逐年上升[1-3]。免疫缺陷患者中有2%~49%合并IFI,病死率在20%~70%之間[4-8]。侵襲性肺部真菌感染(IPFI)是一種發(fā)病率、病死率均較高的IFI,以非念珠菌感染為主,可選用抗真菌藥極其有限[9-11]。泊沙康唑是一種新型三唑類廣譜抗真菌藥,由于其毒性小、安全性好、生物利用度高,在國(guó)外用于難治性真菌感染及免疫力低下患者防治侵襲性曲霉菌或白色念珠菌感染[12-13],但國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)此藥的研究并不多見(jiàn)。筆者以“Posaconazole”“Invasive pulmonary fungal infection”“泊沙康唑”“侵襲性肺部真菌感染”等為關(guān)鍵詞,組合查詢2001年1月-2015年10月在PubMed、SpringerLink、Wiley Online Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果,共檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)3 478篇,其中有效文獻(xiàn)51篇?,F(xiàn)對(duì)泊沙康唑的藥品基本信息、藥動(dòng)學(xué)/藥效學(xué)特征、藥理作用及其作用機(jī)制和臨床研究進(jìn)行綜述,為其防治IPFI的機(jī)制與臨床研究提供參考。
泊沙康唑,英文名:Posaconazole,屬于第二代三唑類抗真菌藥,于2006年9月由美國(guó)FDA批準(zhǔn)上市。其分子式為:C37H42F2N8O4,分子結(jié)構(gòu)與氟康唑、伏立康唑不同,它在母環(huán)基礎(chǔ)上延伸出一條側(cè)鏈,這與伊曲康唑相似。但泊沙康唑的獨(dú)特之處在于其具有呋喃環(huán),同時(shí)以氯代替了苯環(huán)上的氟,可抑制真菌細(xì)胞膜上合成麥角固醇的關(guān)鍵酶羊毛甾醇14α-去甲基化酶(CYP51),從而發(fā)揮抗真菌作用[12,14]。
泊沙康唑的表觀分布容積大,蛋白結(jié)合率高達(dá)98%,單次給藥后5~8 h血藥濃度達(dá)峰,半衰期為20 h左右[15-16]。就健康成人而言,其年齡、性別和人種對(duì)穩(wěn)態(tài)藥動(dòng)學(xué)影響較小[17]。采用每次400 mg、每日2次及每次200 mg、每日4次的給藥方式較每次800 mg、每日1次的給藥方式而言,其生物利用度分別增加98%、220%[18]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,泊沙康唑在治療免疫力低下小鼠的IPFI時(shí)療效優(yōu)于其他抗真菌藥[19-20]。對(duì)于野生型CYP51和突變型CYP51的侵襲性曲霉菌,泊沙康唑的最低抑菌濃度(MIC)分別為0.25~0.5、1~8 mg/L,但是兩者的藥效學(xué)指標(biāo)沒(méi)有明顯差異[21]。Howard SJ等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)藥-時(shí)曲線下面積(AUC)/MIC為89.88、166.90、308.5、440.91時(shí),泊沙康唑的最大抗菌效應(yīng)分別為20%、50%、80%、90%。王雪潔等[22]檢測(cè)了耐氟康唑的念珠菌及耐伊曲康唑的煙曲霉對(duì)泊沙康唑的藥物敏感性,結(jié)果顯示上述耐藥株對(duì)泊沙康唑的MIC分別為0.125~1、0.06~0.5 μg/mL。
Conte JE等[23]在25名健康成年人中進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)為期14 d有關(guān)泊沙康唑藥動(dòng)學(xué)特征的研究,受試者每天服用2次400 mg泊沙康唑,結(jié)果在肺上皮黏液層及肺泡細(xì)胞內(nèi)藥物的最大濃度分別為(1.86±1.30)、(87.7±65.0)g/L,均高于90%抑菌濃度(MIC90)即0.5 g/L,AUC0-24h/ MIC90值分別為73.2、2 860。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明泊沙康唑在肺內(nèi)濃度較高。2010年,該團(tuán)隊(duì)又對(duì)肺移植患者的血液、肺上皮黏液層、肺泡細(xì)胞中泊沙康唑的藥動(dòng)學(xué)進(jìn)行了研究,受試者每天服用2次400 mg泊沙康唑混懸劑,并同時(shí)輔以高脂飲食,結(jié)果血液、肺上皮黏液層、肺泡細(xì)胞內(nèi)的最大藥物濃度分別為(1.3±0.4)、(1.3±1.7)、(55.4±44.0)μg/mL,AUC0-12h/MIC90值分別為21.98、22.42、1 060。Conte JE、鄭昌成等[24-25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),針對(duì)曲霉菌屬采用泊沙康唑每次400 mg、每日2次的給藥方案,在血液、肺上皮黏液層、肺泡細(xì)胞內(nèi)的藥物濃度持續(xù)高于MIC90,甚至該藥在肺泡細(xì)胞內(nèi)及肺泡細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)的濃度分別是血液中的40倍及400倍。
泊沙康唑最常見(jiàn)的劑型是口服混懸劑,具有親脂性;相較低脂飲食而言,高脂飲食可使藥物的吸收加倍,提高其生物利用度[26]。當(dāng)飲用酸性飲料降低胃酸pH值時(shí),泊沙康唑的最大血藥峰濃度可增加92%[27]。為提高該藥的生物利用度,美國(guó)FDA分別于2013、2014年批準(zhǔn)該藥的緩釋片及靜脈制劑上市。泊沙康唑緩釋片需要整顆口服,當(dāng)每日口服300 mg時(shí),其穩(wěn)態(tài)血藥濃度介于500~2 500 ng/mL之間,其安全性及耐受性與口服混懸劑相當(dāng)[28-31]。泊沙康唑靜脈制劑在侵襲性真菌易感的患者中有良好的耐受性,每天靜脈注射300 mg泊沙康唑時(shí)可以達(dá)到高目標(biāo)濃度,并且有較好的安全性[32]。
泊沙康唑可抑制麥角固醇的關(guān)鍵酶CYP51,因而其可以干擾真菌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),發(fā)揮抗真菌作用;泊沙康唑?qū)θ祟惣?xì)胞的P450酶影響較小,藥物活性更高、更安全;而且其受14α-脫甲基酶密碼子(ERG11)突變的影響更小,與跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的結(jié)合力更低,在理論上不易誘發(fā)外排泵相關(guān)性耐藥,甚至對(duì)耐氟康唑或伏立康唑的突變株亦有抑制作用[33-34]。Seyedmousavi S等[35-36]研究表明,在感染侵襲性肺曲霉菌的小鼠模型中,按小鼠體質(zhì)量給予泊沙康唑最小劑量4 mg/kg,在肺上皮黏液層、血漿中AUC0-24h/MIC值分別為1.76、14.69,此劑量可以在局部達(dá)到足夠高的藥物濃度以有效抑制曲霉菌生長(zhǎng)。對(duì)于肺部感染毛霉菌的免疫缺陷小鼠,使用兩性霉素B脂質(zhì)體和泊沙康唑抗真菌治療在提高患病動(dòng)物生存時(shí)間上差異不大,二者均可有效減少肺真菌負(fù)荷,但泊沙康唑略優(yōu)于兩性霉素B脂質(zhì)體,同時(shí)不良反應(yīng)更少[37]。此外,泊沙康唑也是唯一一個(gè)可持續(xù)抑制接合菌感染的唑類藥物,體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),其抗真菌活性甚至強(qiáng)于其他唑類藥[38]。
由于臨床前期實(shí)驗(yàn)提示泊沙康唑抗菌譜廣、安全性高,因此被用于治療IFI,尤其是難治性口咽念珠菌感染患者和具有IFI高危因素的患者。到目前為止,尚無(wú)高質(zhì)量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究公開(kāi)發(fā)表,但有較多的回顧性研究、臨床觀察性研究和個(gè)案報(bào)道。
Felton TW等[39]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)回顧性研究,該研究綜合臨床和影像學(xué)方法評(píng)估泊沙康唑治療肺部侵襲性曲霉菌感染的療效。該研究共納入79例患者,采用泊沙康唑每次400 mg、每日2次治療,其中58例將泊沙康唑作為挽救治療用藥,53例曾使用過(guò)伊曲康唑,44例曾使用過(guò)伏立康唑。結(jié)果顯示,在治療第6個(gè)月時(shí)泊沙康唑的有效率為61%,在治療12個(gè)月時(shí)有效率為46%;不良反應(yīng)主要為惡心、皮疹。Chishimba L等[40]利用真菌致敏性重癥哮喘(SAFS)和變應(yīng)性支氣管肺曲菌?。ˋBPA)來(lái)評(píng)估伏立康唑或泊沙康唑作為二線或三線用藥的療效。研究人員分析了33個(gè)治療案例,24例使用伏立康唑(治療ABPA,n=19;治療SAFS,n=5),9例使用泊沙康唑(治療ABPA,n=9)。在治療第3、6、12個(gè)月時(shí)泊沙康唑的整體臨床改善率均為78%,而伏立康唑的分別為68%、75%、71%。整個(gè)研究中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)泊沙康唑治療失敗的案例,而在伏立康唑治療的案例中有8例(33%)換藥為泊沙康唑。Catanzaro A等[41]研究表明,泊沙康唑治療慢性肺球孢子菌病有一定效果,并且有良好的耐受性。
Lee HJ等[42]報(bào)道了2例IPFI病例,患者在使用泊沙康唑之前曾使用過(guò)多種抗真菌藥,包括兩性霉素B、兩性霉素B脂質(zhì)體、卡泊芬凈,但是以上藥物治療效果不佳,而采用泊沙康唑作為挽救治療方案,取得了部分緩解。同時(shí)也有案例分別報(bào)道泊沙康唑成功治療肺暗色絲孢霉病、肺煙曲霉菌病、肺子囊菌病、肺毛霉菌病及肺接合菌病[43-46]。孫艷等[47]報(bào)道了1例泊沙康唑成功治愈造血干細(xì)胞移植術(shù)后IPFI的病例,該患者早期預(yù)防性使用氟康唑,在考慮真菌感染后換用伏立康唑及卡泊芬凈,但由于副作用及療效不佳,遂改為泊沙康唑治療,用藥2 d后患者臨床癥狀改善,4 d后肺部影像學(xué)好轉(zhuǎn),連續(xù)使用6周后患者無(wú)病生存。
已有臨床觀察和對(duì)照研究探討了泊沙康唑?qū)γ庖呷毕莼颊叻乐蜪FI的有效性[48-51],然而單純針對(duì)IPFI的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究卻相對(duì)缺乏。就已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)而言,泊沙康唑治療難治性肺部侵襲性曲霉菌病及ABPA有良好的效果,可降低肺部感染加重及哮喘急性加重的頻率,并且對(duì)罕見(jiàn)的IPFI也有療效,可以作為IPFI的挽救用藥。然而這些都僅限于臨床觀察研究和個(gè)案報(bào)道,尚需更多高質(zhì)量的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究進(jìn)一步評(píng)估泊沙康唑防治IPFI的價(jià)值。
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(編輯:余慶華)
R453.9
A
1001-0408(2017)10-1430-04
2016-05-07
2016-08-18)
*碩士研究生。研究方向:肺部感染性疾病。電話:023-89012016。E-mail:315049929@qq.com
#通信作者:副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師。研究方向:肺部感染性疾病。電話:023-89012016。E-mail:pli1228@163.com
DOI10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2017.10.36