中國卒中學(xué)會科學(xué)聲明專家組
(接上期)
癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄的治療是一項(xiàng)綜合的管理措施,包括危險(xiǎn)因素的有效控制、抗栓藥物的選擇及手術(shù)干預(yù)。下面就幾項(xiàng)存在爭議的方面進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)說明。
3.1 癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療時(shí)限及方案選擇 氯吡格雷用于急性非致殘性腦血管事件高危人群的療效(Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Treatment of High-risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Event,CHANCE)研究在5170例具有高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)急性輕型缺血性卒中或TIA患者中比較了氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療與阿司匹林單藥治療的有效性與安全性,結(jié)果顯示相對于阿司匹林單藥組,雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療組90 d卒中發(fā)生的相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減低32%(8.2%vs11.7%,RR0.68,95%CI0.57~0.81,絕對危險(xiǎn)度降低3.5%)且未增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[76]。1年的隨訪結(jié)果顯示,雙聯(lián)抗血小板組卒中復(fù)發(fā)275例(10.6%),阿司匹林單藥組卒中復(fù)發(fā)為362例(14.0%)(HR0.78,95%CI0.65~0.93,P=0.006),出血事件差異兩組無顯著性[77]。對于伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的TIA和輕型缺血性卒中患者,來自CHANCE數(shù)據(jù)庫的亞組分析顯示,伴有顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化的患者,阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷治療組3個月時(shí)發(fā)生卒中事件的HR為0.79(0.47~1.32),單抗組HR為1.12(0.56~2.25),交互分析P=0.522,提示伴有顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的非致殘性腦血管事件高?;颊?,雙聯(lián)抗血小板不能有效降低3個月時(shí)卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但此項(xiàng)亞組分析病例數(shù)較少,此結(jié)論仍不肯定,需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[78]。氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林與單獨(dú)使用阿司匹林對于減少急性癥狀性腦動脈或頸動脈狹窄患者的栓塞研究(Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin Versus Aspirin Alone for Reducing Embolisation in Patients with Acute Symptomatic Cerebral Carotid Artery Stenosis,CLAIR)入組發(fā)病7 d內(nèi)癥狀性顱內(nèi)外大動脈狹窄且經(jīng)顱多普勒(transcranial Doppler sonography,TCD)監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)有微栓子信號(microembolus signal,MES)的患者,包括缺血性卒中[美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評分≤8分]或TIA,隨機(jī)分為氯吡格雷(300 mg負(fù)荷量,繼以75 mg,qd)聯(lián)合阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd)組和阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd)組,療程7 d[79]。研究結(jié)果:治療2 d和7 d時(shí),聯(lián)合治療組較單用阿司匹林組MES陽性率和微栓子數(shù)目顯著下降。彌散加權(quán)像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)上急性梗死灶的數(shù)量、NIHSS評分、簡易精神狀態(tài)量表(the Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)評分在兩組之間差異無顯著性。亞組分析顯示,對70例單純顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄患者,聯(lián)合治療組較單用阿司匹林組顯著降低了2 d、7 d MES陽性率。對于伴有顱內(nèi)外大動脈狹窄的TIA和輕型缺血性卒中患者給予短期內(nèi)氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林治療較阿司匹林單獨(dú)治療可顯著減少微栓子監(jiān)測信號,且未增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。支架和積極藥物管理預(yù)防顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)(SAMMPRIS)研究中[80-81],入組了451例發(fā)病30 d內(nèi)的TIA或卒中患者,伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄70%~99%,隨機(jī)分為強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科治療組與強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科治療+經(jīng)皮血管成形并支架置入術(shù)(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting,PTAS)組,其中氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林治療持續(xù)90 d,強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科治療包括:阿司匹林325 mg,qd,聯(lián)合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd,持續(xù)90 d、收縮壓<140 mmHg(糖尿病患者<130 mmHg)、LDL<70 mg/dl、生活方式的改善,主要終點(diǎn)事件包括入組后或血管再通治療后30 d內(nèi)的卒中或死亡,或30 d后發(fā)生流域內(nèi)卒中事件。30 d卒中或死亡發(fā)生率為5.8%,1年時(shí)為12.2%,2年時(shí)為10.1%,3年時(shí)14.9%,低于以往的華法林與阿司匹林聯(lián)合治療癥狀性顱內(nèi)疾病的試驗(yàn)(WASID)研究中的發(fā)生率(在30 d和1年時(shí)卒中或死亡的發(fā)生率分別為10.7%和25%)[82]。
針對頸動脈,氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林降低癥狀性頸動脈狹窄栓子(Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis,CARESS)研究納入了230例伴有癥狀性頸內(nèi)動脈狹窄的TIA和缺血性卒中患者,并對107例發(fā)現(xiàn)微栓子的患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分組,51例給予聯(lián)合氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)和阿司匹林(75 mg/d)7 d,56例給予阿司匹林(75 mg/d)7 d,結(jié)果顯示雙抗治療減少微栓子發(fā)生的效果顯著優(yōu)于阿司匹林單抗治療[83]。雙聯(lián)抗血小板組入組7 d時(shí)的MES陽性率為43.8%,單抗組為72.7%,相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降39.8%,95%CI13.8~58.0,P=0.0046。
推薦意見:基于上述研究,下列幾種情況,可考慮進(jìn)行雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療:①癥狀性顱內(nèi)外狹窄,具有卒中高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(ABCD2≥4分)的急性非心源性TIA或輕型缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤3分),24 h內(nèi)可給予:氯吡格雷300 mg負(fù)荷+阿司匹林150~300 mg負(fù)荷(第1天),氯吡格雷75 mg/d+阿司匹林100 mg/d(第2~21天),氯吡格雷75 mg/d(第22~90天)(B級證據(jù),Ⅱa類推薦)。②發(fā)病7 d內(nèi)癥狀性顱內(nèi)外大動脈狹窄且經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler,TCD)監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)有MES的患者,包括缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤8分)或TIA,可給予氯吡格雷(300 mg負(fù)荷量,繼以75 mg,qd)+阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd),療程7 d(B級證據(jù),Ⅱa類推薦)。③發(fā)病30 d內(nèi)癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄,狹窄率70%~99%,可給予阿司匹林325 mg,qd+氯吡格雷75 mg,qd持續(xù)90 d(B級證據(jù),Ⅰ類推薦)。
3.2 癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄其他抗血小板藥物的選擇 研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,在中國人群中58.8%CYP2C19 LOF等位基因?yàn)閇*2和(或)*3]攜帶者[84],即如果患者由于個體差異不適合服用氯吡格雷,需要尋找替代治療方案。
西洛他唑與阿司匹林對缺血性卒中二級預(yù)防作用的比較研究(Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischemic Stroke Prevention,CASISP)和西洛他唑卒中二級預(yù)防研究(Cilostazol for Prevention of Secondary Stroke Ⅱ,CSPS Ⅱ)表明,在亞洲缺血性卒中和TIA人群中,與阿司匹林相比,西洛他唑在預(yù)防血管性事件發(fā)生方面不亞于阿司匹林,且不增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但西洛他唑組相對于阿司匹林組停藥率顯著增加,應(yīng)用西洛他唑后頭痛、頭暈和心動過速等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生較阿司匹林使用后常見[85-86]。對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄患者,西洛他唑可能會減慢狹窄的進(jìn)展。西洛他唑?qū)ΠY狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的研究(Trial of Cilostazol in Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis,TOSS)是一項(xiàng)多中心、隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究[87],入組了135例年齡35~80歲,發(fā)病2周內(nèi)的缺血性卒中且伴有癥狀性大腦中動脈M1段或基底動脈狹窄的患者;隨機(jī)給予西洛他唑100 mg,bid聯(lián)合阿司匹林100 mg,qd或阿司匹林100 mg,qd治療,顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄應(yīng)用MRA聯(lián)合TCD評估,主要終點(diǎn)事件為發(fā)病后6個月癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的進(jìn)展,結(jié)果顯示西洛他唑組顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的進(jìn)展較對照組低(P=0.008)。后續(xù)的研究(TOSS-2)應(yīng)用相同的入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn),研究了457例患者,隨機(jī)分組西洛他唑100 mg,bid聯(lián)合阿司匹林75~150 mg或氯吡格雷75 mg聯(lián)合阿司匹林75~150 mg,連續(xù)服用7個月[88]。主要終點(diǎn)事件為顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄的進(jìn)展,次要終點(diǎn)事件為MRI上新發(fā)梗死灶、并發(fā)心血管事件、主要出血事件。結(jié)果顯示兩組間主要、次要終點(diǎn)事件差異均無顯著性。
應(yīng)用阿司匹林或替格瑞洛治療急性卒中或TIA的預(yù)后(Acute Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack Treated with Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes,SOCRATES)研究為國際多中心、隨機(jī)、雙盲、平行組優(yōu)效性試驗(yàn)[89]。入組發(fā)病24 h內(nèi)急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者13 199例,年齡≥40歲,NIHSS評分≤5分或ABCD2≥4的患者,排除心源性栓塞及接受靜脈或動脈溶栓的患者。1∶1隨機(jī)進(jìn)入替格瑞洛(第1天180 mg負(fù)荷劑量,第2~90天90 mg,bid)或阿司匹林組(第1天300 mg,第2~90天100 mg/d),療效隨訪90 d及安全性隨訪120 d。主要終點(diǎn)是入組后發(fā)生任何類型的卒中、心肌梗死和死亡的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件。結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)過90 d的治療,替格瑞洛組主要終點(diǎn)事件442例(6.7%),阿司匹林組為497例(7.5%)(HR0.89,95%CI0.78~1.01,P=0.07)。替格瑞洛組缺血性卒中發(fā)生385例(5.8%),阿司匹林組為441例(6.7%)(HR0.87,95%CI0.76~1.00)。主要出血事件在替格瑞洛組為0.5%,阿司匹林組為0.6%,兩組比較差異無顯著性。該研究結(jié)果提示,替格瑞洛治療急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者的療效與阿司匹林相當(dāng)且不增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
推薦意見:對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈粥樣硬化性缺血性卒中需要進(jìn)行抗血小板治療的患者,如果存在明確證據(jù)表明抗血小板藥物抵抗或者其他原因?qū)е碌乃幬锊荒褪芑蚪勺C,可以考慮給予西洛他唑或替格瑞洛治療,但其療效仍需進(jìn)行臨床研究證實(shí)(B級證據(jù),Ⅰ類推薦)。3.3 顱內(nèi)外動脈狹窄個體化降壓治療 對于缺血性卒中患者的降壓治療,目前有指南推薦既往未接受降壓治療的缺血性卒中或TIA患者,發(fā)病數(shù)天后如果收縮壓≥140 mmHg或舒張壓≥90 mmHg,應(yīng)啟動降壓治療[90]。然而,對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈狹窄患者,降壓的策略仍存在爭議。WASID研究亞組分析顯示,收縮壓≥160 mmHg的患者流域內(nèi)缺血性卒中或其他缺血性卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著升高[91]。來自中國顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化(Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis,CICAS)的研究亞組共分析了2426例急性缺血性腦血管病患者[92],根據(jù)美國預(yù)防、檢測、評估與治療高血壓全國聯(lián)合委員會第七次報(bào)告(The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection,Evaluation,and Treatment of High Blood Pressure,JNC 7)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將住院期間血壓情況分組為正常、高血壓前期、高血壓Ⅰ期、高血壓Ⅱ期,主要終點(diǎn)事件包括死亡、出院時(shí)功能預(yù)后和1年的功能預(yù)后。結(jié)果顯示在重度狹窄組和閉塞組,血壓升高與出院時(shí)、1年的不良結(jié)局(mRS 3~5分)相關(guān),校正后差異無顯著性。對于癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的患者,有學(xué)者應(yīng)用頸動脈閉塞外科研究(Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study,COSS)中91例未接受手術(shù)治療且診斷為癥狀性頸動脈閉塞和低血流動力性腦缺血[93],比較平均血壓≤130/85 mmHg或維持更高的血壓兩組之間同側(cè)缺血性卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)果顯示在41例平均血壓≤130/85 mmHg的患者中3例發(fā)生同側(cè)缺血性卒中事件,在50例血壓>130/80 mmHg的患者中13例發(fā)生腦缺血(HR3.742,95%CI1.065~13.152,時(shí)序檢驗(yàn)P=0.027),此結(jié)果提示降低血壓可能會降低此類患者的缺血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
椎動脈血流評估T I A和卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Vertebrobasilar Flow Evaluation and Risk of Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke,VERiTAS)是一項(xiàng)多中心隊(duì)列研究[69-70],入組發(fā)病60 d內(nèi)患TIA或缺血性卒中的患者,伴有顱內(nèi)外椎動脈或基底動脈狹窄(≥50%)或閉塞,應(yīng)用QMRA的方法分析椎基底動脈腦血流,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)血流量下降患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高,且對于低血流量患者降低血壓可能會增加缺血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
推薦意見:對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者進(jìn)行降壓治療可能降低腦缺血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但對于發(fā)病機(jī)制為低血流動力學(xué)的病例需制訂個體化的降壓方案(B級證據(jù),Ⅱb類推薦)。
3.4 顱內(nèi)外動脈狹窄他汀治療對斑塊穩(wěn)定性的影響 眾多研究顯示,他汀類藥物的應(yīng)用可有效降低缺血性卒中的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且已被作為一級推薦寫入缺血性卒中二級預(yù)防指南。近年來,隨著HRMRI的出現(xiàn),臨床上對頸動脈斑塊的性質(zhì)及穩(wěn)定性有了進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識。多數(shù)研究將頸動脈斑塊內(nèi)的脂質(zhì)核面積或體積的變化作為臨床藥物試驗(yàn)的主要終點(diǎn)事件之一。這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過他汀類藥物治療,不僅低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平下降,而且斑塊負(fù)荷在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)有所改善。
一項(xiàng)使用HRMRI針對歐美人群頸動脈斑塊的研究結(jié)果顯示[94],通過瑞舒伐他汀藥物治療2年后,患者的LDL-C水平明顯下降,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)富含脂質(zhì)的壞死核(lipid-rich necrotic core,LRNC)所占管壁比例相對于基線期下降了41.4%(P=0.005)。瑞舒伐他汀對中國動脈粥樣硬化患者的治療評價(jià)(Rosuvastatin Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Chinese Patients,REACH)研究是一項(xiàng)開放標(biāo)簽的、前瞻性自身對照研究,Du等[95]通過高分辨MRI評價(jià)頸動脈斑塊變化情況,旨在探討常規(guī)劑量瑞舒伐他汀對中國頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊患者的治療作用。該研究納入了43例18~75歲的頸動脈狹窄為16%~69%的患者(其中10例患者有腦血管病史),主要觀察終點(diǎn)為斑塊脂質(zhì)核心的縮小,次要觀察終點(diǎn)為斑塊體積及其他指標(biāo)的變化。最終32例患者完成了檢查,3個月時(shí)接受瑞舒伐他汀平均日治療劑量11 mg,LDL-C水平降低47%,高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)升高10%。治療3個月后斑塊中LRNC顯著縮小,從治療前平均(111.5±104.2)mm3下降到(103.6±95.8)mm3,平均下降7.3%(P=0.044),并減少斑塊處血管外膜和斑塊內(nèi)血管新生,1年和2年隨訪顯示效果持續(xù)存在。而另外一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[96-97],在辛伐他汀治療后1年,動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的頸動脈管壁面積(wall area,WA)、管腔面積(lumen area,LA)、管壁厚度(wall thickness,WT)均明顯改善,其中頸動脈LA變化最明顯(下降15%,P<0.001);而在辛伐他汀治療的第2年,雖然血脂水平下降,但斑塊的WA、LA、WT卻有略微增大。部分研究顯示煙酸治療頸動脈狹窄效果尚不肯定[98-99]。
對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化狹窄的患者,SAMMPRIS研究比較了單純強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科藥物治療和顱內(nèi)動脈支架治療聯(lián)合強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科藥物治療在癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄患者中卒中再發(fā)的預(yù)防作用,強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科藥物治療包括:阿司匹林325 mg,qd聯(lián)合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd持續(xù)90 d,收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)<140 mmHg(糖尿病患者<130 mmHg),LDL<70 mg/dl(使用瑞舒伐他汀20 mg)。結(jié)果顯示,顱內(nèi)動脈支架治療后30 d內(nèi)主要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率較高(14.7%),而單純藥物治療組發(fā)生率低(5.8%)。研究分析:手術(shù)組事件高發(fā)及單純藥物治療組終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率較低可能與手術(shù)治療組的外在干預(yù)導(dǎo)致易損斑塊的再次破裂,以他汀類藥物為基礎(chǔ)的強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科治療能穩(wěn)定易損斑塊和改善患者腦血流灌注有關(guān)。
推薦建議:對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈粥樣硬化性缺血性卒中,強(qiáng)化他汀治療,LDL-C<1.8 mmol/L或降幅超過50%,可降低血管事件再發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(A級證據(jù),Ⅰ類推薦)。對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者,應(yīng)用強(qiáng)化他汀長期治療可穩(wěn)定斑塊成分和逆轉(zhuǎn)斑塊體積(B級證據(jù),Ⅱa類推薦)。他汀藥物對顱內(nèi)動脈斑塊的影響,目前尚無研究證據(jù)。
3.5 支架/手術(shù)治療選擇 顱內(nèi)動脈支架治療一直以來都飽受爭議,自從SAMMPRIS研究結(jié)果公布以后,此項(xiàng)治療方法不被推薦作為首選治療方案。如何有效地篩選需要介入治療的高?;颊叱蔀槟壳暗难芯繜狳c(diǎn)。一項(xiàng)來自中國的多中心癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄支架治療的登記研究,共入組sICAS患者(狹窄率為70%~99%)300例,且伴有較差的側(cè)支循環(huán)。主要終點(diǎn)事件為術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)的卒中、TIA、死亡,次要終點(diǎn)事件為血管再通成功率。其中球囊支架159例,球囊擴(kuò)張+自膨式支架141例。結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)的卒中、TIA、死亡發(fā)生率為4.3%,手術(shù)成功率為97.3%,球囊支架較球囊擴(kuò)張+自膨式支架有更低的殘余狹窄率[100]。此項(xiàng)研究提示在中國人群中對嚴(yán)重癥狀性動脈粥樣硬化性顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄(symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS)患者進(jìn)行血管內(nèi)支架治療的安全性和有效性是可接受的,球囊支架較自膨式支架殘余狹窄率可能更低。術(shù)前對患者的腦灌注和側(cè)支循環(huán)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行評估可能有效篩選患者,提高獲益率。
對于無癥狀性顱外頸動脈狹窄的患者是否需要接受手術(shù)治療,支架與頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)的優(yōu)劣一直存在爭議。1978年,Thompson等[101]發(fā)表了一篇無癥狀頸動脈狹窄頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)的系統(tǒng)研究,此研究入組132例無癥狀頸動脈狹窄患者,共進(jìn)行了167個CEA,術(shù)后2例發(fā)生TIA,2例卒中,在長達(dá)184個月的隨訪中,4.5%的患者出現(xiàn)TIA,2.3%出現(xiàn)卒中,2.3%死亡;而其另外選擇了138例無癥狀頸動脈狹窄患者,未進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,觀察其預(yù)后,隨訪期內(nèi),26.8%出現(xiàn)TIA,17.4%發(fā)生卒中,2.2%死亡。提示接受CEA手術(shù)治療的患者可明顯獲益。隨后無癥狀頸內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化研究(Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study,ACAS)和無癥狀頸動脈外科試驗(yàn)研究(Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial,ACST)的系列研究結(jié)果提示,對于無癥狀重度狹窄患者而言,CEA較藥物治療更加有益。
對于CEA和頸動脈支架置入術(shù)(carotid artery stenting,CAS)的療效比較,前期的臨床研究認(rèn)為,帶有捕獲和回收栓子裝置的頸動脈支架系統(tǒng)可作為具有中高危內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者的替代治療方案。近期公布了兩項(xiàng)針對CAS和CEA的隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果,讓我們對手術(shù)方式的選擇有了新的思考。頸動脈支架與內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)對非癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的隨機(jī)對照研究(Randomized Trial of Stent versus Surgery for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis ACT-1)入組了1453例非癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的患者(定義為入組前180天無卒中、TIA或一過性黑蒙發(fā)作)[18],主要終點(diǎn)事件為術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)的死亡、卒中或心肌梗死,及1年內(nèi)同側(cè)卒中事件的發(fā)生,分析方法為非劣效性,范圍為3個百分點(diǎn)。結(jié)果顯示:對于主要復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件,CAS不劣于CEA。CAS組事件發(fā)生率3.8%,CEA組為3.4%,P=0.01;術(shù)后30 d卒中率CEA組為1.4%,較CAS組2.8%低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;術(shù)后5年內(nèi)同側(cè)卒中比例CEA組為0.5%/年,CAS組為0.4%/年,差異無顯著性。
比較內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)和支架對頸動脈再通治療效果的研究(Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial,CREST)入組癥狀性頸動脈狹窄和非癥狀性頸動脈狹窄患者[102],前期隨訪4年的結(jié)果顯示,無論是圍術(shù)期還是隨訪期內(nèi)的任何時(shí)間,CAS組和CEA組間主要復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件、心肌梗死、死亡和同側(cè)卒中發(fā)生率差異均無顯著性。近期公布了其10年的隨訪結(jié)果,共分析了2502例患者,主要復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件兩組間差異無顯著性,CAS組事件發(fā)生率為11.8%(95%CI9.1~14.8),CEA組為9.9%(95%CI7.9~12.2),HR為1.10(95%CI0.83~1.44)。術(shù)后同側(cè)卒中發(fā)生率CAS組為6.9%(95%CI4.4~9.7),CEA組為5.6%(95%CI3.7~7.6),差異無顯著性,HR為0.99(95%CI0.64~1.52)。10年的隨訪結(jié)果較之前無變化。
推薦意見:①對于癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄(狹窄程度70%~99%,病灶長度≤15 mm,目標(biāo)血管直徑≥2.0 mm)的患者,在內(nèi)科標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療無效或側(cè)支循環(huán)代償不完全[美國介入和治療神經(jīng)放射學(xué)學(xué)會/介入放射學(xué)學(xué)會(American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology,ASITN/SIR)側(cè)支循環(huán)分級<3級]的情況下,血管內(nèi)治療可以作為內(nèi)科藥物治療輔助治療手段(B級證據(jù),Ⅱa類推薦)。②對于無癥狀的頸動脈嚴(yán)重狹窄患者,可選擇頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)或支架治療作為藥物治療的輔助手段(A級證據(jù),Ⅰ類推薦)。③對于近期發(fā)生TIA或6個月內(nèi)發(fā)生缺血性卒中合并同側(cè)頸動脈顱外段嚴(yán)重狹窄(70%~99%)的患者,可選擇頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)或支架治療作為藥物治療的輔助手段(A級證據(jù),Ⅰ類推薦)。
隨著精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)時(shí)代的到來,易損血管(包括易損斑塊、病理狀態(tài)血流動力學(xué))的個體化評估已成為癥狀性顱內(nèi)外動脈粥樣硬化性疾病領(lǐng)域的新挑戰(zhàn)。
動脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊的評估目前有很多方法,對于顱外動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的評估,已經(jīng)有了一套相對成熟的評估方法,然而這些方法是否能擴(kuò)展至顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的評估仍需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。另外,在一些頸動脈斑塊的研究中,已經(jīng)證實(shí)他汀類藥物可能逆轉(zhuǎn)斑塊或使其趨于穩(wěn)定,然而,這些藥物對顱內(nèi)斑塊的作用仍需要開展多中心的隨機(jī)對照研究進(jìn)行證實(shí)。
顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄后血流動力學(xué)的評估是進(jìn)行血管內(nèi)治療干預(yù)的關(guān)鍵評估指標(biāo)。建立一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的血流動力學(xué)評估方法是進(jìn)行下一步臨床研究的前提和基礎(chǔ)。基于無創(chuàng)技術(shù)的計(jì)算機(jī)血流動力學(xué)分析是未來的發(fā)展趨勢,然而目前的研究方法仍存在一定局限性。與傳統(tǒng)方法比較,超級計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)可能更真實(shí)地模擬腦血流情況。隨后,在血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo)指導(dǎo)下的臨床干預(yù),將會使癥狀性顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化性疾病的治療方案更加優(yōu)化。
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