完劍俠,繆克銀,黃錦鵬,丁振國

(江蘇海事職業(yè)技術學院,南京 211170)

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現(xiàn)代職教視閾下航海人才多元化培養(yǎng)模式構建

完劍俠,繆克銀,黃錦鵬,丁振國

(江蘇海事職業(yè)技術學院,南京 211170)

面對國家發(fā)展綠色海運和推進21世紀“海上絲綢之路”建設對高素質航海人才的需求，以因材施教為原則，從培養(yǎng)目標、培養(yǎng)模式、課程體系、教學方法等方面探索專業(yè)教育與素質教育的融合，開展航海人才多元化培養(yǎng)實踐。以滿足行業(yè)發(fā)展和學生個性化需求，培養(yǎng)“有寬度、有厚度、多層次”航海人才，服務國家海洋強國戰(zhàn)略和“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略。

航海職業(yè)教育；多元化培養(yǎng)；現(xiàn)代職教

一、引言

海運是全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要保障，占國際貿易貨運總量的2/3以上，我國絕大部分進出口貨物都是通過海洋運輸方式實現(xiàn)的。2014年9月，《國務院關于促進海運業(yè)健康發(fā)展的若干意見》確立了到2020年基本建成安全、便捷、高效、綠色、具有國際競爭力的現(xiàn)代海運體系，以適應國民經(jīng)濟安全運行和對外貿易發(fā)展的需要。

我國航海高等職業(yè)教育歷經(jīng)幾十年的發(fā)展取得了顯著成績，中國已成為世界海員大國。然而，在航海人才的培養(yǎng)上，我國高等職業(yè)教育仍然存在著不少的問題。一方面，國內生源數(shù)量的持續(xù)減少，使得航海高等職業(yè)院校的生源質量逐年下降，對航海人才專業(yè)能力的培養(yǎng)提出了巨大挑戰(zhàn)；另一方面，航海高等職業(yè)院校長期圍繞國家海事局船員適任證書考試開展專業(yè)教育，形成了重視專業(yè)理論輕視素質教育的固化模式，學生綜合能力普遍不高，創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)能力薄弱，職業(yè)晉升與拓展受到了很大的限制。此外，航海高等職業(yè)教育人才培養(yǎng)規(guī)格與標準過于單一，專業(yè)口徑狹窄，人才培養(yǎng)的廣度與深度不夠，難以滿足行業(yè)對復合型人才的需求。總體而言，航海高等職業(yè)教育與國家海洋強國戰(zhàn)略的人才需求還存在著較大差距。

2014年6月，國務院印發(fā)了《關于加快發(fā)展現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育的決定》，加快發(fā)展現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育成為我國高等教育的一項重大戰(zhàn)略部署。決定的核心是培養(yǎng)更多高素質勞動者和技能型人才，未來職業(yè)教育的規(guī)模要達到高等教育規(guī)模的一半以上，中高職銜接、學歷教育、終生教育將成為高等職業(yè)教育的重要形式。面對現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育生源的多元化和教育重心的下移，單一的人才培養(yǎng)模式與路徑顯然已難以適應職業(yè)教育理念的轉變。

因此，全面推進多元培養(yǎng)模式的改革與創(chuàng)新，培養(yǎng)“有寬度、有厚度、多層次”的航海人才，實現(xiàn)航海高等職業(yè)教育從規(guī)模發(fā)展向內涵建設的轉變，是現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育體系下人才培養(yǎng)的客觀需要，也是大力發(fā)展綠色海運和推進“21世紀海上絲綢之路”建設的必然要求。

二、多元培養(yǎng)目標定位

合理的培養(yǎng)目標是實現(xiàn)人才培養(yǎng)的關鍵，也是高等職業(yè)教育的出發(fā)點和歸宿，它包括高等職業(yè)院校學生培養(yǎng)的基本方向定位，以及由此決定的學生在接受完高等職業(yè)教育之后在知識、能力和素質方面達到的規(guī)格要求[1]。面對工業(yè)4.0時代復合型人才的需求，改革人才培養(yǎng)模式，實施多元化培養(yǎng)是提升人才培養(yǎng)質量的重要途徑。

多元培養(yǎng)一是培養(yǎng)目標的多元化。根據(jù)學生的個體差異和就業(yè)意愿，實施“分層分類”培養(yǎng)。一方面，結合船舶“大型化、高速化、現(xiàn)代化”的特點，進一步細化崗位分類，實施更加專業(yè)的教育，將部分學業(yè)水平高、綜合素質好、專業(yè)穩(wěn)定性強的航海人才推向國際市場；另一方面，強化專業(yè)技能教育，培養(yǎng)沿海、內河高素質船員，迎合國家“推動長江經(jīng)濟帶發(fā)展”戰(zhàn)略需要；同時，打通航海技術專業(yè)群，實施跨專業(yè)教育，培養(yǎng)具備航海專業(yè)知識的航運管理人才，實現(xiàn)學生的多元成才。

多元培養(yǎng)二是培養(yǎng)方式的多元化。結合現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育的特點、目標要求和“90后”學生的個性需求，從“以人為本”的角度出發(fā)，改革人才培養(yǎng)模式，尋求當代大學生知識、技能獲取途徑與素質提升的多樣化創(chuàng)新。實施專業(yè)教育與素質教育的“雙線并舉”，培養(yǎng)兼具專業(yè)技術能力、外語應用能力、人際交往能力、團隊管理能力、決策與領導能力、身心素質和人文素質等，能勝任海、陸兩個方向多崗位的復合型航海人才。

三、多元培養(yǎng)模式設計

在人才培養(yǎng)上，除了從辦學師資、辦學條件、辦學資源、辦學經(jīng)費等方面進行研究與建設外，以人才培養(yǎng)模式為核心，多元課程體系和素質教育為兩翼，教育教學模式創(chuàng)新為載體(見圖1)，實施人才培養(yǎng)的軟環(huán)境建設，對于提升人才培養(yǎng)質量有著重要意義。

圖1 多元人才培養(yǎng)模式構建

人才培養(yǎng)模式是指在某一(些)教育理論、教育思想的指導下，按照預定的人才培養(yǎng)目標與規(guī)格，以相對穩(wěn)定的教學內容、管理制度和評估方式實施教育的過程。人才培養(yǎng)的前提是要尊重個體差異，滿足學生的多樣化需求。根據(jù)學生的認知水平、學習能力以及興趣愛好，將學生區(qū)分成若干層次和類別，針對不同層次和類別的學生，在教學內容和教學方法上有所區(qū)別、有所側重，給予學生更多的自主選擇權和更大的發(fā)展空間，實現(xiàn)不同層次的學生都盡可能得到發(fā)展。[2]

1.實現(xiàn)多元成才關鍵是建立對應的課程體系

課程體系是基于人才培養(yǎng)模式將不同課程按照某種順序進行排列，而課程的門類和排列順序決定了學生通過學習將掌握的知識與獲得的能力。[3]改革教學內容，重建課程體系是實現(xiàn)高等教育目標多元化的重要途徑。通過建立專業(yè)教育與素質教育“雙線并舉”的多元化課程體系，實現(xiàn)課程結構的多元化和課程類型組合的可選性，建立“專業(yè)+素質”多選擇性課程模塊，學生根據(jù)自身愛好和就業(yè)方向進行課程選擇，以第一課堂、第二課堂等多種教學形式實施多元培養(yǎng)。

2.實現(xiàn)多元成才的重要途徑是實施素質教育

高等職業(yè)教育在傳授專業(yè)技能的同時培養(yǎng)學生綜合素質，是社會對復合型人才的基本要求。航海職業(yè)的“國際性”需要學生具備很高的綜合能力，而航海類專業(yè)“技術應用型”的崗位特點要求學生具備較強的創(chuàng)新精神與創(chuàng)新能力。第二課堂教育作為素質教育的重要載體，充分發(fā)揮其功能引導和組織學生開展的各種有意義、健康的課外活動，推進課內教學與課外教育相融合、素質教育與職業(yè)教育相融合、理論學習與實踐學習相融合，是學生能力與素質同步提升的重要保障。[4]航海職業(yè)教育在專業(yè)教育基礎上，轉變教育思想，更新教育觀念，調整人才培養(yǎng)方案，尋求創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)教育與專業(yè)教育的相互融合，培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)新精神與創(chuàng)新能力，是提升航海人才培養(yǎng)質量的重要途徑。此外，進行國內外合作交流是增加航海教育供給側多樣性和選擇性的重要手段。通過合作與交流，改變航海類學生接受教育的條件與環(huán)境，拓展學生的專業(yè)和國際化視野，可有效提升人才培養(yǎng)的寬度。

四、多元培養(yǎng)模式實踐

1.“分層分類”的人才培養(yǎng)模式

(1)采用“項目+項目”人才培養(yǎng)方式，根據(jù)學生能力水平實施課程分層教學。依據(jù)學生興趣愛好實施專業(yè)方向分類培養(yǎng)。

在人才培養(yǎng)方案中適度增加英語教學課時，通過英語入學考試，在一、二學期實施A、B、C三個層次的英語分層次教學，設置適合不同英語基礎的教學計劃與教學進度，根據(jù)學生期末成績對學生層次進行動態(tài)調整；在三、四、五學期根據(jù)細化的專業(yè)方向，重新架構課程內容實施專業(yè)英語的分層培養(yǎng)。

在人才培養(yǎng)方案中設置專業(yè)方向課，第四、五學期，在專業(yè)通識教育的基礎上打通專業(yè)群課程，實施學生分類培養(yǎng)，遠洋方向注重英語強化，設置國際貿易與法規(guī)類課程；沿海方向注重專業(yè)基礎能力提升，設置貨物運輸和內河航運類課程；陸上方向注重能力拓展，消減專業(yè)課程，增加部分水運管理類課程。對不同就業(yè)方向的學生采取實習報告、畢業(yè)論文和畢業(yè)設計等多種形式的畢業(yè)實習考核。

(2)結合崗位需求，實施通識教育與精英人才的差異化培養(yǎng)。設立企業(yè)訂單班、企業(yè)虛擬學院，并結合現(xiàn)代航運對高素質復合型人才的需求試點“卓越航?！庇媱?。

企業(yè)訂單班，主要根據(jù)企業(yè)個性化需求，調整專業(yè)課程設置，增加不同航運形式的專業(yè)課程和英語口語等課程，邀請企業(yè)人員參與課程教學。虛擬企業(yè)學院主要以“校企共同投資、虛擬學院實體運作、雙主體聯(lián)合實施”為原則，由校企雙方共同制訂人才培養(yǎng)方案、共同開發(fā)教學資源、共同招生、共同培養(yǎng)，實現(xiàn)企業(yè)需求與人才培養(yǎng)的無縫銜接?！白吭胶胶！眲t以國際化人才為培養(yǎng)目標設置人才培養(yǎng)方案，建立以國際標準為要求，培養(yǎng)出具有較強英語應用能力、創(chuàng)新能力、實踐能力、國際競爭力、職業(yè)拓展能力、職業(yè)穩(wěn)定度高的航海精英人才(見表1、圖2)。

表1 差異化人才培養(yǎng)路徑表

圖2 “分層分類”培養(yǎng)示意圖

2.“雙線并舉”多元化課程體系構建

在專業(yè)課程體系的構建中，選取“模塊化”構建模式對專業(yè)課程內容進行重新梳理與構建。將職業(yè)能力拆解為82個單元，建立對應知識點的17門課程，再由若干門課程組成對應一項工作任務的12個課程模塊，并將內容較為復雜課程拆解成2個學期，提供不同專業(yè)方向的學生進行課程選擇。專業(yè)課程體系突出技能培養(yǎng)，實踐教學課時比例達到60%以上。同時，為拓展專業(yè)外延，增加了職業(yè)能力拓展模塊，打通專業(yè)群課程，將部分水運管理的專業(yè)課程作為選修課對航海類專業(yè)開放。

教學方法與教學資源是教學過程的有機組成部分，是人才培養(yǎng)模式和目標實現(xiàn)的重要載體。在專業(yè)課程體系構建中，以“工學結合”為原則，重新編寫課程的“項目化”教材。在課堂教學上利用現(xiàn)代信息教學手段、虛擬仿真和理實一體化教室，以任務為驅動實施“項目化”教學，對部分課程開展“翻轉式”“體驗式”教學改革。通過引進并自主開發(fā)在線開放課程，建設覆蓋主干課程的微課程群和教育教學資源庫，實施校內開放的“線上線下”互動教學。從而推進“以教為主向以學為主、以課堂教學為主向課內外結合、以結果評價為主向過程結果相結合評價”教學形式的轉變，實現(xiàn)人才培養(yǎng)過程的多元化。

在素質課程體系的構建中，建立職業(yè)素質模塊、身心素質模塊、人文素質模塊和創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)素質模塊。增加社會實踐(服務)類課程，將學生活動和社會實踐以學分認定的形式納入人才培養(yǎng)方案中。注重豐富人文藝術類和綜合素質類的選修課程類別，在校期間要求學生至少完成4個學分的課程學習。將創(chuàng)新教育納入課程體系，組織企業(yè)和專業(yè)教師合作開發(fā)具有航海特色的創(chuàng)新課程。

針對不同的分類方向，實施彈性學分制，允許學生根據(jù)自身需求進行課程選擇，建立專業(yè)教育與素質教育“雙線并舉”適合“分層分類”培養(yǎng)的多元選擇課程體系(見圖3)。

圖3 “雙線并舉”多元選擇課程體系

3.素質教育的實施

(1)第二課堂功能的發(fā)揮。發(fā)揮“團學”組織功能，以共青團和學生社團活動為切入點，創(chuàng)新具有航海特色的校園文化和社團活動，推進素質教育與職業(yè)教育的相互融合。發(fā)揮企業(yè)在人才培養(yǎng)中的作用，企業(yè)作為人才吸納的主體，對于人才應具備的能力和素質具有最優(yōu)先的發(fā)言權。[5]通過引導企業(yè)參與人才培養(yǎng)，實施“船長領航、共育人才”計劃，聘請企業(yè)一線骨干擔任兼職班導師，從航運發(fā)展、企業(yè)需求，行業(yè)實踐、職業(yè)規(guī)劃等多方面開展常態(tài)化指導。

(2)創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)教育的開展。明確航海人才創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)教育目標，構建以創(chuàng)新精神、創(chuàng)業(yè)意識和創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)能力為指標的學生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)評價體系，并納入教育評價方案。廣泛邀請教育專家和創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)典型參與學生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)教育，以教師創(chuàng)新能力提升為載體，推進學生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)教育與專業(yè)教學的相互融合。借助開放性訓練室，搭建創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)平臺，建立大學生實踐創(chuàng)新工作室。建立學分兌換機制，激勵學生參加企業(yè)實踐、省級和國家級職業(yè)院校創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)競賽和技能大賽，以提升學生的創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)能力。

(3)合作交流的實施。通過與境外航海院校的交流合作，建立師生常態(tài)化互訪、學分互認、人才共育的培養(yǎng)機制，形成國際合作教育平臺，實施人才的國際化培養(yǎng)。借力企業(yè)訂單班、企業(yè)虛擬學院等校企合作模式，與企業(yè)共同開發(fā)專項培訓項目，建立學生職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃與企業(yè)發(fā)展的有機融合，實現(xiàn)學生專業(yè)能力與綜合素質的雙提升。同時，與國內航海本科院校探索開展高職本科銜接項目人才培養(yǎng)，打通?？茖W生的畢業(yè)升學渠道；與國內同類航海院校開展師生交流，實現(xiàn)航海教育理念和教學資源的交流共享。

五、結語

實施多元化培養(yǎng)，從知識與素質兩個方面構建不同層次和能力水平的復合型航海人才，使其結構、規(guī)模與經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展更加匹配，進一步滿足社會發(fā)展與行業(yè)需求，是現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育功能發(fā)揮的重要體現(xiàn)。實施人才多元化培養(yǎng)模式改革是航海職業(yè)教育發(fā)展的必然趨勢，也是推動實施“海洋強國”戰(zhàn)略人才需求的重要保障，對于打造航海教育品牌，培養(yǎng)具有國際競爭力的航海人才具有重要意義。

[1]閻威,韓雁,梁志星.高等院校改革背景下多元化人才培養(yǎng)模式的探索[J].教育與職業(yè),2013(32):16-19.

[2]張德高.分層分類視域下的高校人才培養(yǎng)策略[J].教育發(fā)展研究,2013(19):77-79.

[3]陳桂云,戴存禮.面向學生發(fā)展的多元化大學課程體系構建[J].中國農業(yè)教育,2014(5):25-30.

[4]魏培徵,馬化祥,馬莉萍.高校第二課堂與大學生創(chuàng)新素質培養(yǎng)的關系研究[J].思想教育研究，2011(10):99-103.

[5]周美蘭,戈寶軍，孟大偉.電氣工程及其自動化專業(yè)多元化人才培養(yǎng)模式的探索[J].中國電力教育,2007(11):53-55.

*收稿日期：2016-10-20

作者簡介：Capt. Alexander Gorobtsov, Director of Maritime Academy, Admiral Makarov SUMIS, St.Petersburg, Russia.

1. Introduction

The application of e-learning and distance education technologies in International Maritime Education and Training (MET) Institutions takes one of the most important places in the education process organization. This is, partially, due to the fact that using Internet as the education process addition is necessary for a quick data search, professors’ and students’ communication and their resources outreaching as well.

2. The world experience of e-learning and distance education technologies

According to various researches, International MET Institutions, including those that are specialized in training seafarers and are reported to be official members of the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU), have been using the e-learning and distance education technologies for a long period of time: 7-10 years on the average or more than 15 years in some cases.

The e-learning and distance education technologies are used in different levels of MET. Generally they are applied for advanced professional training. High and higher education programs apply the e-learning and distance education technologies as an addition to the traditional MET.It is necessary to point out that there is a national list of professions, issued by the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science Order No.22, dated January 20th, 2014, whose ET programs are restricted to accept education solely provided by e-learning and distance education technologies. Actually, this fact prevents the e-learning and distance education technologies from being applied to ET programs on designated professions.[1]

To carry out the e-learning and distance education technologies education process, it is essential to use program—technical, technological and telecommunication aids.

Original aids of the e-learning and distance education technologies are considered to be Learning Management System (LMS), Learning Content Management System (LCMS). Such an advanced type of systems let not only the course general information be available, but also the lectures, seminars and webinars, courses, tests and examinations be hold online. The most widely-used technology is LMS—Moodle, Blackboard, etc. are based on.

Sometimes MET Institutions use several program platforms to have the education process conducted as Moodle, Blackboard, Sakai, Canvas, edX, Coursera and others, including own platforms, for example.

Figure 1 shows that Moodle LMS is widely used by 27% of the observed MET Institutions. Looking from the geographic point, this platform is mostly installed in Eastern Europe and much less in Asia, Africa and America.

Figure 1 The application of e-learning and distance education technologies in MET Institutions

Approximately 30% of MET Institutions design their own education and training applications and distribute it free of charge in Internet-shops for iOS or Android operational systems. MET Institutions issue training materials in e-libraries as well as in universal applications such as iTunes U (iTunes U appears to be the most prominent online catalogue of free-of-charge books all over the world). To store and distribute lecture, conference and practical training video-materials, MET Institutions have got used to making up their own channels at video-hosting, such as Youtube, Wikimedia Commons, Vimeo.com, Flickr, to let various materials be available for free.

3. The legal background of E-learning and distance education technologies

The core legal document in Russia for the appliance of e-learning and distance education technologies by MET Institutions is considered to be the State Law No.273—SL on “Education in Russian Federation”, issued—December 29th, 2012[2]. This bill stands for public relations, appearing to exist within education process, when people use their right to get education. Moreover the document determines the legal status of education process participants and establishes the economic, legal and organizational basis of education and training in the Russian Federation as well. Also the document fixes the rules/the order of both the educational system and the educational process to carry out.

Not only this, but also the state education standards and the legal documents of Russian Federation Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Education and Science fix the observed problem. For example, Ministry of Education and Science Order No.2, dated January 9th, 2014, “On assertion of the e-learning and distance education technologies order of application by MET Institutions”[3].

The major paper, concluding international standards on training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers and providing the points that stand for requirements to the proper level of seafarers’ education and training as well as their sufficient experience and skills, is the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. Also the document reveals out the points that stand for the necessity of seaferers’ coincidence with the requirements to their work, age, health condition and their ability to cope with their duties the way, essential for human life and property safety in the sea and sea environment protection as well[4].

The STCW Convention admits the application of e-learning and distance education technologies within the education process of seafarers, according to training and evaluation standards.

4. The example of the LMS “FARWATER” compliance to training and competency evaluation standards of the STCW Convention

There has been applied LMS “FARWATER” to carry out educational and training programs in Admiral Makarov SUMIS with application of distance educational technology. The system is based on Moodle platform, which is considered to be a system to manage education process. The full title is Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment.

Table 1 presents the correspondence of our distance learning system LMS “FARWATER” capacity to STCW Code guidance.

Table 1 Correspondence to STCW Code

5. Analysis and discussion

Authors believe distance learning system is a smart and useful tool for upgrading seafarer’s competency. More discussion requires questioning whether LMS or similar system can be effective in simulator training, are there limits for virtual simulators to serve as analog of existing computer based simulators, how we can tie it with STCW requirements.

6. Conclusions

In conclusion, it is essential to mark out that at present Admiral Makarov SUMIS obtains initial experience of LMS implementation. It clearly shows preferences of vocational training in a distance learning environment and convenience of LMS “FARWATER” for trainees (according to feedback reports). It was also recommended by first groups of trainees to add more reference materials, adjust or reduce some sections or even certain lectures for better understanding and time saving. Needless to say, all feedback reports were positive.

Admiral Makarov SUMIS has a serious plan for expansion of distance learning program range. Our strong base is commitment to rather conservative approach keeping harmony between variety of courses delivered and traditional high quality of education and training.

[1] Minobrnauki RF Order of 20.01.2014 N 22 (update of 10.12.2014) “On adoption of nomenclature of professions and specialties of high professional education which cannot be provided solely in a form of electronic education and/or distance educational technology” (Ministry of Law Registry, 21.02.2014 N 31377).

[2] Federal Law of 29.12.2012 N 273-ФЗ “On education in the Russian Federation”. Consultant.ru: online reference system URL[EB/OL].(2015-07-13): http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=182943.

[3] Minobrnauki RF Order of 09.01.2014 N 2 “On adoption of regulation of distance learning for educational organizations based upon electronic education, distance learning educational technology during education process” (Ministry of Law Registry, 04.04.2014 N 31823).

[4] IMO. STCW Convention 1978 and the STCW Code as amended.

The Application of E-learning and Distance Learning Technologies to Crew Education and Training in the Russian Federation

A. Gorobtsov, N. Kovalnogova, S. Kurguzov, V. Marich, S. Sokolov

(Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, St.Petersburg, Russian Federation)

The article examines the world experience of e-learning as well as distance education technologies within the education process organization on higher and post-higher education programs. There have been listed the results of the most popular e-learning platforms analysis. Furthermore, there have been looked through the core legislative background of the development of the mentioned technologies in Russia and worldwide among the universities, specialized in seafarers training. There have been also drawn up the points of the Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping (Admiral Makarov SUMIS) design of the distance education system LMS “FARWATER” in compliance with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention). The practical application of distance education system to the advanced professional training has been discussed in the article.

e-learning, distance learning technologies, MET Institutions, advanced education platforms, distance education system, seafarers training, International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers

2016-06-01

江蘇省高校品牌專業(yè)建設工程資助項目(PPZY2015B177)

完劍俠(1983-)，男，講師，主要從事航海職業(yè)教育研究。

G710

A 文章編號：1006-8724(2016)04-0036-05

? 文獻標識碼：A

1006-8724(2016)04-0041-06