李敏 夏永華 劉冬 張孟杰 田中偉 李占國
453100河南衛(wèi)輝市,新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚科
·論著·
葡萄糖?6?磷酸脫氫酶的表達抑制對A431細胞增殖和細胞周期的影響
李敏 夏永華 劉冬 張孟杰 田中偉 李占國
453100河南衛(wèi)輝市,新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚科
目的研究葡萄糖?6?磷酸脫氫酶(G6PD)表達下調(diào)對皮膚鱗狀細胞癌(鱗癌)細胞增殖和細胞周期的影響。方法正常培養(yǎng)人永生化上皮細胞HaCaT、皮膚鱗癌SCL?1和A431細胞,采用Western印跡法檢測細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達。當(dāng)A431細胞生長至85%~90%融合時,將siRNA對照(siRNA對照組)和G6PD siRNA(G6PD siRNA組)分別轉(zhuǎn)染A431細胞,未轉(zhuǎn)染的A431細胞則為未轉(zhuǎn)染組。Western印跡法檢測3組不同處理的A431細胞中G6PD蛋白及細胞周期蛋白D1、CDK4的表達,CCK?8法檢測3組A431細胞的增殖情況,流式細胞儀分析3組A431細胞周期的變化。結(jié)果正常培養(yǎng)的2株皮膚鱗癌SCL?1和A431細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達水平(分別為0.308±0.023和0.643±0.046)均顯著高于HaCaT細胞(0.100±0.019),且A431細胞顯著高于SCL?1細胞(均P<0.05)。A431細胞G6PD siRNA組G6PD、細胞周期蛋白D1和CDK4蛋白的表達(0.134±0.027、0.154±0.017、0.166±0.017)顯著低于未轉(zhuǎn)染組(0.425±0.029、0.344±0.024、0.330±0.020)和siRNA對照組(0.444±0.033、0.350±0.027、0.348±0.018),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。G6PD siRNA組在24~96 h各時間點的細胞增殖活性均明顯低于siRNA對照組和未轉(zhuǎn)染組(P<0.001),而siRNA對照組與未轉(zhuǎn)染組間細胞增殖差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。G6PD siRNA組G0/G1期A431細胞比例顯著高于siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組(P<0.001),而G6PD siRNA組S期A431細胞比例又顯著低于siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組(P<0.001)。結(jié)論G6PD可能在調(diào)控皮膚鱗癌細胞增殖和細胞周期中發(fā)揮重要作用。
癌,鱗狀細胞;葡糖磷酸脫氫酶;細胞增殖;細胞周期;A431細胞
葡萄糖?6?磷酸脫氫酶(glucose?6?phosphate dehydrogenase,G6PD)是磷酸戊糖途徑的第1個關(guān)鍵限速酶,可催化產(chǎn)生5?磷酸核糖,用于快速增殖細胞的DNA和RNA的合成[1?2],還可產(chǎn)生NADPH,提高腫瘤細胞的糖酵解率,增加代謝速率[3],進而加速腫瘤的生長。研究表明,許多腫瘤中均發(fā)現(xiàn)G6PD的高表達,包括宮頸癌、胃癌、白血病等[4?6],因此G6PD可能成為腫瘤治療的潛在分子靶點[7]。然而,迄今為止,關(guān)于G6PD與皮膚鱗狀細胞癌(鱗癌)之間的關(guān)系尚無報道。本研究旨在分析皮膚鱗癌細胞中G6PD的表達,研究其表達下調(diào)對皮膚鱗癌細胞增殖和細胞周期的影響。
1.實驗材料:人永生化上皮細胞HaCaT[德國細胞系中心(CLS)],皮膚鱗癌A431細胞[美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生物品收藏中心(ATCC)],皮膚鱗癌細胞株SCL?1細胞由德國柏林自由大學(xué)本杰明·富蘭克林醫(yī)學(xué)中心惠贈。脂質(zhì)體2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑(美國Invitrogen公司),CellCounting Kit?8(CCK?8)試劑(上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司),蛋白裂解液[寶生物工程(大連)有限公司],G6PD siRNA、siRNA對照、鼠抗人單克隆抗體G6PD、兔抗人多克隆抗體細胞周期蛋白D1和CDK4(美國Santa Cruz公司)。
2.細胞培養(yǎng):HaCaT、SCL?1和A431細胞均培養(yǎng)在含10%胎牛血清、100 U/m l青霉素和100 U/ml鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,置于37℃、5%CO2相對飽和的孵箱中傳代培養(yǎng),細胞均處于對數(shù)生長期。
3.siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染及分組:A431細胞分為3組:未轉(zhuǎn)染組(未轉(zhuǎn)染的A431細胞)、siRNA對照組(siRNA對照轉(zhuǎn)染A431細胞)和G6PD siRNA組(G6PD siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染A431細胞)。當(dāng)A431細胞生長至85%~90%融合時,按脂質(zhì)體2000說明書將siRNA對照和G6PD siRNA分別轉(zhuǎn)染A431細胞。
4.Western印跡檢測G6PD蛋白及細胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)、CDK4的表達:收集正常培養(yǎng)的HaCaT、SCL?1和A431細胞,同時當(dāng)siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染A431細胞48 h后,收集3組A431細胞。采用細胞裂解液提取上述各組細胞總蛋白,進行十二烷基硫酸鈉?聚丙烯酰胺凝膠(SDS?PAGE)電泳,并將凝膠上的蛋白電轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素(NC)膜上。用含5%脫脂奶粉的TBST封閉NC膜2 h,加入一抗(分別為鼠抗G6PD、細胞周期蛋白D1、CDK4和β肌動蛋白),稀釋比例均為1∶200,于4℃搖床孵育過夜。加入二抗(羊抗小鼠IgG)室溫孵育2 h。將NC膜置于增強化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑(ECL)中反應(yīng)1~3min,于暗室中曝光,并通過顯影和定影來顯示特異的蛋白信號。采用Image?Pro Plus5.0軟件分析蛋白表達的灰度值,蛋白相對表達值為目的基因與內(nèi)參基因的比值,β肌動蛋白作為內(nèi)參。
5.CCK?8檢測A431細胞的增殖能力:G6PD siRNA組、siRNA對照組和未轉(zhuǎn)染組A431細胞轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后,制備單細胞懸液,按3 000個細胞/孔接種于96孔板中,每個時間點接種5個復(fù)孔,分別于0、24、48、72和96 h加入終濃度為10%CCK?8試劑,于37℃培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)孵育2~4 h,最后采用酶標(biāo)儀測定其在450 nm波長處吸光度,并繪制生長曲線,評估A431細胞增殖能力的變化。
6.流式細胞儀檢測A431細胞周期分布的變化:收集轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后的3組A431細胞(1×106個/組)。離心后采用預(yù)冷的磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)漂洗細胞3次,用70%冰乙醇于4℃固定30min,再用預(yù)冷的PBS漂洗3次,然后將細胞重懸于含40μg碘化丙啶和100μg RNaseA的PBS溶液中,于37℃孵育30min。最后利用流式細胞儀檢測3組A431細胞中DNA含量。
7.統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理:采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件,數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,3組間差異采用單因素方差分析,各組隨時間變化的趨勢采用重復(fù)測量的方差分析,兩兩多重比較采用LSD?t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1.G6PD蛋白在HaCaT細胞和SCL?1、A431細胞中的表達(圖1):Western印跡檢測結(jié)果,HaCaT細胞G6PD蛋白相對表達值為0.100±0.019、SCL?1細胞為0.308±0.023,A431細胞為0.643±0.046,3組的表達差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=224.935,P<0.01)。LSD?t檢驗顯示,2株皮膚鱗癌細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達均顯著高于HaCaT細胞(P<0.05),且A431細胞顯著高于SCL?1細胞(P<0.05)。
2.G6PD siRNA顯著下調(diào)A431細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達(圖2):Western印跡檢測結(jié)果,G6PD siRNA組G6PD蛋白相對表達值為0.134±0.027、siRNA對照組為0.444±0.033,未轉(zhuǎn)染組為0.425±0.029,3組間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=101.316,P<0.01)。LSD?t檢驗顯示,G6PD siRNA組G6PD蛋白的表達顯著低于未轉(zhuǎn)染組和siRNA對照組(P<0.05),而未轉(zhuǎn)染組與siRNA對照組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
3.G6PD表達下調(diào)抑制A431細胞的增殖(圖3):CCK?8檢測A431細胞增殖,3組的吸光度值經(jīng)重復(fù)測量的方差分析,G6PD siRNA組、siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F組別=215.032,P<0.001),各組吸光度值隨時間的延長而增加(F時間=536.203,P<0.001),組別與作用時間有交互作用(F交互=6.576,P=0.008)。LSD?t檢驗顯示,24、48、72、96 h時,G6PD siRNA組A431細胞增殖的吸光度值明顯低于siRNA對照組和未轉(zhuǎn)染組(P<0.001),而siRNA對照組與未轉(zhuǎn)染組間在各個時間點差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
圖1 Western印跡法檢測HaCaT、SCL?1和A431細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達SCL?1細胞和A431細胞G6PD蛋白條帶灰度均高于HaCaT細胞,A431細胞高于SCL?1細胞;β肌動蛋白為內(nèi)參照
圖2 Western印跡法檢測3個不同處理組A431細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后,G6PD siRNA組G6PD蛋白條帶灰度明顯低于未轉(zhuǎn)染組和siRNA對照組,而siRNA對照組與未轉(zhuǎn)染組間無明顯差異
圖3 G6PD表達下調(diào)對皮膚鱗癌A431細胞增殖的影響24、48、72、96 h時,與未轉(zhuǎn)染組及siRNA對照組相比,G6PD siRNA組A431細胞增殖吸光度值均不同程度降低,而未轉(zhuǎn)染組與siRNA對照組細胞增殖無明顯差異
表1 G6PD表達下調(diào)對3組A431細胞周期分布及細胞周期相關(guān)蛋白表達的影響(±s)
表1 G6PD表達下調(diào)對3組A431細胞周期分布及細胞周期相關(guān)蛋白表達的影響(±s)
注:n=3
組別G6PD siRNA組siRNA對照組未轉(zhuǎn)染組F值P值A(chǔ)431細胞周期分布(%)G0/G1期65.33±0.95 54.36±1.32 52.94±0.74 130.158<0.001 S期21.66±1.60 28.22±0.88 28.99±0.48 40.812<0.001 G2/M期13.01±0.86 17.42±0.58 18.07±0.64 45.764<0.001細胞周期相關(guān)蛋白周期蛋白D1 0.154±0.017 0.350±0.027 0.344±0.024 70.136<0.001 CDK4 0.166±0.017 0.348±0.018 0.330±0.020 91.523<0.001
4.G6PD表達下調(diào)對A431細胞周期的影響(表1):G6PD siRNA組、siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組處于G0/G1期、S期及G2/M期的A431細胞比例差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。LSD?t檢驗顯示,G6PD siRNA組G0/G1期A431細胞比例高于siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001),而S期細胞比例低于siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。
5.G6PD表達下調(diào)對cyclin D1和CDK4表達的影響(表1、圖4):G6PD siRNA組、siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組間cyclin D1、CDK4表達水平差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。LSD?t檢驗顯示,G6PD siRNA組cyclin D1、CDK4蛋白表達水平均明顯低于siRNA對照組和未轉(zhuǎn)染組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001),而siRNA對照組與未轉(zhuǎn)染組間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
代謝途徑的重編程是腫瘤典型的特征之一。
圖4 Western印跡法檢測G6PD siRNA組、siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組A431細胞中細胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)和CDK4的表達轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后,G6PD siRNA組cyclin D1及CDK4蛋白條帶灰度均明顯低于siRNA對照組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組,而siRNA對照組與未轉(zhuǎn)染組間2種細胞周期蛋白條帶灰度無明顯差異;β肌動蛋白為內(nèi)參照研究表明,大量的代謝途徑牽涉到腫瘤的發(fā)生和進展[8?9],其中磷酸戊糖途徑作為潛在的腫瘤治療干預(yù)靶點而備受關(guān)注[10]。G6PD調(diào)控磷酸戊糖途徑對于維持細胞的氧化還原平衡和核酸等的合成發(fā)揮重要作用[7]。研究表明,G6PD在胃癌[5]、膀胱癌組織[11]中的表達水平顯著高于正常組織,在乳腺癌組織[12]中的表達水平高于其良性病變組織。我們的前期研究[13]表明,G6PD與皮膚鱗癌細胞的凋亡和侵襲能力密切相關(guān)。本研究中我們發(fā)現(xiàn),2株皮膚鱗癌SCL?1和A431細胞中G6PD蛋白的表達水平均顯著高于HaCaT細胞,表明G6PD可能在維持腫瘤細胞的惡性表型中發(fā)揮重要作用。
研究[14]表明,G6PD在促進惡性腫瘤細胞的存活和增殖中發(fā)揮重要作用。Du等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)染G6PD siRNA的骨肉瘤細胞株(U2OS)或TAp73+/+小鼠胚胎成纖維細胞(MEF)產(chǎn)生的腫瘤較小,但重新引入G6PD能引發(fā)TAp73+/+MEF細胞的快速增殖。重新過表達G6PD能使TAp73敲除引發(fā)的細胞增殖抑制得以恢復(fù)[16]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),G6PD敲除的A375細胞增殖能力明顯減弱[17],表明G6PD是一種重要的細胞增殖調(diào)控因子。本研究顯示,G6PD siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染A431細胞48 h后,G6PD蛋白的表達水平顯著下降,且在轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后及后續(xù)的各個時間點,A431細胞的增殖顯著受到抑制,提示G6PD表達水平的下調(diào)能引發(fā)皮膚鱗癌細胞的增殖抑制。因此,G6PD可能成為調(diào)控皮膚鱗癌細胞增殖的分子靶點,未來G6PD是否真正能夠成為分子靶點尚需進一步通過裸鼠移植瘤觀察其對增殖的效果,并分析裸鼠移植瘤中相關(guān)增殖指標(biāo)如Ki?67等表達以及增殖相關(guān)信號途徑的變化,進一步從分子水平認識G6PD在皮膚鱗癌中的作用及其分子機制,從而為G6PD的快速臨床轉(zhuǎn)化奠定基礎(chǔ)。
細胞周期主要由細胞周期相關(guān)蛋白來調(diào)控,其中cyclin D1?CDK4途徑是最重要的途徑之一,是細胞周期從G1期向S期過渡的中心調(diào)節(jié)子[18?19]。本研究證實,G6PD表達的下調(diào)能誘導(dǎo)A431細胞周期阻滯在G0/G1期,并顯著下調(diào)相應(yīng)的細胞周期蛋白cyclin D1和CDK4的表達,提示G6PD可能通過cyclin D1?CDK4途徑調(diào)控A431細胞周期分布的變化。
總之,本研究結(jié)果表明,G6PD蛋白在皮膚鱗癌A431細胞中高表達,其表達下調(diào)可明顯抑制細胞的增殖,使細胞周期阻滯在G0/G1期,并顯著下調(diào)細胞周期相關(guān)蛋白cyclin D1和CDK4的表達。盡管目前的結(jié)果初步提示G6PD可能成為皮膚鱗癌的潛在分子治療靶點,但本研究尚欠缺的是需要大量地增加皮膚鱗癌的數(shù)量,從而保證其結(jié)果的可靠性和準(zhǔn)確性,進而從多種不同的細胞中詳細探討G6PD的分子調(diào)控機制,為皮膚鱗癌的診斷和治療提供新的理論依據(jù)。
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Effects of inhibition of glucose?6?phosphate dehydrogenase expression on proliferation and cell cycle distribution of A431 cells
LiMin,Xia Yonghua,Liu Dong,Zhang Mengjie,Tian Zhongwei,LiZhanguo
DepartmentofDermatology,FirstAffiliated HospitalofXinxiang MedicalUniversity,Xinxiang 453100,Henan,China
Tian Zhongwei,Email:zhonwt@xxmu.edu.cn
Objective To evaluate effects of downregulation of glucose?6?phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)expression on proliferation and cell cycle distribution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(CSCC)cells.Methods Western blot analysis was performed tomeasure the protein expression of G6PD in normally cultured human HaCaT keratinocytes,SCL?1 and A431 CSCC cells.When A431 cells grew to 85%-90%confluence,a small interfering RNA(siRNA)targeting G6PD(G6PD?siRNA group)and anegative control siRNA(siRNA controlgroup)were transfected into them separately,and untransfected A431 cells served as the untransfected group.CCK?8 assay was performed to evaluate proliferative activity of the A431 cells on days 0,1,2,3 and 4 after transfection,Western blot analysis to measure G6PD,cyclin D1 and CDK4 protein expressions in A431 cells,and flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle distribution in A431 cells after 48 hours of additional culture.Results The protein expression of G6PD was significantly higher in normally cultured SCL?1 cells(0.308±0.023)and A431 cells(0.643±0.046)than in HaCaT cells(0.100±0.019,bothP<0.05),and significantly higher in A431 cells than in SCL?1 cells(P<0.05).TheG6PD?siRNA group showed significantly decreased protein expressionsofG6PD,cyclin D1 and CDK4(0.134±0.027,0.154±0.017 and 0.166±0.017,respectively)compared with the untransfected group(0.425±0.029,0.344±0.024 and 0.330±0.020 respectively)and siRNA controlgroup(0.444±0.033,0.350±0.027 and 0.348±0.018 respectively)(allP<0.05).Besides,the G6PD?siRNA group showed significantly decreased cellular proliferative activity on days 1-4 compared with the siRNA control group and untransfected group(allP<0.001),while therewere no significant differences between the untransfected group and siRNA control group at any of the time points(allP>0.05).Compared with the untransfected group and siRNA control group,the G6PD?siRNA group showed significantly higher proportions of A431 cells in G0/G1 phase(bothP<0.001),but significantly lower proportions of A431 cells in S phase(bothP<0.001).Conclusion G6PDmay play important roles in the regulation of proliferation and cell cycle distribution ofCSCC cells.
Carcinoma,squamous cell;Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase;Cell proliferation;Cell cycle;A431 cells
田中偉,Email:zhonwt@xxmu.edu.cn
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412?4030.2016.11.02
2016?02?03)
(本文編輯:周良佳顏艷)