刊首語

第十屆中國國際園林博覽會即將在武漢閉幕，2016年唐山國際園藝博覽會馬上又要開幕，2017年和2018年鄭州與南寧將要分別承辦第十一和十二屆中國國際園林博覽會，2019年北京將承辦世界園藝博覽會。中國已是舉辦園林博覽會最為頻繁的國家，也是每屆博覽會規(guī)模最大的國家，本期的主題就聚焦于園林博覽會。

什么是園林博覽會呢？博覽會一般指展場規(guī)模龐大、展出內(nèi)容廣泛、參展方和參觀者眾多的展覽會，一般可分為兩種類型：一種為綜合性的展覽，如世博會；另一種為特定領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)性展覽，如工業(yè)博覽會、農(nóng)業(yè)博覽會、書籍博覽會、服裝博覽會……等等，其中園林博覽會就是一種主要涉及園林園藝的專業(yè)性博覽會。由于園林涉及到自然、城市、科技、文化等方面，所以與大多數(shù)專業(yè)性博覽會相比，園林博覽會往往又具有更為綜合的特點，也與大眾的生活和興趣有更為密切的關(guān)系。園林博覽會對社會、生活、環(huán)境的積極影響和貢獻(xiàn)是許多專業(yè)類的博覽會無法比擬的。

世界上的博覽會五花八門，但能經(jīng)久不衰、持續(xù)舉辦的博覽會必然具有一個共同的特點，就是要不斷推陳出新，展示人類最新的思想觀念、科學(xué)技術(shù)、藝術(shù)水準(zhǔn)和研究成果，并充分展現(xiàn)對未來的理解、預(yù)判與憧憬。園林博覽會持久的生命力也在于不斷創(chuàng)新，展覽既要與百姓的生活密切相關(guān)，又要充分展示解決現(xiàn)有問題的合理途徑和應(yīng)對未來挑戰(zhàn)的可能方式。

園林博覽會應(yīng)該展出什么呢？每屆園林博覽會一般都要建造園博園。園博園本身就是一個展品，展示在特定條件和環(huán)境中景觀設(shè)計的最高成就和對自然、生態(tài)、城市、社會、生活、人文、藝術(shù)、科技等方面的最新思考。園博園中的展覽內(nèi)容非常綜合，一般與園林、園藝及戶外健康生活相關(guān)，包括公共園林、各種觀賞植物和經(jīng)濟(jì)植物、主題花園、農(nóng)事花園、家庭花園、兒童花園、理療花園、景觀材料、園林設(shè)施、園林技術(shù)、室內(nèi)花展等等。一些公園設(shè)施，如游戲場、活動場、劇場、服務(wù)設(shè)施、休息設(shè)施往往也都是展品。另外每屆承辦城市也會根據(jù)自身的特點設(shè)置一些特殊的展覽。

要有怎樣的園博園呢？園博園的規(guī)模一般與園林博覽會的級別和吸引力有關(guān)，國際和國家級別的園林博覽會由于展覽內(nèi)容綜合，為保證展覽的完整和參觀的安全與舒適，按以往的經(jīng)驗，園博園的規(guī)模應(yīng)該不小于160hm2。地區(qū)和省一級別園林博覽會的面積一般數(shù)十公頃即可，這樣可以節(jié)省建園的費用和土地資源，使得一些中小城市承辦園林博覽會成為可能。

如果僅從園林博覽會考慮，園博園需要選址于合適的區(qū)域，有足夠大的土地，具有便捷的公共交通。然而，無論園林博覽會有多么重要，作為會展本身總是要結(jié)束的，實際上博覽會結(jié)束后園博園的再利用遠(yuǎn)比博覽會本身更為重要。所以園博園的選址更要考慮到它對城市的社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)和生活等方面的積極影響。

園博園的功能在博覽會的會期和會后是完全不同的，會期需要的是城市的投資，參展方的廣泛參與和觀眾的踴躍參觀；而會后的園博園則有多種發(fā)展的可能，其中最主要的方式是轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌鞘泄珗@，這時的園博園面對的使用者不僅僅是游客，更多的是在園博園中休憩、運動、健身和觀賞風(fēng)景的普通市民。這意味著博覽會結(jié)束后，園博園必須進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母脑旌驼{(diào)整，以適應(yīng)完全不同的功能和要求。所以園博園不僅要完成博覽會會期的規(guī)劃，更要做好博覽會會后的規(guī)劃。

園林博覽會在中國僅有20年歷史，取得的成就卻令人矚目，但同時也存在著諸多問題。對于“什么是園林博覽會？要有怎樣的園林博覽會？它的意義和價值是什么？”，我們的認(rèn)識似乎并不清晰。

以往建造的園博園大多遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過園林博覽會本身所需的規(guī)模，優(yōu)點是為城市留下更大面積的綠地，但同時也容易造成土地資源的浪費、投資的增加以及由于規(guī)模過大帶來的參觀游覽的困難。每屆園林博覽會似乎都在重復(fù)以往的經(jīng)驗，甚至模擬古人留下的花園，少有創(chuàng)新，更鮮有對未來的展望，這與博覽會的辦會宗旨顯然是有矛盾的。大多數(shù)展覽都沒有涉及大眾的生活需要、也幾乎沒有互動性展覽，游客很少能從園林博覽會中獲取與他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕嚓P(guān)的信息。

每一屆園林博覽會都會提出不同的主題和口號，其宗旨大多是自然、生態(tài)、環(huán)保、綠色和生活，但是許多園博園并沒有展現(xiàn)出人與自然和諧的面貌，沒有回應(yīng)我們所面臨的生態(tài)問題和環(huán)境問題，而是對現(xiàn)場進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的工程改造，園中充滿了人工堆砌和過度設(shè)計，造價也普遍遠(yuǎn)高于一般的公共景觀。

不少園林博覽會在會展結(jié)束后，仍基本保持會展期間園博園的面貌，追求園博會的“永不落幕”。然而由于使用群體已經(jīng)發(fā)生根本的變化，這樣的園博園不可能得到有效利用，有些園博園甚至在多數(shù)時間內(nèi)少有人問津，還必須投入高額的資金進(jìn)行維護(hù)。

盡管存在著諸多問題，但是由于成功的園林博覽會在擴(kuò)大城市影響，促進(jìn)城市更新和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，推動城市新區(qū)發(fā)展，改善城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)，完善城市綠地系統(tǒng)，推動城市旅游業(yè)、房地產(chǎn)業(yè)、商業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展，修復(fù)環(huán)境受損地區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，推廣園林藝術(shù)和園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)等眾多方面具有突出的意義，所以許多城市都希望有機(jī)會承辦園林博覽會，園林博覽會在中國必然會持續(xù)發(fā)展下去。但如何更有效地回應(yīng)現(xiàn)實中復(fù)雜的生態(tài)環(huán)境和城市問題，如何更好地面向未來，如何不斷創(chuàng)新，提高設(shè)計水準(zhǔn)，如何為園林博覽會引入更多的市場機(jī)制，如何讓博覽會融入城市、融入百姓生活，這些都是未來中國園林博覽會必須面對的問題。

The 10thChina International Garden Expo in Wuhan will close， and shortly the 2016 International Horticultural Exposition will open in Tangshan. The cities of Zhengzhou and Nanning are going to host respectively the 11th and 12th session of China International Garden Expo in 2017 and 2018， and Beijing will host the World Horticultural Exposition in 2019. China has been not only the country that organizes most frequently various International Garden Expos but also one that hosts the largest scale exposition in the world. This issue we will focus the topic on Garden Expo.

What is Garden Expo？ Expo basically means a public event holds in a big venue for large amount of exhibitors and visitors to participate and many products to be displayed. It could be divided into two types： the universal exposition such as the World Expo； the specialized exposition for a particular industry such as the industrial exposition， the agriculture fair， book fair， clothing and fashion exposition and so on. Garden Expo is one type of the specialized exposition on landscape and gardening. For that landscape and garden is linked closely with aspects of the nature， city， technology，local culture etc. Garden Expos are usually more comprehensive and closer to social life than many other specialized expositions. In other words， Garden Expo impacts on and contributes to the society， public life and environment more significantly and positively than other specialized expositions.

Among the multifarious Expos that appeared in the world， the survived， long-lasting ones have a common character. That is， they demonstrate constantly the most recent human philosophies， technologies， art standard and research findings， and present the human understanding， judgment and expectations on the future. The lasting vigor of Garden Expo lies on innovations， with compositions related to both the life and the people， and reasonable solutions to existing problems for tomorrow and possible approaches to address the future challenges.

What shall we exhibit in the Garden Expo？ Usually each Garden Expo would design and construct a Garden Expo Park which is itself an display that shows the highest achievements of landscape design under designated conditions and environments as well as the most recent ideas regarding the nature， ecological condition， cites， society，human art and technology. To this end， Garden Expo parks are generally comprehensive expositions related to landscape， horticulture and healthy life. The scope of exposition includes public garden， ornamental plants and economic plants， thematic garden，farm work garden， family garden， children garden， physiotherapical garden， landscape materials， garden facilities， garden technology and indoor flower show and so on. Park facilities such as playground， activity ground， theatre， service facilities and rest facilities are also exhibited. In addition， each Expo host city would incorporate some special exhibitions that reflect the local urban features.

What is the Garden Expo like？ Specifically， the scale of Expo Park should be determined by its level attraction. Normally， the national and international Expo cover no less than 160 hectares， to ensure more comprehensive display as well as visitors’safe and comfort. Meanwhile the regional or the provincial level Expos are generally dozens of hectares， to save cost and land resources， which gives the smaller city more opportunities to host Expos.

If only considering the Expo urban event nature， the Garden Expo Park will be located at sufficiently spacious area and appropriate， accessible site. However， no matter how significant the Expo has been， it will finish eventually. In fact， the reuse of Expo Garden is far more important than the Expo itself. Therefore site selection of the Expo must emphasize its long-term positive effect on the society， economy， ecological condition and urban life.

The functions of the Expo Park during and after the Expo are completely different. More specifically， what are needed during the exposition are investment， widespread participation of exhibitors and visitors. After the Expo， this park could be developed to other uses， mostly possibly urban parks to provide a space for local residents to rest， do physical exercise or enjoy the landscape scenery， which means the park must be adjusted to disparate functions and requirements after the Exhibition ends. Thus， the Expo Park designers should consider deliberately both of the exhibition period and the afterexhibition period.

Garden Expo has a 20-year history in China， while with remarkable achievements，various problems occurred. "What is the Garden Expo？ What is the Garden Expo like？What is the key value and main objective of a Garden Expo？” The organizers of Expo occasionally do not have a clear thinking.

Most of the conventional Garden Expos were built far larger than the required size， for leaving a larger area of green space for the city. Nevertheless， it easily leads to the waste of land resources， increasing investment and the difficulty of regulation. Each session of Garden Expo in China seems to repeat the past experiences over and over， and even simulate the ancient gardens， lack of innovation and the prospects for the future， which is obviously contradict with the mission to Garden Expo. Most exhibitions do not involve civic daily life and display few interactive exhibits. Visitors rarely feel it is relevant to their daily lives from Garden Expo.

Each session of Garden Expo will put forward different themes and slogans， which are mostly about nature， ecology， environment-friendly， green and living. Unfortunately，most of today’s Garden Expos failed to communicate the harmony between man and nature and did not respond the ecological and environmental problems we are facing at present. Instead， the park is filled with the construction of large-scale projects， a pile of artificial and over-engineered design， which cost much higher than the regular public parks.

To pursuit of “permanent” Garden Expo， many Expo parks were retained very long time in an old state. It is impossible for such a park to realize effective utilization and suit civic needs. In consequence， it takes high funds for maintenance but only few people visit in most of the time.

In conclusion， hosting a fruitful Garden Expo is significant to enhance city’s influence， improve the urban spatial structure and green system， restore the damaged regional ecosystem， promote infrastructure construction and urban development including tourism， real estate and business， along with develop the industry of landscape planning and horticulture. That’s why all cities are passionate for undertaking a Garden Expo and the competition will absolutely be even stiff in the coming years. Meanwhile，China have to face the pressing challenges how to innovate and increase the quality of planning and design， to aware of the fact that complex ecological environment and urban problems should be solved for sustainable development and to examine how to introduce better market mechanisms into Garden Expo. Last but not least， consider to highlight of fitting Expo with the urban development and civic life.

PREFACE