意大利波焦帝國(guó)堡壘新公園

A new park for the poggio imperiale

這個(gè)古老的中世紀(jì)堡壘坐落于12世紀(jì)消失的波焦伯尼佐（Poggio Bonizio）鎮(zhèn)上。如今這片被農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)包圍的考古勘測(cè)區(qū)域周邊種滿了葡萄藤與橄欖樹(shù)，位于波吉邦西（Poggibonsi）小鎮(zhèn)的丘陵上。這座堡壘是同盧凱塞（San Lucchese）會(huì)堂一同在公元3世紀(jì)早期根據(jù)古典制式修建的，由波焦伯尼佐捐贈(zèng)給阿西西的弗朗西斯。這里一直位于波焦帝國(guó)的美第奇城堡墻外，于1488年至1511年由桑加羅（Giuliano da Sangallo）在洛倫佐（Lorenzo il Magnifico）的指導(dǎo)下為佛羅倫薩城而建的，當(dāng)時(shí)建設(shè)的主要目的是便于守住陣地，防止錫耶納人的侵襲。

由于多年的荒廢和疏于管理，如今這個(gè)地方幾乎與周邊環(huán)境混為一體，但由于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)牢固，耐受力較好仍被公眾關(guān)注，所以堡壘依舊能較完好的保留下來(lái)。除了拐角的接縫處是石制的以外，該堡壘主要由磚砌成的。墻洞里有一條地道用來(lái)探聽(tīng)與敵方有關(guān)的信息。

堡壘的占地面積較大，卻從未用于軍事用途，并且一直沒(méi)有在波吉邦西和瓦爾德?tīng)査_地區(qū)的歷史事件中出現(xiàn)。盡管如此，種種跡象表明它仍然是一個(gè)重要的綜合設(shè)施。

1 意大利波焦堡壘的現(xiàn)狀平面圖View from the air before intervention

2 被土壤掩埋的墻門(mén)A gate of the wall buried by earth

3 城墻上荒棄的小路An abandoned path over the walls

4 修復(fù)后的城門(mén)A gate after restoration

5 改造后可通行的大門(mén)A gate made accessible

15世紀(jì)從未有意大利中心城市的都市產(chǎn)業(yè)具有這種莊嚴(yán)宏偉的特點(diǎn)，它不想僅僅行使它堡壘的功能，而是希望以此作為建立新城市的基礎(chǔ)。托斯卡納的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀創(chuàng)造了一種用制造容器的方法建立保護(hù)屏障的奇跡，但在歷史上首次出現(xiàn)之后就一直被擱置。這是一個(gè)多邊形的堡壘防御工事，大量的鋼板佇立在丘陵的東面，一道在側(cè)斷開(kāi)的環(huán)形城墻。

錫耶納大學(xué)的考古學(xué)院和英國(guó)園林設(shè)計(jì)師杰米?布坎南（Jamie Buchanan）合作進(jìn)行總體規(guī)劃的準(zhǔn)備工作。實(shí)際上，在2003年波吉邦西市已經(jīng)起草了整個(gè)環(huán)形外墻的修復(fù)、園路的設(shè)置和堡壘周邊公共用地綠化的初步方案。由于城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展綜合計(jì)劃的制定，該項(xiàng)目最終在2013年投標(biāo)成功，與Edil.Co Srl聯(lián)合公司簽訂了中標(biāo)合同。項(xiàng)目將由一個(gè)綜合技術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)起草公園的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)方案，由費(fèi)拉拉（Ferrara）公司進(jìn)行景觀設(shè)計(jì)，由Spira srl對(duì)遺留的歷史建筑進(jìn)行修復(fù)。

1 在城墻上誕生的特殊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

如果闊特德克（Quarterdeck）是一個(gè)真正完工的軍事建筑，那么佇立在石灰?guī)r山丘斜坡上壯觀的磚砌堡壘，為農(nóng)業(yè)景觀和要塞建立了一種特殊的聯(lián)系。現(xiàn)存的樹(shù)木呈帶狀在城墻上自由生長(zhǎng)蔓延。然而在有些情況下，植物的根系會(huì)對(duì)建筑保護(hù)造成一定的困擾。但是從另一個(gè)角度看，這個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)1km的綠帶生長(zhǎng)在城墻的頂部具有重要的生態(tài)意義。這不僅可被視為緩解土地退化的重要步驟，也是發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有資源積極作用的有效方式。從城市發(fā)展的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，這是波焦帝國(guó)堡壘新公園必不可少的因素。其中包含很多常綠灌木（桃金娘、迷迭香、月桂、莢蒾等），櫟屬植物是優(yōu)勢(shì)樹(shù)種（巖生櫟、冬青樹(shù)），兩側(cè)多是補(bǔ)充樹(shù)種（南歐樸、花白蠟、英國(guó)榆、無(wú)花果、小葉榆）。

6 城墻上的園路體系平面圖General layout of the path on the walls

相比于項(xiàng)目所在區(qū)域，巖生櫟更多生長(zhǎng)于潮濕肥沃的土壤，與其完全迥異的植物種類(lèi)組成群落，但近期的氣候變化對(duì)此產(chǎn)生了更進(jìn)一步的威脅。

南歐樸（Celtis australis）是一種分布廣泛的樹(shù)種，但是它更集中地分布在山坡上和落葉植被區(qū)。因此，在特定區(qū)域之外很難發(fā)現(xiàn)大量南歐樸的存在。

Lauretum這個(gè)特有的物種在灌木層中占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位，在群落結(jié)構(gòu)上與通常有兩種樹(shù)種占主導(dǎo)地位的環(huán)境狀況不同。總之，我們面臨著一種非常罕見(jiàn)的群落模式，因此對(duì)此區(qū)域的植被進(jìn)行研究是至關(guān)重要的。

2 沿著城墻行走，重新打開(kāi)古老的大門(mén)

從下方看，佇立的城墻沿著小路延伸而圍合出草坪空間，其上可以進(jìn)行戶外演出活動(dòng)；然而從上方看，部分城墻在一場(chǎng)耕地平衡運(yùn)動(dòng)中消失，沒(méi)有城墻的區(qū)域被征收用作公園建設(shè)。

在因?yàn)榘踩蛩乇唤惯M(jìn)入、垃圾遍布場(chǎng)地而無(wú)法通行之前，此景觀方案承擔(dān)著使公園與周?chē)氐慕Y(jié)構(gòu)緊密相連的作用，重新建立上方與下方的聯(lián)系，重新激活大門(mén)和其他功能使這一切成為可能，運(yùn)用這些措施使場(chǎng)地更便于人們使用。如今，一條園路沿著整個(gè)環(huán)形城墻鋪設(shè)開(kāi)來(lái)，沿路設(shè)置有公園設(shè)施與休息場(chǎng)所，一塊塊佇立的鋼板一直延伸到波焦伯尼佐的考古勘測(cè)區(qū)域，隨著舊門(mén)的翻新整修，上方和下方之間形成了一道環(huán)路，建立了有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，賦予了堡壘新的活力。

上方的園路與墻體構(gòu)成緊密的幾何關(guān)系，形成尖拐角，勾勒出的多邊形區(qū)域，幾何狀的結(jié)構(gòu)突出了軍事基地的典型特征。長(zhǎng)凳、信息展板、柏樹(shù)與橄欖樹(shù)林以及條石長(zhǎng)椅，為具有歷史氛圍的周?chē)h(huán)境增添了一絲和諧的美感。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一方案，設(shè)計(jì)師重點(diǎn)改造了園路的入口空間，平行排列的豎鋼板采用柯?tīng)栴D鋼材（耐腐蝕鋼的一種），以便能通過(guò)改造后的大門(mén)、特別的材料選擇來(lái)重點(diǎn)突出入口空間。

沿著曲折的多邊形園路設(shè)置了公共座椅區(qū)，可以俯瞰下方的城墻。這些區(qū)域勾勒出了可使用的空間范圍，與下方的山麓形成直接的聯(lián)系，遠(yuǎn)眺著周?chē)娘L(fēng)景和圣盧凱塞修道院。

通過(guò)這些方法，此方案重點(diǎn)在歷史建筑與周?chē)鷫邀愞r(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)光的有效融合。換言之，新的公園將成為一個(gè)整合了部分托斯卡納風(fēng)光并重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)歷史遺留建筑的新結(jié)構(gòu)。

項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)：意大利錫耶納市波吉邦西鎮(zhèn)

委托方：波吉邦西市政府

承包商: 意大利阿爾塔姆拉鎮(zhèn)Edil Co. Srl公司

設(shè)計(jì)方：Nicola Ferrara, Ferrara Associati Team

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師：尼古拉?費(fèi)拉拉、古麗亞娜?凱皮尼、圭多?費(fèi)拉拉（費(fèi)拉拉事務(wù)所團(tuán)隊(duì)）

其他設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì): Spirasrl, GPA Ingegneriasrl, F. Fuzio, G. Mancini, F. Parotti

項(xiàng)目完工時(shí)間：2013年

公園開(kāi)放日期：2015年6月6日

占地面積：5.6 hm2

工程造價(jià)：4 822 014.69 歐元

翻譯：李雯

校對(duì)：王晞月

7 公園的新入口New access to the park

8 公園入口處的柯?tīng)栴D鋼板Portals of Corten steel

The ancient medieval seat of the disappeared town of Poggio Bonizio of the twelfth century, today archaeological site in the heart of an agricultural area planted with vines and olive trees, is located in the hills above the town of Poggibonsi. Along with the basilica of San Lucchese, built in the early '200 and then, according to tradition, donated by the City of Poggio Bonizio to Francis of Assisi, the area is beyond the Medici fortress walls of Poggio Imperiale, built by Giuliano da Sangallo between 1488 and 1511 for the City of Florence under the direction of Lorenzo il Magni fi co, to face the war to the Siena Republic.

The years of abandonment and neglect have meant that today the work is almost entirely amalgamated with the surrounding landscape, but still in a good state of preservation, as proof of the strength and the care taken in its construction. The work is made mainly of bricks, with the exception of the corners of the seams for which was used the stone. The cavity of the walls has a gallery listening for enemy mines.

The fortress involves an impressive area, although it was never used for military purposes and since then - if not forgotten - remained absent from the historical events of Poggibonsi and Val d'Elsa district, although it is, in all evidence, a ofgreat signi fi cance complex.

9 打開(kāi)的古堡大門(mén)Opening the ancient fortress door

No other urban enterprise undertaken in the fifteenth century in central Italy has the majestic features of this: the Poggio Imperiale he did not want to raise just a big fortress, but you wanted to start the foundation of a new city. Tuscan agricultural landscape has performed the miracle of forming conservative casket of building containers that history has fi rst built and then put aside. It 'a bastion forti fi cation of polygonal shape, composed of a formwork placed on the east side of the hill and a wall circuit interrupted on the north side.

The Department of Archaeology at the University of Siena, with the cooperation of the English landscape designer Jamie Buchanan, proceeded in the 90 for the preparation of a master plan. Actually, in 2003 the City of Poggibonsi has taken the initiative of a draft recovery of the entire circuit of the exterior walls, as the de fi nition of a system of trails and a public green arrangement of land around on the Fortress. Thanks to an Integrated Plan for Sustainable Urban Development, in 2013 the work on the fi nal project were awarded by tender of the integrated company Edil. Co Srl contract, which made use of the detailed design of the public park drawn up by an integrated technical team, with FerraraAssociates for landscape design and Spira srl for the architectural restoration of monument.

10 公園夜景Night view of the park

1 On the walls a peculiar ecosystem is born

If the Quarterdeck is the real fi nished work of military architecture, the imposing bastions erected in brick, laid along the slopes of the limestone hill, gave rise to a special relationship between the fort and the cultivated landscape, the presence of a true green belt grown spontaneously on top of the walls and the roots of which in some cases have made it problematic that the building preservation. But, the only case, this length of wood tongue of about one km. is the culmination of the walls and has important ecological and environmental quality. Were indicated as both the steps needed to overcome the degradation factors and those appropriate to highlight the positive aspects of an existing resource, according to the intentions of the City, it is an essential element for the creation of the historical and natural park of Poggio Imperiale. These are evergreen shrubs (Myrtle, Rosemary, Laurel, Viburnum, Fillirea), partly evolved and dominated by the oak species (Quercus petraea, Quercus ilex) flanked by ancillary species (Celtis australis, Fraxinus ornus, Ulmus campestris, Ficus carica, Ulmus minor).

Quercus petraea is usually found on much more humid and fertile soils than those present in the project area and in combination with completely different species from those found here. The recent evolution of the climate is a further threat to this species.

Celtis australis is a species widely distributed, but more sporadic in the hilly and mountainous deciduous formations; it is unusual to find numerous copies out of a restricted area.

The shrub vegetation is dominated by species typical of the warm Lauretum, structurally very different from the environments where normally there are two tree species here, conversely, are dominant. In conclusion, we are facing a very rare plantation training to understand the importance of which would need a vegetation study of the area.

2 Walk along the walls and reopen the ancient doors

From below, the walls are lined historically by a road that allows the performance of outdoor activities in the meadows, while from above they literally disappear within a campaign cultivated in balance, without their areas subject to expropriation which was planned for the construction of the public park. The landscape project has therefore had the task of binding the latter precisely to the structure of the surrounding cultivated land, including through the re-communication between above and below, made possible by the reactivation of the doors, and those fi t for use, before barred for security reasons and those impassable because invaded by old landfills. Today a path at altitude below the walls of their entire circuit, with furniture and rest areas, the shares of the formwork up to the archaeological site of Poggio Bonizio, with the refurbishment of old doors that create a circuit between above and below, and make alive the image of the fortress.

The system of polygonal areas of the upper paths was chosen in close relationship with thewall surface, within which dominate geometric shapes with sharp corners, such as typological characteristics of military architecture buildings. The set of benches, information panels, cypress and olive trees, travertine benches, constitute one order of furnishings in tune with the historic surrounding environment. In con fi rmation of this option, to mark the entrance areas to the path, parallel vertical plates were introduced in corten steel, so as to highlight the theme of access through a reinterpretation of ideals doors, read and material.

The seating areas, as a doubling of the polygonal path overlooking the walls, give shape to the space available and, directly related to the underlying foothills, overlooking the surrounding landscape and the Abbey of San Lucchese.

In doing so, the highlighting of the architectural pre-existence is combined with the perception of the grandeur of the surrounding agricultural landscape. In other words, the new park seems to be a structural and integrated part of the Tuscan landscape, but with a great emphasis of the architectural remains.

Project location: Poggibonsi, Siena, Italy

Client: Town Municipality of Poggibonsi

Contractor: Edil Co. Srl, Altamura, Italy

Landscape design: Nicola Ferrara, Ferrara Associati Team, Firenze, Italy

Landscape architects: Nicola Ferrara, Giuliana Campioni, Guido Ferrara (Ferrara Associati team)

Other design team: Spirasrl, GPA Ingegneriasrl, F. Fuzio, G. Mancini, F. Parotti

Date of design completion: 2013

Inauguration and opening to the public: 6 June 6th, 2015

Project area: 5.6 hectars

Work cost: € 4,822,014.69

Translation: LI Wen

Proofreading: WANG Xi-yue

11 圣盧凱塞教堂的夜景Night view towards S.Lucchese

12 修復(fù)后的大門(mén)夜景圖Night view of the restored gate