瑞典馬爾默市達(dá)尼亞公園

The Dania Park, Malm?, Sweden.

1達(dá)尼亞公園平面圖（斯維克建筑事務(wù)所提供 ）Site plan of the Dania Park. Image by Sweco Architects

達(dá)尼亞公園是過(guò)去20年，第一批建設(shè)在瑞典密集型社區(qū)內(nèi)的實(shí)質(zhì)性城市公園。同時(shí)，它也是自20世紀(jì)50年代所謂的斯德哥爾摩公園設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院時(shí)期以來(lái)，所建設(shè)的最大城市公園之一。

除了設(shè)計(jì)的常規(guī)流程，達(dá)尼亞公園還要面臨兩個(gè)重要問(wèn)題：其一環(huán)境方面，基址的土壤帶有毒性；其二社會(huì)方面，該公園是重要的公共活動(dòng)空間。為了應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)師將被污染的淤泥以黏土密封，經(jīng)過(guò)許可，同時(shí)被密封的還有排水系統(tǒng)。取而代之的是利用地表細(xì)溝和滲透床來(lái)對(duì)雨水徑流進(jìn)行管理。至于社會(huì)問(wèn)題，公園在如何豐富游客活動(dòng)和游覽體驗(yàn)方面下了很大功夫。

像許多歐洲城市一樣，馬爾默——雖然是一個(gè)海港城市，卻一直與大海沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。西部港口區(qū)域的城市發(fā)展現(xiàn)在加強(qiáng)了馬爾默與水之間的聯(lián)系。而作為西部港口的主要城市空間，達(dá)尼亞公園利用它極佳的地理位置將新建居住區(qū)和大海的自然之力連接了起來(lái)。

達(dá)尼亞公園的設(shè)計(jì)獲益于其介于城市和自然之間的兼容性。它擁有廣闊開放的海濱風(fēng)景，也是被公眾強(qiáng)烈需求的社會(huì)空間。在夏日里，公園里到處是游戲的人們——他們曬太陽(yáng)、游泳、野餐，享受閑暇時(shí)光。而在冬季，總有人獨(dú)自前來(lái)，在戶外感受著咆哮的大海以及猛烈的海風(fēng)。

2“延伸跳板”吸引了很多人（ 斯坎皮克斯提供 ）The prow attracts crowds. Photo by Scanpix

達(dá)尼亞公園坐落在分隔丹麥與瑞典的厄勒海峽海岸線上。原場(chǎng)地是垃圾填埋的產(chǎn)物，完全是平整的——實(shí)際上就是一片充斥著臟污不堪的淤泥的工業(yè)荒漠。場(chǎng)地荒涼的現(xiàn)狀條件使人難以認(rèn)知，最終那些自然中瞬息萬(wàn)變的元素反而構(gòu)成了設(shè)計(jì)的主角：光、海平面、一望無(wú)際的遠(yuǎn)景、天空、風(fēng)以及大海。

這些特質(zhì)為公園的設(shè)計(jì)提供了靈感點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也回應(yīng)了自然主義景觀的理念。尺度巨大的海岸景觀以一覽無(wú)遺的處理方式體現(xiàn)到公園的設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中。這種開放性也是意圖與馬爾默市稠密、不規(guī)則、空間細(xì)碎的城市結(jié)構(gòu)形成對(duì)比 。

3 這個(gè)像船頭一樣的裝置為愛冒險(xiǎn)的人們提供了跳水的地方（倫納特·彼得森提供）The prow supplies with adventurous diving for the daring. Photo by Lennart Pettersson

4 公園面向瑞典與丹麥之間的海峽（莉娜·阿松提供 ）The park faces the strait between Sweden and Denmark. Photo by Lena Ason

公園的面積約有兩個(gè)足球場(chǎng)大小，但它在結(jié)構(gòu)上與開放的中心草坪不同，采用了很多相對(duì)較小的限定型空間設(shè)計(jì)。茂密的植被保護(hù)帶保護(hù)了草坪區(qū)域免受海上強(qiáng)風(fēng)的侵襲。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)者也精心布置了可以觀賞壯觀的海峽日落的觀景點(diǎn)。

公園最重要的組成要素是瞭望臺(tái)：3個(gè)傾斜的混凝土臺(tái)，嵌入到巖石堆的海岸線中，讓游人們能夠深入大海中。這些被稱為“堡壘”的平臺(tái)，架設(shè)在海平面上約7m左右的位置，無(wú)論是強(qiáng)烈的海風(fēng)還是壯美的落日，只要站在這里都能夠暢快地體驗(yàn)一番。此外，3個(gè)木箱組成的“陽(yáng)臺(tái)” 提供了俯瞰廣闊草坪的場(chǎng)所。草場(chǎng)都被設(shè)置在地面以下以便減少?gòu)?qiáng)風(fēng)對(duì)其的傷害。同時(shí)兩排高低錯(cuò)落的樹木和低矮的耐鹽灌木將強(qiáng)烈的海風(fēng)隔絕在外。

公園的設(shè)計(jì)在很大程度上，致力于服務(wù)社會(huì)活動(dòng)。公園針對(duì)不同使用功能，像是一個(gè)俄羅斯套娃一般從大到小一環(huán)一環(huán)嵌套著，擁有各種尺度和特質(zhì)的空間。小至只能容納10-15人活動(dòng)的露臺(tái)，大至可以供上千人活動(dòng)的多功能草坪，應(yīng)有盡有。

達(dá)尼亞公園作為主要的城市公共空間，為舊城的延伸提供了重要的集散中心。西部港口新建區(qū)包括600套住房、商店、學(xué)校、咖啡館和辦公室。同時(shí)，公園在2001年的Bo01國(guó)際房地產(chǎn)博覽會(huì)上扮演了重要角色。在博覽會(huì)閉幕后的兩年中，達(dá)尼亞公園已經(jīng)成為這個(gè)城市最受歡迎的旅游景點(diǎn)之一。在這里，婚禮、拍攝時(shí)尚大片、家庭野餐的場(chǎng)景隨處可見，勇敢的年輕人們不顧“禁止跳水”的標(biāo)志縱身躍入大海。

達(dá)尼亞公園位于馬爾默，瑞典第三大城市。這座坐落在瑞典南端的城市吸引了眾多來(lái)自丹麥和瑞典南部的游客。公園的設(shè)計(jì)方案在1999年的設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽中脫穎而出，并于2002年竣工。

5 公園里的家具擁有一種粗糙純樸的質(zhì)感（延斯·林德提供）Park furniture is designed to have a rustic quality. Photo by Jens Lindhe

1 瞭望臺(tái)

3個(gè)傾斜的，向著大海打開的混凝土槽嵌入到高低不平的礫石海岸線中。迎風(fēng)面有一處防風(fēng)墻，墻后方是一處被堅(jiān)實(shí)的花崗巖墻包圍著的停坐空間，在這里可以舒服地觀賞景色。瞭望臺(tái)中有兩個(gè)是需要走臺(tái)階上去的，另一個(gè)則是可以通過(guò)短斜坡抵達(dá)。這些瞭望臺(tái)大約可以容納50人。

2 露臺(tái)區(qū)

3個(gè)露天的落葉松木箱，每一個(gè)都配備有由柚木制的“沙發(fā)”和一顆山楂樹。露臺(tái)的地面被卵石覆蓋。焦油不僅被用來(lái)給卵石染黑著色，還具備一種海船的特有味道。露臺(tái)被推入短坡并且可以俯瞰草坪。其中的兩個(gè)略有抬升，需要走一步臺(tái)階；另一個(gè)則是平趟在地面上，方便輪椅進(jìn)入。每個(gè)露臺(tái)大約可以容納15人。

6 由于坐落在海邊，廣闊的天空是公園的一大特色。（帕特里克·林德爾提供）Located by the sea, the wide sky is an important feature. Photo by Patrik Lindell

3 堡壘

堡壘是設(shè)想在公園的外側(cè)，設(shè)置一些巨大的抬升平臺(tái)，可以成為公園的地標(biāo)。人們可以在堡壘之上遠(yuǎn)眺壯觀的大海、夕陽(yáng)，天氣好的時(shí)候還可以看到丹麥的海岸。圍墻圈定了40m見方的范圍，可以作為舞臺(tái)或者公眾集會(huì)的地方。堡壘裝飾著焦油處理過(guò)的暗黑色粗糙木板，木板中央放置一塊可以讓陽(yáng)光透進(jìn)來(lái)的方形不銹鋼構(gòu)件。雖然市政并不允許，但是這個(gè)外表面實(shí)在讓年輕人忍不住想去攀爬。堡壘區(qū)域可以容納大約300人。

4 延伸跳板

這是一個(gè)從堡壘上伸出的像跳板一樣的特色裝置 。站在上面的時(shí)候，你會(huì)感覺自己身處于一個(gè)海洋與天空之間的自由空間。雖非設(shè)計(jì)師本意，這里總是會(huì)吸引許多勇敢的年輕人前來(lái)跳水，這個(gè)冒險(xiǎn)設(shè)施吸引了整個(gè)地區(qū)的孩子們。

5 防風(fēng)帶

在操場(chǎng)的邊緣種植有兩排耐鹽抗風(fēng)樹木——寬葉花楸（Sorbus latifolia），同時(shí)還栽植了包含沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）和玫瑰（Rosa rugosa）的綠籬，以起到加強(qiáng)的作用。防風(fēng)帶還將眺望臺(tái)后部的礫石騎馬道與相鄰區(qū)域分開，引導(dǎo)人們前往未來(lái)的住宅區(qū)。

7 人們聚集在堡壘的頂部觀賞日落（林內(nèi)亞·斯文松·阿巴卜提供）People gathering to celebrate the sunset on top of the bastion. Photo by Linnea SvenssonArbab

6 草坪

這塊被成行樹木和露臺(tái)包圍著的開放草坪，是這個(gè)新城發(fā)展中唯一的大型公共空間。這里可以舉辦各種各樣的娛樂活動(dòng)，有時(shí)甚至?xí)写笮蛻敉庖魳窌?huì)和社區(qū)節(jié)日。這個(gè)區(qū)域可以容納約5 000人。

7 多年生植物階地

一系列向著草坪逐漸下降的階地。階地為人們提供靜思空間。成排的木質(zhì)“沙發(fā)”設(shè)置在種類多樣的多年生植物叢中，這些植物的色彩和長(zhǎng)勢(shì)標(biāo)志著季節(jié)的變化。這片區(qū)域約可以容納100人。

8 家具設(shè)施

公園中設(shè)置了4種不同的長(zhǎng)椅，這些長(zhǎng)椅為了匹配公園的橫向長(zhǎng)度，被設(shè)計(jì)為6-8m長(zhǎng)。它們的木質(zhì)表面十分堅(jiān)實(shí)，既可以踩在上面，也可以用作野餐桌、觀景平臺(tái)、運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)施——當(dāng)然也是可以坐的。其所使用的材料是木材、花崗巖和鍍鋅鋼。

9 照明

公園的照明被設(shè)計(jì)者高度重視。設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是在照明的同時(shí)讓人們不會(huì)時(shí)時(shí)刻刻看到光源所在，露臺(tái)、堡壘和瞭望臺(tái)都是通過(guò)這種方式布置燈光。設(shè)計(jì)理念是創(chuàng)造一種有節(jié)奏的，能夠強(qiáng)調(diào)公園內(nèi)重要特征的燈光系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)為游人創(chuàng)造天黑以后依然有趣的游覽體驗(yàn)?！半[藏的燈光”是園內(nèi)燈光系統(tǒng)的主流，除此之外，還有3個(gè)巨大的桅桿，桅桿高16m，每1個(gè)都配備有6個(gè)探照燈泡。

位置：瑞典馬爾默

面積：20 000m2

委托方：馬爾默市政府

設(shè)計(jì)師：圖爾比約恩·安德森、PeGe Hillinge，SWECO建筑事務(wù)所

項(xiàng)目組成員：薇羅妮卡·博格、彼得·誒瑞克、克洛特·弗蘭克、斯文·海德倫德、肯尼斯·希爾頓、安德斯·李德森

燈光：邁克爾·哈勃特

落成時(shí)間：2002年

成本：450萬(wàn)歐元

施工方：斯堪雅建筑集團(tuán)及其他分包商

翻譯：滿園

校對(duì)：張?jiān)婈?yáng)

8 多年生植物種在通往堡壘的大斜坡的背風(fēng)處（林內(nèi)亞·斯文松·阿巴卜提供）Perennial plantings in shelter of the big ramp leading to the bastion. Photo by Linnea Svensson Arbab

9 柵欄將公園和大海隔離開來(lái)（帕特里克·林德爾提供）The palisade divides the park from the sea. Photo by Patrik Lindell

The Dania Park is one of the fi rst substantial urban park to be built in a dense city neighborhood in Sweden during the last twenty years. And it is also one of the largest city parks to be constructed since the epoch of the so-called Stockholm School of park design in the 1950s.

Apart from the programmatic aspects of its design, the Dania Park addresses two important issues: the primary environmental concern was the toxicity of the soil; socially, the park is an important public space. For the environmental problem, the contaminated mud was sealed with clay with no penetrations, including sewer systems, permitted. Instead, surface rills and infiltration beds manage the in fl ux of storm water. In terms of social issues, the park is completely devoted to visitor activity and experience.

10 在露臺(tái)上可以俯瞰大草坪（阿克·埃爾森·林德曼提供）The balconies overlooking the great lawn. Photo by Ake Elson Lindman

Like many European cities, Malm?-although a harbor town-has lost its contact with the sea over the years. The urban development of the West Harbor is an effort to strengthen Malm?'s connection to the water. As the West Harbor's main civic urban space Dania Park uses its spectacular position to link the new housing with the natural powers of the sea.

The Dania Park has been designed to benefit from this duality of city and nature. It thus has the expanse and openness of the seashore landscape, yet it contains a range of condensed social spaces of a kind required by intense public use. On a summer's day, the park is fi lled with people playing, basking in the sun, swimming, picnicking, and enjoying their leisure time. During the winter months one is often alone out here, with a powerful feeling of an existence among the natural elements: the roaring sea and the strong breeze.

The Dania Park is located on the shoreline of the ?resund sound, the body of water that divides Sweden and Denmark. The product of landfill, the site is totally flat-an industrial desert of contaminated mud. Existing qualities from this desolate site were hard to identify but eventually aspects of a more ephemeral kind emerged as worthy of the designers' consideration: the quality of the light, the horizon, the long views, the sky, the wind, and the sea.

These qualities provided the points of departure for the design of the park, which confronts the idea of a naturalistic landscape. The grandeur of the coastal landscape is re fl ected in the park’s design, which is large scale and spaciously disposed. This openness was also intended to contrast with the urban fabric of Malm? which is dense, irregular, and comprised mostly small spaces.

In area the park equals the size of two football fields, but its organizing structure plays smaller de fi ned spaces against the openness of the central lawn. A dense vegetation belt protects the lawn area from the strong winds blowing off the sea. The design also considered important viewpoint from which to watch the often dramatic sunsets over the sound.

The principal features of the park include the Scouts, three tilted concrete planes that penetrate the coastlines′ boulder lining and permit park visitors to reach the sea. Conceived as an elevated table, the Bastion, was set some 7 meters above the sea-purposely leaving the visitor totally exposed to the elements, whether to cold of a harsh wind or the warming rays of sunlight. In addition the three wooden Balconies overlook the activities of the expansive grass meadow-the Field-which isset below ground level for additional protection from the wind. A double row of trees and low, salt-resistant shrubs augment the defense from the constant sea winds.

11 大草坪在陽(yáng)光明媚的時(shí)候人氣極高（圖爾比約恩·安德森提供 ）The great lawn is heavily used on sunny days. Photo by Thorbj?rn Andersson

The design of the park, to a great extent, was focused on serving social activity. It was conceived like a Russian doll, with spaces of different sizes and qualities intended for various types of use set one inside another. These spaces range in size from the smallest ones within the Balconies-which hold perhaps 10-15 people-to the multi-use lawn, which provides space for several thousand people.

Dania Park provides an important center for a new extension of the old city, for which it serves as its principal civic public space. The newly constructed West Harbor development consists of 600 housing units, shops, schools, cafes, and of fi ces, and it played a prominent role in the Bo01 international housing exposition held in 2001. In the two years that have passed since the close of the exposition, Dania Park has become one of the city's most popular destinations. Here lovers marry; fashion photographers shoot their models, families picnic, and valiant youngsters dare to confront the signs that say "no diving" by taking high plunges into the sea.

12 這些被稱作露臺(tái)的地方是可以俯瞰草坪的公共空間（莉娜·阿松提供 ）The so-called balconies are social spaces overlooking the lawn. Photo by Lena Ason

The Dania Park is located in Malm?, Sweden's third largest city. Situated in the very south of the country, the city attracts numerous visitors from Denmark as well as southern Sweden. The parks' design was determined by an international competition held in 1999, and was selected out of the group of entries. Construction was completed in 2002.

1 The Scouts

Three tilted concrete troughs that penetrate the rough boulder lining of the shore and open to the sea. On the windward side there is a sheltering wall; to the rear a solid granite wall embraces a seating space to enjoy the view from a comfortableposition. Two of the Scouts are reached by several steps; the third is fully accessible with a short ramp. The social capacity is about 50 people.

2 The Balconies

Three open wooden boxes in larch, each furnished with "sofas" of teak-and a hawthorn tree. The Balconies are sheathed with shingles. Tar has been used to not only stain the shingles black, but also to provide a scent normally associated with boats. The Balconies are pushed into the short slope and overlook the Field. Two of them are slightly elevated and reached by a steps; one is set flush to the ground and accessible by wheelchair. The social capacity is about 15 people.

3 The Bastion

The Bastion was conceived as a giant raised table at the outermost point of the park where it serves as its landmark. From here one has a magnificent view of the ocean, the setting sun, and at times, the coast of Denmark. The enclosure measures 40 by 40 meters and can be used as a stage or as a place for public gatherings. It is dressed with rough wooden planks, treated with tar to obtain a dull black color. The planks are separated by square pieces of solid stainless steel that shines in direct sunlight. While not condoned by city authorities, the outer surfaces have proved irresistible for climbing by intrepid youths. The social capacity is about 300 people.

4 The Prow

This is a springboard-like feature that juts out from the top of the Bastion. Being out here, one gets the feeling of being in a free space between the sea and the sky. Although unintended by the designers, daring youngsters dive from the Prow, making this an adventurous spot that collects kids from the whole region.

5 The Wind Shelter Belt:

At the edge of the field a double row of salt and wind resistant trees-Sorbus latifoliamark the edge of the site reinforced by a hedge of Hippophae rhamnoides and Rosa rugosa. The Wind Shelter Belt also separates the gravel promenade that runs along the back of the Scouts from the adjacent fi eld, destined for housing in the future.

6 The Field

An open green lawn, sheltered by the tree rows and edged by the Balconies, the Field is the only large public space in this new urban development. It can host all kinds of recreational activities including, on occasion, large outdoor concerts and community festivals. The social capacity is about 5000 people.

7 The Perennial Terraces

Protected from the winds behind the Bastion, a series of terraces gradually step downwards towards the grassy fi eld. The terraces offer places for meditative and tranquil experience. Rows of wooden "sofas" set amid extensive perennial plantings provide a rich variety plants whose color and growth marks the passage of seasons. The social capacity is about 100 people.

8 The Furniture

Four different bench types have been designed to fit the park. They are horizontal in gesture to match the lay of the landscape, and sized in lengths of 6-8 meters for that very same reason. Their wooden surfaces are sufficiently sturdy to be stepped upon and can be used as picnic tables, viewing platforms, devices for physical exerciseand, yes, even just for sitting. The materials are larch wood, granite, and galvanized steel.

9 Illumination

Careful attention has been directed to the park's illumination. The goal has been to benefit from the light without being constantly aware of its sources. The Balconies are lighted in this way, as are the Bastion and the Scouts. The idea was to create a rhythmic illumination that highlights important features in the park while creating an after-dark experience intriguing in itself. The exception to the prevailing system of hidden light sources are the three giant masts, 16 meters high and leaning towards the wind, each equipped with each six spot- and fl oodlights.

Location: Malm?, Sweden.

Area: 20 000 m2

Client: City of Malm?.

Designer: Thorbj?rn Andersson and PeGe Hillinge, SWECO Architects.

Project team: Veronika Borg, Peter Ekroth, Clotte Frank, Sven Hedlund, Kenneth Hilldén, Anders Lidstr?m.

Illumination: Michael Hallbert.

Year completed: 2002.

Cost: 4.5 million Euro

Contractor: Skanska with sub-contractors

Translation: MAN Yuan

Proofreading: ZHANG Shi-yang