刊首語(yǔ)

刊首語(yǔ)

2016年出版的《風(fēng)景園林》雜志中有三期的主題與城市有關(guān)，分別為“彈性城市與景觀”、“海綿城市”和“生態(tài)園林城市”，還有幾期也多多少少地涉及到景觀與城市?！讹L(fēng)景園林》雜志之所以如此關(guān)注于城市，原因在于世界已進(jìn)入“城市世紀(jì)”，全世界有一半人口居住在城市，中國(guó)的城市化率也超過(guò)了56%。在城市化迅猛發(fā)展的同時(shí)，環(huán)境問(wèn)題卻越來(lái)越突出，文化沖突的矛盾也越來(lái)越尖銳，作為風(fēng)景園林的研究者、實(shí)踐者和管理者，我們必須反思快速城市化進(jìn)程中的城市發(fā)展問(wèn)題，以風(fēng)景園林的視角，即人與自然之間的關(guān)系來(lái)思考未來(lái)城市究竟應(yīng)該如何發(fā)展，如何做到環(huán)境和文化的可持續(xù)。

歷史上中國(guó)的城市建造與自然環(huán)境之間有著獨(dú)特的和諧關(guān)系。中國(guó)是一個(gè)幅員遼闊的國(guó)家，也是一個(gè)歷史悠久的文明古國(guó)。幾千年來(lái)，這片土地養(yǎng)育了世界上最多的人口，但是中國(guó)的自然條件并不都是非常優(yōu)越。

比如位于長(zhǎng)江和錢塘江下游的太湖流域和寧紹平原，長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)這里都是中國(guó)最富裕的地方之一，但是在歷史上，這里曾經(jīng)是一片湖蕩，大部分區(qū)域既不適合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，也不適合人類居住。千百年來(lái)，人們通過(guò)梳理湖澤、抵御海潮和構(gòu)筑圩田來(lái)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，并營(yíng)建村莊和建造城市，從而使得地區(qū)的運(yùn)河、湖泊、池塘、圩田、村莊和城市形成一個(gè)整體，人工與自然互相平衡協(xié)調(diào)，城市內(nèi)外的自然環(huán)境關(guān)聯(lián)貫通。人們通過(guò)不懈的努力，將這一區(qū)域變成了中國(guó)的糧倉(cāng)和人文薈萃、人杰地靈的地方。

蘇州是這個(gè)區(qū)域最繁榮的城市之一，她是中國(guó)人心目中的天堂。蘇州城的建設(shè)綜合反映了歷史上人們整理水系、營(yíng)建城市的成就。城市坐落在山、湖、水網(wǎng)和圩田之間，城市內(nèi)部是由道路和運(yùn)河形成的雙棋盤的結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)與城市外部的圩田體系在邏輯上是一致的。城市內(nèi)外的自然連成一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，形成一個(gè)完整的系統(tǒng)。

杭州也是這個(gè)區(qū)域中的重要城市，她是中國(guó)人心目中的另一個(gè)天堂。在歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中，不論杭州城如何變化，城市內(nèi)外自然系統(tǒng)的完整性都沒(méi)有改變。那就是，在城市和山區(qū)之間是西湖。西湖承上啟下，雨水和泉水由山區(qū)流入西湖，然后再通過(guò)塘河引入城市，穿城而過(guò)，匯入大運(yùn)河，再入錢塘江。西湖為城市提供飲水，雨季蓄積洪水，調(diào)節(jié)洪峰，旱季灌溉農(nóng)田。山林、西湖、塘河、大運(yùn)河、錢塘江、農(nóng)業(yè)、城市是一個(gè)整體。

太湖流域和寧紹平原區(qū)域的幾乎所有城市都具有類似于蘇州或杭州的完整的城市內(nèi)外自然系統(tǒng)，城市與自然山水緊密地融合在一起，成為一個(gè)和諧的整體，成為一個(gè)大園林。這些城市充滿了自然氣息、富有詩(shī)意，承載著豐富的生活。從今天風(fēng)景園林的視野來(lái)看，這些城市就是具有彈性的城市，是海綿城市，也是生態(tài)的和園林的城市。

然而，在現(xiàn)代化和城市化迅速發(fā)展的背景下，這里的由圩田、運(yùn)河、湖泊、池塘、村落和城市互相融合的景觀系統(tǒng)正在迅速改變，一些城市所固有的互相貫通、完整的、網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀的自然環(huán)境正在被人工的各種建造打破，自然開始破碎化，城市內(nèi)外的自然系統(tǒng)開始分離，景觀多樣性在減弱，生物多樣性在減弱，綠地的生態(tài)功能也在減弱。在許多區(qū)域，自然系統(tǒng)與人工系統(tǒng)之間失去了以往的平衡。造成這些問(wèn)題的原因主要在于城市的迅速拓張蠶食著城市周邊自然和半自然的環(huán)境，而與歷史城市不同，今天的城市發(fā)展與區(qū)域內(nèi)的自然和農(nóng)業(yè)沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)，與土地的圩田水網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)也沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系，再有就是土地的利用從對(duì)自然的依賴變?yōu)閷?duì)自然的任意修改和干涉，越來(lái)越多的人工控制的系統(tǒng)代替了自然和半自然的系統(tǒng)。

在快速城市化背景下，如何保證城市的生態(tài)安全，維護(hù)城市內(nèi)外自然系統(tǒng)的完整，構(gòu)建人工建造與自然系統(tǒng)之間的平衡？這些仍然會(huì)是即將到來(lái)的一年《風(fēng)景園林》關(guān)注的主題之一。

2016年12月18日

PREFACE

In Landscape Architecture magazine published in 2016, themes of three issues are related to the city, namely “Resilient City and Landscape”, “Sponge City” and “Ecological Garden City”. There are also several issues involving more or less the theme of landscape and city. The reason why Landscape Architecture magazine is so concerned about cities lies in that with the world has entered “the era of cities” half of the population living in urban areas, and the percentage of urbanization has gone over 56% in China. During the rapid expansion of cities, however, the environment issues and the cultural conflicts are also becoming increasingly prominent. As researchers, practitioners and managers of landscape architecture, we must reflect on the issue of urban development in the rapid urbanization process, contemplate the future of city and the environmental and cultural sustainability from the perspective of landscape architecture and the relationship between man and nature.

There is a unique harmonious relationship between Chinese city construction and natural environment through the history. China, vast in territory, also has an ancient civilization with a long history. For thousands of years, this land has raised the world's largest population. Whereas, not all the natural conditions of China are quite favorable.

For example, the Taihu Lake basin and Ningshao Plain in lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qiantang River have long been one of the most wealthy places in China, yet these places were once located in the area of lakes, which is neither suitable for agricultural production nor human habitation. For centuries, people developed agriculture by rearranging lakes, fending against the tide and built polders, and further constructed villages and cities. The canals, lakes, ponds, polders as well as villages and cities in the region were integrated as a whole, balancing and coordinating artificial and natural work, connecting the natural environment both inside and outside the city. With people's unremitting efforts, this region has turned into the granary of China and a splendid place gathering talents and outstanding people.

Suzhou is one of the most prosperous cities in this area, a city of paradise in the Chinese perspective. Its construction generally reflects how in history people have achieved to reorganize water systems and city structures. The city of Suzhou sits among mountains and lakes, nestles between water network and polders. The structure of double chessboards composed of roads and canals inside the city is logically consistent with the polder system outside the city. Thus the natural resources inside and outside the city are connected into a network, forming a complete system.

Likewise, Hangzhou is also an important city in the region, and another heaven on earth to the Chinese people. In the course of historical development, regardless of how the city changes, the integrity of its natural systems has not transformed. It was because of the West Lake provides the connection between city and the nature. Rain and spring water flows into West Lake from mountains and runs into the city through rivers and streams, then merges into the canals after running across the city, and finally flows into Qiantang River. West Lake provides drinking water for Hangzhou, stores up the flood and adjust flooding peak during rainy season and irrigates farmland in dry season. In Hangzhou, the West Lake, rivers, canals, forests, the Qiantang River, its agriculture system along with the city constitute a whole.

Almost all of the cities in Taihu Lake Basin and Ningshao Plain owns the integrated inside-outside natural systems, through which cities and natural landscape are closely concordance into a harmonious whole, a generalized landscape. These cities are blended with nature, being filled with poetic images and carrying diverse cultures. From the perspectives of landscape architecture today, these cities are the “resilient cities”, “sponge cities” and “ecological garden cities”.

However, with the rapid development of modernization and urbanization, the landscape system that integrated folders, canals, lakes, ponds, villages and cities is rapidly changing. Some inherently interpenetrated and integrated networks in the natural environment are being broken by a variety of artificial constructions, bringing about natural fragmentation, separation of natural systems inside and outside cities and the decrease in both landscape diversity and biodiversity, as well as a decline in ecological function of green spaces. In many areas, the balance between natural systems and the artificial systems has been lost. The main reason was that the gluttonous cities are encroaching on their surrounding natural environments fiercely. Unlike ancient cities, modern urbanization does not associate with the natural and agricultural resources or the underlying water systems. The focus of the utilization of land has shifted from working with the nature to working on the nature. Today, more and more artificial systems manipulated by men has replaced the ancient systems that was mostly driven by the nature.

Under the background of the rapid urbanization, how to secure the ecological safety, how to maintain the completeness of the natural systems inside and outside the cities, and how to build a balanced relationship between the artificial and the natural systems will still be the focus of the Landscape Architecture in the next coming year.

Dec. 18th, 2016 WANG Xiang-rong