王玉堃, 劉子先
(天津大學 管理與經(jīng)濟學部,天津 300072)
?
面向二維保證的產(chǎn)品大修策略制定
王玉堃, 劉子先
(天津大學 管理與經(jīng)濟學部,天津 300072)
摘要:為更有效地制定制造商在二維保證政策下的維修策略,針對以往面向產(chǎn)品保證的維修策略研究中,忽略顧客滿意度對制造商成本產(chǎn)生的影響這一缺點,將顧客滿意度下降對制造商造成的隱性損失考慮在內(nèi),分別構(gòu)建最小維修策略和大修策略下的制造商期望總成本分析模型。以汽車產(chǎn)品安全氣囊系統(tǒng)中的傳感器部件為例,利用兩階段過程方法,求解獲得使制造商在二維保證政策下期望總成本最小的大修策略。研究結(jié)果表明,與最小維修策略相比,大修策略使制造商的期望總成本降低了22%,顧客滿意度上升到61%,為制造商制定二維保證政策下的維修策略提供了有效的決策支持。
關(guān)鍵詞:二維保證; 顧客滿意度; 最小維修; 大修
產(chǎn)品保證是制造商向消費者提供的契約性協(xié)議,用以規(guī)范制造商對其所銷售產(chǎn)品的權(quán)利和義務(wù)[1]。在正常使用條件下,若產(chǎn)品在保證范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生失效,顧客有權(quán)向制造商提出保證索賠,制造商需對失效產(chǎn)品進行維修、更換或賠償。產(chǎn)品在保證范圍內(nèi)的性能對顧客的滿意度有重要影響,可以認為,顧客滿意度為顧客繼續(xù)購買制造商產(chǎn)品的可能性[2]。若產(chǎn)品失效過于頻繁,顧客的滿意度將迅速下降,最終可能導致顧客轉(zhuǎn)向購買其他競爭廠商的產(chǎn)品。
上述文獻著重于尋求如何使制造商保證服務(wù)成本最小化的保證服務(wù)策略,并無考慮產(chǎn)品失效帶來的顧客的滿意度下降對制造商造成的隱性損失。已有的保證分析模型多數(shù)面向一維保證政策,尚缺乏同時考慮顧客滿意度和二維保證的維修策略研究。本文針對二維保證政策,將顧客滿意度對制造商在保證范圍內(nèi)的期望總成本影響考慮在內(nèi),分別構(gòu)建制造商在最小維修策略和大修策略下的期望總成本分析模型,其中,制造商的期望總成本分為保證服務(wù)成本和顧客滿意度下降所產(chǎn)生的懲罰成本兩部分。通過兩階段過程分析獲得使制造商期望總成本最小的大修策略。最后將最優(yōu)大修策略與最小維修策略進行對比,驗證大修策略的優(yōu)越性。
1二維保證政策
圖1 二維保證范圍
2制造商期望總成本分析模型
2.1模型假設(shè)與數(shù)學符號
在構(gòu)建成本分析模型之前,模型的若干假設(shè)列舉如下。
?制造商為顧客所購買的產(chǎn)品提供二維免費維修保證政策,從產(chǎn)品售出之日起,到保證政策終止前,制造商為失效產(chǎn)品提供免費維修;
?與產(chǎn)品的平均失效間隔相比,制造商對失效產(chǎn)品的修復時間忽略不計;
?在正常使用產(chǎn)品的情況下,用戶向制造商所提出的保證索賠均合理;
?在保證范圍內(nèi),用戶接受制造商提供的維修策略,并在產(chǎn)品失效后立即要求保證服務(wù)。
模型中所涉及的數(shù)學符號及含義如表1所示。
表1 數(shù)學符號及含義
2.2模型構(gòu)建
(1)
本文分別考慮2種類型的維修策略。
?最小維修策略。在這種策略下,制造商對失效產(chǎn)品采取最小維修,維修后的產(chǎn)品失效率與失效前相同。
(2)
將顧客的滿意度對制造商在產(chǎn)品保證范圍內(nèi)總成本的影響考慮在內(nèi),制造商的期望總成本TCΩ等于制造商的期望保證服務(wù)成本ECΩ和制造商失去顧客的期望懲罰成本PCΩ之和。
TCΩ=ECΩ+PCΩ。
(3)
2.2.1最小維修策略
在最小維修策略下,為獲得TCΩ,需根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的實際使用率考慮2種情況:r
情況1:r (4) 制造商在產(chǎn)品保證范圍內(nèi)的期望懲罰成本為 (5) 制造商在產(chǎn)品保證范圍內(nèi)的期望保證服務(wù)成本表示為 (6) (7) (8) 則制造商承擔的期望懲罰成本為 (9) 制造商在產(chǎn)品保證范圍內(nèi)的期望保證服務(wù)成本表示為 (10) (11) 綜合r (12) 2.2.2(m,δ)維修策略 (13) (14) 則顧客繼續(xù)購買制造商產(chǎn)品的概率為 (15) 制造商對產(chǎn)品實行大修的概率為 (16) 產(chǎn)品在保證范圍內(nèi)的期望失效次數(shù)為 (17) 當m保持不變,對δ取導,有 (18) (19) (20) 綜合式(19)和式(20),當r (21) (22) 顧客繼續(xù)購買制造商產(chǎn)品的概率為 (23) 制造商在保證范圍內(nèi)對產(chǎn)品實行大修的概率為 (24) (25) (26) (27) 綜合式(26)和式(27),制造商在保證范圍內(nèi)的期望總成本為 (28) (29) 3算例分析 (30) 這表示當產(chǎn)品在保證范圍內(nèi)的失效次數(shù)超過兩次,顧客將不再繼續(xù)購買制造商的產(chǎn)品。制造商失去一個顧客的懲罰成本為Cf=1 000。 表2 最優(yōu)的(m, δ)大修策略 4結(jié)論 參考文獻: [1]MURTHY D N P, DJAMALUDIN I. Product warranty and reliability[J]. Annals of Operations Research, 2006, 143(1): 133-146. [2]MURTHY D N P, JACK N. Warranty servicing strategies to improve customer satisfaction[J]. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 2004, 15(2): 111-124. [3]BLISCHKE W R, MURTHY D N P. Product warranty management - I: A taxonomy for warranty policies[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 1992, 62(2): 127-148. [4]PHAM H, WANG H Z. Imperfect maintenance[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 1996, 94(4): 425-438. [5]NGUYEN D G. Studies in warranty policies and product reliability[D]. Australia: The University of Queensland, 1984. [6]JACK N, VAN DER DUYN SCHOUTEN F. Optimal repair-replace strategies for a warranted product[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2000, 67(1): 95-100. [7]YEH R H. Optimal age-replacement policy for nonrepairable products under renewing free-replacement warranty[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 2005, 54(1): 92-97. [8]PASCUAL R, ORTEGA J H. Optimal replacement and overhaul decisions with imperfect maintenance and warranty contracts[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2006, 91(2): 241-248. [9]CHIEN Yuhung. Optimal age for preventive replacement under a combined fully renewable free replacement with a pro-rata warranty[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2010, 124(2): 198-205. [10]ISKANDAR B P, MURTHY D N P. Repair-Replace strategies for Two-Dimensional Warranty Policies[J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 2003, 38(9): 1233-1241. [11]ISKANDAR B P. A new repair-replace strategy for items sold with a two-dimensional warranty[J]. Computers & Operations Research, 2005, 32(6): 669-682. [12]VARNOSAFADERANI S, CHUKOVA S. A two-dimensional warranty servicing strategy based on reduction in product failure intensity[J]. Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 2012, 63(2): 201-213. [13]SHAHANAGHI K, NOOROSSANA R, JALAIL-NAINI S G, et al. Failure modeling and optimizing preventive maintenance strategy during two-dimensional extended warranty contracts[J]. Engineering failure analysis, 2013, 28(1): 90-102. [14]MANNA D K, PAL S, SINHA S. A use-rate based failure model for two-dimensional warranty[J]. Computers & Industrial Engineeing, 2007, 52(3): 229-240. Product Overhaul Strategy Formulation under Two-dimensional Warranty WANG Yukun, LIU Zixian (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China) Abstract:In the previous research on maintenance strategy under warranty, the effect of customer satisfaction on the cost to the manufacturer has been ignored. According to this shortcoming, the hidden loss due to the drop of customer satisfaction is considered in order to develop an effective maintenance strategy under two-dimensional warranty for the manufacturer. The expected total cost analysis models under the minimal repair strategy and the overhaul strategy are respectively developed. Taking the sensor of the airbag system in the automobile product for example, the optimal overhaul strategy is obtained through two-stage process. The results show that compared with the minimal repair strategy, implementing the overhaul strategy can effectively reduce by 22% the total expected cost to the manufacturer, and increase to 61% the probability of repurchase of the customer. This provides effective decision-making support for the manufacturer to formulate the maintenance strategy under two-dimensional warranty. Key words:two-dimensional warranty; customer satisfaction; minimal repair; overhaul 中圖分類號:F272 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1007-7375(2016)01- 0031- 07 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007- 7375.2016.01.005 作者簡介:王玉堃(1989-),河南省人,博士研究生,主要研究方向為工業(yè)工程和產(chǎn)品保證. 基金項目:國家自然科學基金資助項目(71171142) 收稿日期:2014- 09- 29