徐景竹,王興華,吳 瓊,楊 筱,朱沈玲,張 波
1.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院超聲科,山西 太原 030000;2.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院基本外科,北京 100730;3.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院超聲醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730
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頸部超聲、甲狀腺球蛋白診斷復(fù)發(fā)分化型甲狀腺癌
徐景竹1,2,王興華1,吳 瓊3,楊 筱3,朱沈玲3,張 波3
1.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院超聲科,山西 太原 030000;2.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院基本外科,北京 100730;3.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院超聲醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730
[摘要]背景與目的:頸部超聲與血清甲狀腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)是分化型甲狀腺癌(diferentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)術(shù)后隨訪的主要方法。刺激性Tg對(duì)分化型甲狀腺癌的診斷價(jià)值已被充分證實(shí),但抑制性Tg對(duì)DTC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值鮮有報(bào)道。該研究分析頸部超聲及抑制性Tg對(duì)DTC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值。方法:回顧性分析2010年8月—2014年12月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院行2次或以上手術(shù),臨床懷疑復(fù)發(fā)的DTC患者196例。選擇其中入院前行甲狀腺全切術(shù)后和(或)131I清甲治療術(shù)后超聲懷疑復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者共62例。分析轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)超聲特征以及抑制性Tg對(duì)DTC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值。結(jié)果:經(jīng)病理證實(shí),62例患者中59例為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,1例為局部復(fù)發(fā),2例術(shù)后未發(fā)現(xiàn)明確復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑淋巴結(jié)共121個(gè),經(jīng)病理證實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)92個(gè),非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)25個(gè),纖維組織3個(gè),橫紋肌組織1個(gè)。淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)無回聲、高回聲及強(qiáng)回聲對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值均為100%,皮質(zhì)內(nèi)無回聲及血流信號(hào)雜亂在轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)和非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。抑制性Tg陽性者(Tg≥0.2 ng/mL)49例,陰性者(Tg<0.2 ng/mL)13例,抑制性Tg診斷頸部復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的準(zhǔn)確率為82.3%,靈敏度為81.7%,特異度為100%。結(jié)論:皮質(zhì)內(nèi)無回聲及血流信號(hào)雜亂是鑒別復(fù)發(fā)DTC頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)與非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)特異度較高的指標(biāo),抑制性Tg(Tg≥0.2 ng/mL)對(duì)DTC的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移有較高的診斷價(jià)值,頸部超聲檢查可發(fā)現(xiàn)血清Tg為陰性患者的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶。
[關(guān)鍵詞]分化型甲狀腺癌;復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移;頸部超聲;甲狀腺球蛋白
Cervical ultrasound and thyroglobulin in diagnosis of recurrence of diferentiated thyroid carcinoma
XU Jingzhu1,2, WANG Xinghua1, WU Qiong3, YANG Xiao3, ZHU Shenling3, ZHANG Bo3
(1.Department of Ultrasound, the Second A ffi liated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China; 2.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; 3.Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China)
Correspondence to:ZHANG Bo E-mail:zora19702006@163.com
[Abstract]Background and purpose:This study investigated the value of cervical ultrasound and TSH-suppressed thyroglobulin in the diagnosis of recurrence or metastasis of diferentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC).Methods:This study analyzed the data on 196 thyroid carcinoma patients who underwent neck dissection after clinically suspecious recurrence of DTC in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from Aug.2010 to Dec.2014.Among the 196 patients, 62 patients sonographically suspecious recurrence after total thyroidectomy and/or radioactive iodine ablation therapy were enrolled in this study.The ultrasonic features of lymph node involvement were retrospectively analyzed.The value of the ultrasonic features in the diagnosis of lymph node involvement and a TSH-suppressed serum Tg level in the diagnosis of recurrence or metastasis of DTC was also evaluated.Results:Of the 62 patients, 59 were pathologically con fi rmed with lymph node involvement, 1 case with local recurrence and 2 cases without recurrence or metasta-sis.There were 121 ultrasonographically suspected lymph nodes, con fi rmed by pathology, 92 were metastatic ltsions, 25 were non-metastatic, 3 were fi brous tissue and 1 was striated muscle.The positive predictive rate of cyst, calci fi cation or hyper-echogenicity in cortex was 100% in the diagnosis of lymph node involvement.There was a signi fi cant diference in disordered vascularity and cyst in cortex between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes.Forty-nine patients were positive for Tg, whereas 13 were negative.The accuracy, sensitivity and speci fi city of TSH-suppressed serum Tg in the diagnosis of recurrence or metastasis of DTC were 82.3%, 81.7% and 100%.Conclusion:The disordered vascularity and cyst in cortex of the lymph node are highly speci fi c indexes in diagnosing lymph node involvement.TSH-suppressed serum Tg level has high diagnostic value for detection of recurrence or metastasis of DTC.Cervical ultrasound can identify recurrent or metastatic lesions in both Tg-positive and Tg-negative patients.
[Key words]Diferentiated thyroid carcinoma; Recurrence; Cervical ultrasound; Thyroglobulin
分化型甲狀腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC)主要包括乳頭狀癌(85%)與濾泡細(xì)胞癌(12%)[1]。手術(shù)切除是治療DTC患者的主要方法,在接受甲狀腺手術(shù)并行131I清除手術(shù)殘留甲狀腺組織治療后預(yù)后效果較好,但有研究表明,DTC的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達(dá)15%~30%[2],2015年美國甲狀腺學(xué)會(huì)(American Thyroid Association,ATA)指南指出定期隨訪頸部超聲及血清甲狀腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)是監(jiān)測(cè)DTC治療后有無復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移最主要的檢查方法。刺激性Tg(>2 ng/mL),對(duì)DTC的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移有高度診斷價(jià)值已被證實(shí)[3-6],但目前尚缺乏針對(duì)我國人群的抑制性Tg對(duì)DTC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移診斷價(jià)值的研究。本研究通過北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院再次手術(shù)的DTC復(fù)發(fā)患者的頸部超聲結(jié)果及抑制性Tg檢測(cè)分析,研究轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)頸部超聲表現(xiàn)及抑制性Tg在監(jiān)測(cè)DTC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用。
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2010年8月—2014年12月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院復(fù)診,經(jīng)過2次或以上手術(shù)的DTC患者196例。所有患者均行頸部超聲及抑制性Tg的檢查,以石蠟病理結(jié)果為“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):① 行甲狀腺全切術(shù),常規(guī)超聲檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)有殘余甲狀腺組織,甲狀腺組織小于1 g被認(rèn)為是甲狀腺已全切[7];② 在隨訪過程中均常規(guī)行頸部超聲檢查,Tg、促甲狀腺激素(thyroidstimulating hormone,TSH)和甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(anti-thyroglobulin antibody,TgAb)檢測(cè);③ 頸部超聲懷疑有復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移患者,再次行手術(shù)切除并獲得石蠟病理結(jié)果。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):① 結(jié)合病史及其他相關(guān)檢查,排除伴有其他淋巴結(jié)原發(fā)性或繼發(fā)性疾病;② 超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)有殘余甲狀腺組織的患者;③ 存在遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的患者。在符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的62例患者中,乳頭狀癌60例,濾泡癌2例;男性18例,女性44例;年齡16~83歲,平均(40.48±13.3)歲。
1.2 判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Tg檢測(cè)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在TSH抑制狀態(tài)下(即在服用甲狀腺激素替代治療狀態(tài)下)Tg≥0.2 ng/mL為陽性[8-10]。TgAb≥50 U/mL為陽性,TgAb <50 U/mL為陰性[11]。
超聲診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的聲像圖特征[12]:① 淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)微小鈣化;② 淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)液化或囊性區(qū);③ 淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)高回聲;④ 皮髓質(zhì)分界不清或消失;⑤ 淋巴結(jié)長短徑比<2;⑥ 血流豐富或較豐富,血流分布出現(xiàn)邊緣型或混合型。
超聲診斷甲狀腺床復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的聲像圖特征[13-14]:低回聲,圓形或橢圓形,內(nèi)部回聲不均,內(nèi)部可見微小鈣化,血流信號(hào)豐富雜亂。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用χ2表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)及Fisher精確檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 超聲特征
在超聲提示的121個(gè)異常淋巴結(jié)中,經(jīng)病理證實(shí)92個(gè)為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),25個(gè)為非轉(zhuǎn)性淋巴結(jié)(3個(gè)炎性反應(yīng),22個(gè)正常),3個(gè)纖維組織,1個(gè)橫紋肌組織。117個(gè)淋巴結(jié)的聲像圖特征如表1。在灰階超聲中皮質(zhì)內(nèi)無回聲在轉(zhuǎn)移性與非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)中的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.045),皮質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)無回聲、高回聲及強(qiáng)回聲的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值均為100%,即可認(rèn)為在淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)無回聲、高回聲或強(qiáng)回聲即轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)。比較轉(zhuǎn)移性和非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的彩色多普勒血流顯像(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI)聲像圖特征發(fā)現(xiàn),血流信號(hào)雜亂在兩者中的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.033),而其余聲像圖特征(短徑/長徑≥0.5,皮髓質(zhì)分界不清,皮質(zhì)內(nèi)高回聲,皮質(zhì)內(nèi)強(qiáng)回聲,外周血流,血流信號(hào)豐富)在兩者中的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)皮質(zhì)無回聲及血流信號(hào)雜亂的聲像圖見圖1。
圖 1 轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)聲像圖Fig.1 Ultrasonography of metastatic lymph nodes
2.2 Tg檢測(cè)結(jié)果
術(shù)前抑制性T g平均值為(6.1 6± 1 7.6 4)n g/m L,術(shù)后抑制性T g平均值為(1.38±4.24)ng/mL。Tg≥0.2 g/mL有49例患者經(jīng)病理證實(shí)均存在復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,Tg<0.2 ng/mL有13例患者,其中TgAb陽性者有5例,經(jīng)病理證實(shí)有11例患者存在復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,2例病理未發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶(表2)。Tg對(duì)DTC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移診斷的準(zhǔn)確率為82.3%,靈敏度為81.7%,特異度為100%。
表 2 Tg水平與病理結(jié)果的比較Tab.2 Comparison between the levels of Tg and pathologic fi ndings
DTC患者在接受手術(shù)及131I治療的患者預(yù)后效果較好,但DTC的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達(dá)15%~30%[2],因此DTC術(shù)后必須長期隨訪。2015 年ATA指南強(qiáng)烈推薦DTC全切術(shù)后的患者應(yīng)每6~12個(gè)月檢查1次頸部超聲及Tg。
本研究分析頸部可疑淋巴結(jié)的聲像圖發(fā)現(xiàn),皮質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)無回聲、高回聲及強(qiáng)回聲的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值均為100%,即表明在淋巴結(jié)中出現(xiàn)無回聲、高回聲或強(qiáng)回聲對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性的淋巴結(jié)有較高靈敏度。在灰階超聲中皮質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)無回聲在轉(zhuǎn)移性與非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。皮質(zhì)內(nèi)無回聲在診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)中有較高的特異度。有研究表明在>7 mm的淋巴結(jié)中皮質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)無回聲或強(qiáng)回聲即可認(rèn)為是轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)[12],本研究也證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn)。2015 年ATA指南中指出周邊血流豐富是診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)較靈敏的指標(biāo)之一,但尚未對(duì)淋巴結(jié)的CDFI作具體分層。本研究將可疑淋巴結(jié)的CDFI分為周邊血流、血流信號(hào)豐富和血流信號(hào)雜亂,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血流信號(hào)雜亂在轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)和非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而周邊血流、血流信號(hào)豐富的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這與之前我們研究的結(jié)果相一致[15]。血流信號(hào)雜亂可能包含周邊血流與血流信號(hào)豐富,經(jīng)本研究證實(shí)血流信號(hào)雜亂在診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)中的特異度更高。而皮髓質(zhì)分界消失、短徑/長徑的比值需結(jié)合其他聲像圖特征才能更加準(zhǔn)確地診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)。在可疑淋巴結(jié)中經(jīng)病理證實(shí)有3個(gè)纖維組織和1個(gè)橫紋肌組織,因其與轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)有相似的特征,故易造成誤診。因此在診斷可疑淋巴結(jié)時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)區(qū)分淋巴結(jié)與肌纖維組織的回聲,而進(jìn)一步提高超聲診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的價(jià)值。
DTC患者經(jīng)手術(shù)及清甲治療后Tg是監(jiān)測(cè)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的特異性指標(biāo)。隨著現(xiàn)在抑制性Tg檢測(cè)方法靈敏度的升高(<0.1 ng/mL)可能會(huì)代替刺激性Tg對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的監(jiān)測(cè)。在62例患者中,有49例患者抑制性Tg水平為陽性結(jié)果。通過與石蠟病理結(jié)果比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.56)。Tg對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移診斷的正確率為82.3%,靈敏度為81.7%,特異度為100%。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道抑制性Tg在0.2~0.3 ng/mL時(shí)診斷復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度與特異度最高[10]?;颊咝g(shù)前抑制性Tg的水平為6.16 ng/mL,術(shù)后抑制性Tg平均值為1.38 ng/mL,手術(shù)切除病灶后Tg水平顯著降低。Tg的分泌水平受TgAb及TSH的影響,TgAb的影響作用最為顯著,使血清Tg的分泌水平低于實(shí)際水平而產(chǎn)生假陰性的結(jié)果[16]。在13例陰性患者中,有11例為假陰性結(jié)果,其中有5例患者TgAb為陽性,降低了Tg對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值。
在頸部超聲懷疑存在復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的62例患者中,Tg陽性者僅49例,而病理結(jié)果證實(shí)60例患者發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。頸部超聲既可發(fā)現(xiàn)Tg陽性的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,也可發(fā)現(xiàn)Tg陰性的病灶。有研究表明,頸部超聲對(duì)頸部淋巴結(jié)診斷的靈敏度為70%~100%[12]。頸部超聲檢查不僅可以發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,而且能對(duì)其進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)的定位,起到為手術(shù)者提供導(dǎo)向作用,為手術(shù)成功及減少術(shù)后的并發(fā)證提供保障[17]。雖然血清Tg對(duì)DTC術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移有較高的診斷價(jià)值,如果單純行血清Tg的檢測(cè)而未行頸部超聲檢查,可能有很多轉(zhuǎn)移病灶會(huì)被遺漏。因此,在DTC患者術(shù)后的長期隨訪中,血清Tg檢測(cè)應(yīng)聯(lián)合頸部超聲檢查以提高復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶的診斷水平。
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收稿日期:(2015-11-18 修回日期:2015-12-30)
通信作者:張 波 E-mail:zora19702006@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(81541131);國家國際科技合作專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(2015DFA30440)。
中圖分類號(hào):R736.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1007-3639(2016)01-0097-05
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2016.01.015