孫潤英
摘 要:大部分高中學(xué)生覺得虛擬語氣很難,不易弄懂,而虛擬語氣又是高考測試的重點(diǎn)之一,所以筆者從多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)中分析了學(xué)生對知識(shí)的感知特點(diǎn),打破傳統(tǒng)的講解方法,構(gòu)建新的知識(shí)體系,獨(dú)樹一幟地完整歸納了虛擬語氣的用法,利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和掌握,希望能給高中老師和學(xué)生必要的幫助。
關(guān)鍵詞:虛擬語氣;用法歸納;高考題
背景:
真實(shí)條件句,可能性存在,且較大,陳述語氣,主將從現(xiàn);
非真實(shí)條件句,不可能,幾乎不可能,虛擬語氣
If it is fine tomorrow,we will go outing.
If I were a bird,I would fly to the forest.
一、含義:特殊動(dòng)詞形式
(1)表說話人所說的話不是一個(gè)事實(shí),而是一種不可能的假設(shè),有if 。
(2)表示說話人的愿望、建議、命令、要求,無if。
二、種類
(一)有if的
在if條件從句中表與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
1.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式
分三種情況(以 do 為例,見下表)。
If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.
要是你早來幾分鐘的話,你就能見到他了。(與過去事實(shí)相反)
If it were sunny tomorrow,I would come to see you.
明天要是天氣好的話,我來看你。(與將來事實(shí)可能相反)
If I were you,I would go at once.
假如我是你的話,我會(huì)馬上走。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,事實(shí)上我不可能是你)
2.省略 if 的條件從句
條件:
(1)從句中有if。
(2)有 were,had 或 should 時(shí),
可省if ,再把were,had 或 should放在句首,此時(shí)否定不能縮寫。
If I were to meet him tomorrow,I should ask him about it.
Were I to meet him tomorrow,…
If he should fail in the experiment this time,he would try again.
Should he fail in the experiment…
If he had not saved me,I would have died 10 years ago.
Had he not save…不能是Hadnt he…
3.錯(cuò)綜式
從句與主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間不同,此時(shí),需要按時(shí)間或意義來確定虛擬形式。
If they had studied hard,they could do it easily now.
If he had not taken my advice,he wouldnt do it much better like this.
(二)無if的
1.用(should)+v原
(1)記?。哼@些動(dòng)詞后面接的賓語從句(10)+ (should )+ do 構(gòu)成,should 可省。
四建議(suggest,advice,propose,recommend);
兩命令(order,command);
四要求(demand,request,require,urge)+賓從(should )+ do 構(gòu)成,should 可省。
這些詞的名詞suggestion / advice/ proposal/ recommendation,order/command,demand/requirement / request/urge等,后用 (should) + do。
(2)記?。?/p>
insist:堅(jiān)持要求,用虛擬,即(should) + do;堅(jiān)稱,堅(jiān)持說,用陳述語氣,表示事實(shí)。
suggest:建議用虛擬形式(should)+
do ;表明、暗示,用陳述語氣。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.(堅(jiān)持要求)
He insisted that he was right. ?(堅(jiān)持說)
(3)句型It is important (necessary,strange,natural) that …(should)+ do。
Its necessary that we should have a walk now.
重要的是我們要照顧好病人。
(4)句型 It is a pity/shame that …
竟然,(should) + do動(dòng)原
不表竟然,用陳述
It is a pity that he should miss such a golden opportunity .
真可惜/遺憾,他竟然會(huì)失去這樣一個(gè)絕好的機(jī)會(huì)。
2.相當(dāng)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式中的if 從句
(1)wish+賓從的三種情況:
將來:用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(would / could) +
do 。
現(xiàn)在:用過去式。
過去:用過去完成式 (had done)。
(2)would (had) rather(寧愿) +
賓從:
現(xiàn)在/將來時(shí)間,v謂語用一般過去時(shí),did
過去時(shí)間,v謂用過去完成時(shí),had done
I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(3)as if:
從句中,真實(shí),陳述語氣;
假的,可能性極小,虛擬:
①現(xiàn)在相反,過去式did,be,用were
②過去相反,用過去完成式had done
She looks as if she is ill.
He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days.
三、特例
(1)Its (high/right) time that+虛擬……v謂用過去式 (或should + do,少用)。
Its time that you left here.
(2) if only要是……該多好啊, 虛擬:現(xiàn)在,用過去式;過去,過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。
only if 只要…… 陳述,條狀從,主將從現(xiàn),句首,部分倒裝。
If only I had arrived in time!
Only if we help each other,can we make greater progress.
(3)一些介詞短語表含蓄條件,
如:but for(要不是) =Were it not for…,without,otherwise(否則)=or,in that case(如果是那樣的話),相當(dāng)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式中的if從句,這時(shí),句子(相當(dāng)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式中主句)虛擬語氣。
即:①would/could/should/might+v原;
②would/could/should/might have done。
Without your help,we would not have made such rapid progress.
(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done 與過去有關(guān),考試時(shí),如為陳述,時(shí)態(tài)選一般過去時(shí)(did)。
must have done 過去肯定干了, 推測
cant have done 過去肯定沒干
may have done 過去有可能干了,not sure
might have done 過去有可能干了,更加not sure
should (not) have done 過去本應(yīng)該干而實(shí)際沒干,含責(zé)備意思
ought ?(not) to have done 同上
could have done 過去本能干而沒干
would have done 過去本會(huì)干而沒干
neednt have done 過去本沒必要干而實(shí)際干了
大體來講,學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣時(shí),要從以下兩點(diǎn)去考慮:①依據(jù)上下文意思理清句子到底表示陳述還是虛擬,然后再確定該用相應(yīng)的形式。②注意依據(jù)文章開始的“含義,種類”進(jìn)行判斷,對號(hào)入座即可。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]章振邦.新編英語語法教程[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1995.
[2]商 ?薇.新編英語語法[M].??冢耗戏匠霭嫔纾?002.
(作者單位:重慶鐵路中學(xué))