陳婷婷,周云仙
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乳制品與炎癥性腸病關系的研究進展
陳婷婷,周云仙
介紹了炎癥性腸病(IBD)病人乳制品攝入概況,綜述了牛奶、酸奶及其他乳制品與IBD發(fā)病、相關癥狀及復發(fā)的關系以及IBD病人乳制品的管理。
炎癥性腸??;潰瘍性結腸炎;克羅恩??;乳制品;牛奶;酸奶
炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括潰瘍性結腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克羅恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD),是一組慢性非特異性腸道炎癥性疾病。這兩種疾病組織學上差異較大,但臨床癥狀相似,均有腹痛、腹瀉等消化系統(tǒng)癥狀[1]。IBD多發(fā)于15歲~35歲青壯年,病程遷延,疾病反復發(fā)作,對社會生產(chǎn)和生活造成極大的影響[2]。近年來我國IBD發(fā)病率和患病率逐年增加[3],然而該病的病因和發(fā)病機制尚未完全明確,可能與免疫、遺傳、生活環(huán)境、飲食、微生物等因素有關[4]。在對IBD病因之一的飲食因素探討中,乳制品被頻繁提及。乳制品營養(yǎng)價值高,富含蛋白質(zhì)、鈣等營養(yǎng)成分[5],被推薦為鈣的最佳來源[6]。但是目前能否攝入乳制品一直困惑著IBD病人和臨床教育者,因此針對乳制品與IBD關系的研究進展作一綜述,旨在解決臨床工作者與病人對有關乳制品的疑問,糾正其錯誤觀念與行為,給予病人合理的乳制品攝入指導,從而在疾病預防與控制、保證營養(yǎng)均衡方面發(fā)揮重要的作用。
乳制品又叫奶制品,是指以乳(或奶)為主料,添加或不添加允許使用的食品添加劑和(或)食品營養(yǎng)強化劑等輔料,經(jīng)加工制得的產(chǎn)品[7]。乳制品種類繁多,主要包括反芻動物奶(牛奶、羊奶)、酸奶、奶粉、黃油、乳蛋糕、冰淇淋、奶油和奶酪等[8]。根據(jù)我國調(diào)查顯示酸奶、常溫奶和冷藏奶(牛奶)占乳制品消費主流[9-10]。對于IBD病人來說,乳制品是保證均衡營養(yǎng)攝入的重要組成部分,但是越來越多的調(diào)查顯示避免攝入乳制品的現(xiàn)象在IBD病人中非常普遍[11-12],然而他們對待酸奶的態(tài)度和行為卻截然相反[13]。出現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的原因可能與胃腸道癥狀和疾病活動性[14]、病人個人對乳制品的認識[15]以及醫(yī)師或營養(yǎng)師[16-17]的建議等有關。
作為日常生活中最常見的乳制品之一,牛奶被許多學者認為可能與IBD的發(fā)病、相關癥狀及復發(fā)密切相關。Wang等[18-19]的研究指出牛奶攝入是增加IBD患病的危險因素。但以上兩項研究均屬于回顧性的病例對照研究,可能存在回憶偏倚。目前對于牛奶在IBD發(fā)病因素中的地位仍存在爭議,而且近年來越來越多的研究表明牛奶對IBD具有益處。接下來詳細闡述牛奶中的具體物質(zhì)與IBD的關系。
2.1牛奶與IBD發(fā)病的關系
2.1.1乳蛋白及乳糖與IBD發(fā)病的關系牛奶主要含有5種蛋白,其中酪蛋白占牛奶總蛋白的80%,是牛奶主要的過敏源成分,其次是β-乳球蛋白,β-乳清蛋白次之[20]。最早是由Andresen[21]提出罹患UC是由于食物過敏造成的,然后他通過排除飲食法證實了牛奶是最常見的刺激性抗原物質(zhì)。他的想法得到了Rowe[22]的證實。Shoda等[23]通過研究1966年—1985年日本CD發(fā)病與膳食改變的關系也發(fā)現(xiàn)乳蛋白與CD密切相關。此外牛奶中所含的乳糖也被認為可能與發(fā)病有關。早在20世紀晚期就提出了“牛奶過敏理論”,該體系主要包括牛奶乳糖消化不良、乳糖不耐受等[10]。Levy等[24-26]認為乳糖酶缺乏與CD發(fā)病率密切有關。但以上結果與德國某研究矛盾,它提出乳糖不耐受與IBD發(fā)病無關[27]。我國鄭家駒等[28]的研究也表明其與CD發(fā)病無關。但無論是乳蛋白過敏還是乳糖不耐受,所致的消化系統(tǒng)癥狀例如腹痛、腹瀉等與IBD癥狀相似,還需要進一步研究證實,區(qū)分到底是乳蛋白或乳糖引起IBD發(fā)病,還是二者引起的癥狀與IBD癥狀相似。
2.1.2牛奶所含細菌與IBD發(fā)病的關系IBD的發(fā)病還可能與牛奶中存在未滅活的某些細菌有關。因為牛奶被擠出之后會被大量微生物污染,因此需經(jīng)“殺菌”處理才可以飲用。如果攝入未經(jīng)消毒殺菌的牛奶會增加個體罹患CD的危險[29]。而且Juste等[26-30]認為即使經(jīng)過巴氏消毒,牛奶中仍可能存在活的鳥分枝桿菌亞種副結核菌,這也是人類罹患IBD的可能危險原因。
2.1.3牛奶代謝產(chǎn)物與IBD發(fā)病的關系含硫氨基酸類食物攝入后產(chǎn)生的硫化物對結腸的毒性作用可能與IBD的發(fā)病相關。牛奶是主要的含硫氨基酸類食物,在腸道細菌的作用下,可產(chǎn)生多種含硫化合物,如硫化氫等,可直接對結腸細胞產(chǎn)生毒性作用,導致結腸黏膜損傷,從而引起UC發(fā)病[31]。在硫化物灌注動物實驗中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似UC的結腸改變[32]。但是證明結論的相關研究均為動物實驗,需臨床試驗來進一步證實。
2.2牛奶與IBD癥狀及復發(fā)的關系諸多研究表明,牛奶是可能引起IBD癥狀及復發(fā)的因素之一。20世紀中期Truelove[33]通過去除5例UC病人飲食中的牛奶發(fā)現(xiàn)病人癥狀得到顯著改善,隨后Jones等[15]的研究再次顯示去除CD病人飲食中的牛奶能夠使癥狀有所改善。攝入牛奶除可能使癥狀加重之外,還可能引起疾病的復發(fā)[34-35]。然而近年來有研究提出牛奶與IBD癥狀及復發(fā)無關。英國一項涉及191例UC病人的前瞻性隊列研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)牛奶與UC的復發(fā)具有相關性[11]。無論疾病是處于活動期還是緩解期,或是不同牛奶攝入量,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與IBD的癥狀或復發(fā)有關[36]。甚至有研究認為牛奶對IBD可能存在益處。Magee等[37]通過指導81例UC病人記錄連續(xù)7 d的飲食日記后發(fā)現(xiàn),每周攝入1 250 mL的牛奶對疾病有潛在的治療作用。且Octoratou等[13]在對新確診的CD病人早前的飲食進行調(diào)查時發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組相比,CD病人增加牛奶攝入量可減少其癥狀和復發(fā)的危險。這種現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)可能與牛奶中含有某些物質(zhì),例如牛糖巨肽、轉化生長因子β(TGF-β)等在免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗炎等方面發(fā)揮作用有關。Ortega-Gonzalez等[38]通過比較結腸炎淋巴轉移模型小鼠與葡聚糖硫酸鈉小鼠,提出牛奶酪蛋白衍生的牛糖巨肽的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,它可使小鼠體重增加,結腸損傷指數(shù)下降以及髓過氧化物酶活性降低。de Medina等[39-40]研究表明,牛奶中存在TGF-β、酪蛋白巨肽兩種具有腸道抗炎活性的生物活性肽,對活動期CD有積極的治療效果,可誘導減輕其癥狀。由于目前僅在動物模型上進行生物活性物質(zhì)的研究,未來仍需設計更多更嚴謹?shù)呐R床隨機對照試驗進行驗證。
酸奶是指用全脂乳或脫脂乳經(jīng)特殊微生物發(fā)酵而成的乳制品,在銷售前必須保持微生物活性,不得含有任何致病菌。益生菌以酸奶作為其主要食用形式,具有獨特的營養(yǎng)價值和保健功能[41]。目前國內(nèi)外對酸奶的探討以IBD動物模型為主,臨床試驗較少。酸奶在IBD中的作用機制基本上是由免疫系統(tǒng)介導以及腸道微環(huán)境的改變等實現(xiàn)。Chaves等[42]借助IBD小鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)酸奶可以調(diào)節(jié)T細胞擴展和調(diào)節(jié)Toll樣受體(TLRs),使Toll樣受體4(TLR4+)細胞下降和Toll樣受體9(TLR9+)細胞上升,從而對急性腸道炎癥產(chǎn)生有益的作用。此外酸奶可以預防IBD炎癥的復發(fā),不會對機體產(chǎn)生副作用,具體機制是通過增加IgA陽性細胞、減少CD8+細胞以及誘導大腸浸潤細胞凋亡實現(xiàn)的[43]。del Carmen等[44]將酸奶應用于CD小鼠模型產(chǎn)生的治療作用也驗證了上述結果。此外,臨床試驗的結果與動物實驗基本一致。Lorea等[45]比較20例IBD病人和20例健康對照者在連續(xù)30 d攝入酸奶后發(fā)現(xiàn),IBD病人外周血中的CD4和CD25的比例顯著增加而產(chǎn)生抗炎作用。Imaoka等[46]也發(fā)現(xiàn)酸奶可以增加UC病人外周血中白細胞介素-10(IL-10)含量,抑制小腸上皮細胞分泌白細胞介素-8(IL-8)而產(chǎn)生抗炎作用。除了抗炎作用,有臨床隨機對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)酸奶可使UC維持緩解,并預防復發(fā)[47]。
4.1羊奶與IBD的關系羊奶作為人類三大乳源之一,所含營養(yǎng)成分與牛奶接近,但營養(yǎng)價值更高,含有200 多種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和生物活性物質(zhì)[48],其脂肪顆粒較小,更易于人體消化吸收,而且羊奶中的維生素及微量元素含量是牛奶的7倍,具有更好的堿緩沖能力,對潰瘍治療有益[49-50]。目前我國羊奶銷售市場薄弱,在乳制品市場中所占份額很小,對羊奶的研究沒有引起足夠的重視[48],國外研究主要從羊奶中含有的有機物探討羊奶與IBD的關系。羊奶含有相對高濃度的低聚糖成分,在所有哺乳動物奶當中僅次于人奶,它每升含有250 mg~300 mg的低聚糖,是牛奶的4倍~5倍[51-52]。低聚糖作為糖類可能具有降低腸道感染和抗炎[53]、促進結腸損傷黏膜的復原[54]等作用。此外羊奶富含的半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽也可以抑制IBD所導致的病變腸道中過多的氧化應激反應,從而緩解炎癥應激、減弱結腸炎癥[55-56]。
4.2西方化乳制品與IBD的關系與西方國家相比,我國對奶酪、黃油等乳制品的消費很少,因此沒有針對它們與IBD關系的研究,但是國外研究提出了這類乳制品與IBD之間的關系。
4.2.1人工奶油及奶酪與IBD目前的研究結果多數(shù)指出,人工奶油及奶酪與IBD有關[57]。20世紀末期一項德國研究指出食用含有化學加工氫化脂肪類的食物例如人工奶油可能是導致CD發(fā)病的因素[58];一項日本研究[59]和歐洲多中心研究[60]也表明人工奶油及奶酪與UC風險(發(fā)病)顯著相關,并可使IBD的復發(fā)率增加[61]??赡苁侨斯つ逃秃湍汤液心承┪镔|(zhì)對IBD產(chǎn)生害處。Lerner等[62]認為奶酪和奶油中可能含有的鋁會潛在加重IBD炎癥,這在少數(shù)IBD動物模型中得到證實。此外奶酪中可能含有的微量抗菌藥和殺菌藥會改變腸道的結構和功能,攻擊人腸道本身的微生物,尤其是基因易感性人群,從而導致IBD,但是這個說法只是邏輯假設,還沒得到研究驗證[63]。
4.2.2黃油與IBD黃油與IBD發(fā)病及復發(fā)也可能存在關系。日本IBD流行病研究組織表明,黃油會增加患UC的風險[59],因此Brown[64]等通過總結目前具有權威性的飲食建議后,提出IBD病人應避免食用黃油。
做好IBD病人的乳制品管理,不僅對維持IBD病人的營養(yǎng)均衡、改善骨質(zhì)疏松等營養(yǎng)不良狀態(tài)具有重要意義[65],而且可在控制疾病癥狀及復發(fā)方面發(fā)揮作用。首先,需要明確的是無論是IBD病人還是健康人群,乳糖不耐受普遍存在,而累及回腸的IBD使回腸的乳糖酶更少,乳糖不耐受發(fā)生率更高。IBD疾病癥狀與乳糖不耐受癥狀有相似之處,但總是將腹部不適癥狀歸結于乳糖不耐受的做法是錯誤的[66]。臨床上診斷乳糖不耐受簡便而有效的方法是氫呼氣試驗[67]。但是即使經(jīng)氫呼氣試驗診斷為乳糖不耐受,這些病人還是可以耐受一定量的牛奶,而不必完全限制牛奶攝入[68]。取而代之,可選擇無乳糖牛奶[69]或者補充外源性乳糖酶[70]緩解不耐受癥狀。不耐受癥狀的出現(xiàn)除了與本身乳糖酶缺乏有關之外,還可能與疾病活動度有關。牛奶不耐受可能只是IBD活動期的暫時性問題,在緩解期應再次嘗試攝入牛奶[71]。此外牛奶攝入量也是原因之一,大多數(shù)IBD病人在疾病緩解期可以很好地耐受每日一杯牛奶(200 mL)的攝入[67]。因此根據(jù)IBD膳食指南的意見,可以對那些認為牛奶或乳糖不耐受的IBD病人進行逐一評估,找出他們所能耐受的牛奶量[64]。
酸奶除了含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)、鈣等營養(yǎng)素外,最特殊的作用在于其所含益生菌對IBD存在一定的積極作用。國內(nèi)外多項系統(tǒng)評價和薈萃分析結果表明益生菌對UC的誘導及維持緩解有效[72-73],但對CD不具備相應功效[74-75]。此外,如果IBD病人無法耐受牛奶,可以選擇酸奶[76],因為酸奶在發(fā)酵過程中其益生菌所含有的乳糖酶數(shù)量會增加,可以幫助乳糖分解,充當著乳糖酶補充劑的作用,因此與牛奶相比IBD病人更容易耐受酸奶[77-78]。
總之,乳制品含有豐富的鈣和蛋白質(zhì),攝入乳制品因人而異,IBD病人可以根據(jù)自身對乳制品的耐受情況進行調(diào)整,必要時可進行氫呼氣試驗等檢查或補充乳糖酶等措施,保證營養(yǎng)攝入均衡。
乳制品與IBD有著密切的關系。探索不同種類的乳制品與IBD發(fā)病、相關癥狀及復發(fā)的關系,并在此基礎上給予合理的乳制品攝入指導,對預防和控制IBD、保證營養(yǎng)供應具有重要意義。
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(本文編輯孫玉梅)
Research progress on relationship between dairy products and inflammatory bowel disease
Chen Tingting,Zhou Yunxian
(Nursing College of Zhejiang University Chinese Medicine,Zhejiang 310053 China )
It introduced the general situation of dairy products intake in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) patients,and it reviewed the relationship of milk,yogurt and other dairy products with IBD related symptoms and recurrence and management of IBD patients’ dairy products.
inflammatory bowel disease;ulcerative colitis;Crohn’s disease;dairy products;milk;yogurt
浙江中醫(yī)藥大學2016學生科研基金資助項目編號:浙中大團〔2016〕2號。
陳婷婷,碩士研究生在讀,單位:310053,浙江中醫(yī)藥大學護理學院;周云仙(通訊作者)單位:310053,浙江中醫(yī)藥大學護理學院。
R473.57
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2016.22.003
1009-6493(2016)08A-2696-05
2015-08-25;
2016-07-11)