陳建海 季祥武 張志會(huì) 周鵬
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成人冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張的臨床特點(diǎn)及相關(guān)因素分析
陳建海季祥武張志會(huì)周鵬
冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張(CAE)是指冠狀動(dòng)脈局部擴(kuò)張超過正常鄰近冠狀動(dòng)脈直徑或者冠狀動(dòng)脈最大直徑1.5倍[1]。在美國及歐洲一些國家的相關(guān)研究中,CAE的發(fā)病率在1%~5%之間,并可導(dǎo)致心肌梗死、心絞痛等疾病的發(fā)生[2-3]。Markis等[4]將CAE分為:Ⅰ型,兩支或者三支冠狀動(dòng)脈彌漫性擴(kuò)張;Ⅱ型,一支冠狀動(dòng)脈彌漫性擴(kuò)張,另一支冠狀動(dòng)脈局限性擴(kuò)張;Ⅲ型,單支冠狀動(dòng)脈彌漫性擴(kuò)張;Ⅳ型,單支冠狀動(dòng)脈局限性擴(kuò)張。隨著冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)在我國廣泛開展,越來越多的CAE患者被檢測出來,其發(fā)病與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、炎癥性疾病、結(jié)締組織疾病或先天性因素有關(guān)[5]。Antoniadis等[6]認(rèn)為CAE主要與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān),但目前CAE的確切病因還不甚清楚。本文回顧性分析冠狀動(dòng)脈造影患者中CAE的檢出率、臨床特點(diǎn)及相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,旨在為心血管醫(yī)師了解成人CAE提供準(zhǔn)確的臨床依據(jù)。
對(duì)象與方法
2011年1月至2014年3月期間以胸悶、胸痛等癥狀收住濰坊市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)一科3 443例,根據(jù)2007年ACC/AHA不穩(wěn)定心絞痛/非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者管理指南診斷為不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛并行CAG的患者[7]。篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有入選患者均在我院心內(nèi)科導(dǎo)管室行CAG術(shù),采用Seldinger法穿刺右側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈或者右股動(dòng)脈,將6F Judkins導(dǎo)管送達(dá)左、右冠狀動(dòng)脈開口處,左冠狀動(dòng)脈采用頭位、右肩位、右前斜、肝位及蜘蛛位投影,右冠狀動(dòng)脈采用左前斜位及頭位等方位進(jìn)行投影,并由兩名以上有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的臨床心臟介入醫(yī)師目測閱片,并詳細(xì)記錄患者CAG的結(jié)果。冠狀動(dòng)脈管徑擴(kuò)大超過正常鄰近冠狀動(dòng)脈直徑或者冠狀動(dòng)脈最大直徑1.5倍即確定為CAE[1]。查閱其冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果及住院病歷,收集患者相關(guān)臨床資料。從3 443例行CAG患者中篩選出存在CAE患者68例,作為觀察組,其中男51例,女17例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):AMI,肺栓塞,主動(dòng)脈夾層,心肌病,心臟瓣膜病,心功能不全,冠狀動(dòng)脈支架植入手術(shù)史,嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全,外周血管病,血液病,惡性腫瘤病史,急性及慢性感染,自身免疫性疾病,以及腦卒中;所有研究對(duì)象收縮壓均大于90 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),舒張壓均大于60 mm Hg。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法選出72例阻塞性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病(OCAD)患者及70例冠狀動(dòng)脈正常(NCA)患者作為對(duì)照組,其中男34例,女36例。本研究為觀察性研究,不涉及倫理問題。
入選患者均詳細(xì)記錄性其別、年齡、吸煙史、糖尿病史、既往最高血壓值,計(jì)算出脈壓差,并于入院后次日清晨空腹 (采血時(shí)間于CAG前8 h以上)采集肘前空腹靜脈血2 ml,置入有分離膠的試劑管中靜置2 h,送檢驗(yàn)科檢測患者的尿酸、血尿素氮、血清肌酐、空腹血糖、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C及脂蛋白a水平,詳細(xì)記錄以上檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
結(jié)果
CAE患者中,右冠狀動(dòng)脈(RCA)擴(kuò)張病例37例,占CAE患者總數(shù)的54.41%;前降支(LAD)擴(kuò)張病例14例,占CAE患者總數(shù)的20.59%;回旋支(LCX)擴(kuò)張病例5例,占CAE患者總數(shù)的7.35%;LAD合并LCX擴(kuò)張及LAD合并RCA擴(kuò)張均為2例,均占CAE患者總數(shù)的2.94%,LCX合并RCA擴(kuò)張1例,占CAE患者總數(shù)的1.47%;LAD、LCX及RCA均擴(kuò)張的患者為7例,占CAE患者總數(shù)的10.29%。
CAE組與OCAD組比較中,年齡、性別、高血壓病史、既往最高血壓值、脈壓差、吸煙史、糖尿病史差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);CAE組與NCA組在年齡及男性患者例數(shù)比較中,前者均大于后者,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P分別為0.040、0.001),2組其他一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1CAE組、OCAD組、NCA組一般資料的比較
注:CAE組與NCA組比較,aP<0.05
CAE患者空腹血糖水平明顯低于OCAD患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.006),而2組尿酸、血尿素氮、血清肌酐、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C及脂蛋白a比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);CAE組與NCA組在脂蛋白a水平比較中,前者高于后者,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.039),2組間其他各項(xiàng)生化指標(biāo)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05),見表2。
表2
注:與CAE組比較,aP<0.05,bP<0.01;與OCAD組比較,cP<0.05
進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),男性、高年齡及高脂蛋白a水平為冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張的危險(xiǎn)因素(性別:OR=3.299,95%CI1.529~7.119,P=0.002;年齡:OR=1.041,95%CI1.001~1.082,P=0.045;脂蛋白a:OR=1.020,95%CI1.003~1.037,P=0.023),見表3。
表3冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的Logistic回歸分析
討論
CAE約50%是由動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化所致,20%~30%為先天性異常,而10%~20%與炎癥性疾病或者結(jié)締組織疾病相關(guān),如硬皮病、Ehlers-Danlos綜合征、ANCA相關(guān)性血管炎、梅毒性主動(dòng)脈炎或者川崎病[5]。在歐美一些國家中,其發(fā)病率在1%~5%,CAE最常見于右冠狀動(dòng)脈,次之見于前降支,回旋支最不易受侵犯,與本研究中CAE發(fā)病情況一致[1-2,8]。但也有研究表明CAE最常見于前降支[9]。
在本研究中,CAE患者空腹血糖水平明顯低于OCAD患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而2組患者年齡、性別、高血壓病史、既往最高血壓值、脈壓差、血壓分級(jí)、吸煙史、糖尿病史、尿酸、血尿素氮、血清肌酐、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C及脂蛋白a比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;CAE組與NCA組在年齡、男性患者數(shù)及脂蛋白a水平比較中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,以上研究結(jié)果支持CAE與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有關(guān)的觀點(diǎn),且本研究結(jié)果與國際相關(guān)研究相符[5-6]。Logistic回歸分析表明,男性、高齡及高脂蛋白a水平為CAE的危險(xiǎn)因素,這與Giannoglou等[10]研究結(jié)果相一致,而且Giannoglou等還報(bào)道CAE患者與冠心病患者相比,糖尿病及AMI患病率低,在性別比例上,男女患病比例為2∶1;新加坡地區(qū)的相關(guān)研究顯示其CAE男女患病比率為3∶1[11]。
Antoniadis等[6]認(rèn)為CAE與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化在組織病理學(xué)方面有許多相似之處,主要表現(xiàn)為冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張節(jié)段內(nèi)可見中層膠原和彈性纖維明顯分解,以及內(nèi)、外彈力層的破壞,但Boles等[1]認(rèn)為粥樣硬化難以解釋以下問題:①糖尿病患者中CAE低發(fā)病率;②右冠狀動(dòng)脈易受侵犯;③冠狀動(dòng)脈中層彈性成分缺失;④在基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、MMP-3、MMP-9及MMP-12啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的基因多態(tài)性。Dogan及Dahi等[12-13]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)MMP-2、MMP-3及MMP-9水平增高與CAE有關(guān)。Pinar Bermúdez等[14]認(rèn)為糖尿病主要影響血管內(nèi)膜層,而非血管中層膜,因此糖尿病對(duì)血管重構(gòu)起抑制作用。該觀點(diǎn)可解釋CAE患者較OCAD患者糖尿病發(fā)病率低的現(xiàn)象,但仍缺乏相關(guān)臨床證據(jù)。
臨床上CAE主要引起心絞痛及AMI,有研究表明CAE合并OCAD患者較單純冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張患者病死率高,但在遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后方面無明顯差異[15]。該病目前仍無統(tǒng)一有效的管理方案,若一旦確診應(yīng)積極抗凝、抗血小板,預(yù)防因擴(kuò)張所致血栓形成,并且應(yīng)用β受體阻斷藥降低心肌氧耗量,鈣離子拮抗劑抑制冠狀動(dòng)脈痙攣,ACEI及他汀類藥物抑制冠狀動(dòng)脈重構(gòu)、抑制炎癥反應(yīng)等;此外外科手術(shù)治療及經(jīng)皮介入方法在小兒川崎病治療方面療效確切,但對(duì)于成人CAE療效尚不明確。根據(jù)不同的擴(kuò)張類型(如擴(kuò)張大小、擴(kuò)張部位、冠狀動(dòng)脈阻塞程度及分支型擴(kuò)張的起始部位),成人CAE在切除術(shù)、結(jié)扎術(shù)及冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)上曾取得顯著療效,但仍無最佳手術(shù)方法[16]。
由于本研究樣本量相對(duì)較少,因此樣本代表性不強(qiáng)。冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張的確切機(jī)制目前在國際上還無統(tǒng)一觀點(diǎn),也無統(tǒng)一行之有效的管理方案,與該疾病相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素及治療方法還需大樣本的進(jìn)一步研究。
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(本文編輯:楊江瑜)
·臨床研究論著·
261000 濰坊,濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院(陳建海,張志會(huì),周鵬);261000 濰坊,濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬濰坊市人民醫(yī)院(季祥武)
【摘要】目的研究冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張發(fā)病的臨床特點(diǎn)、發(fā)生率及相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素。方法從3 443例住院并行選擇性冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)的患者中篩選出68例冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張患者作為CAE組,并采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)選出72例阻塞性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病患者(OCAD組)及70例冠狀動(dòng)脈正?;颊?NCA組)作為對(duì)照,對(duì)比分析3組的臨床特點(diǎn)及生化指標(biāo)。結(jié)果冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張的發(fā)生率為1.98%,其中右冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)生率最高,占所有冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張患者總數(shù)的54.41%;其次為前降支,為20.59%;冠狀動(dòng)脈兩支擴(kuò)張的發(fā)生率為7.35%,冠狀動(dòng)脈三支同時(shí)發(fā)生擴(kuò)張的概率為10.29%。通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn),CAE患者空腹血糖水平明顯低于OCAD患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。CAE組與NCA組比較冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張男性比例高,CAE組患者在年齡及脂蛋白a水平明顯高于NCA組患者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Logistic回歸分析表明,男性、高齡及高脂蛋白a水平為冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張的危險(xiǎn)因素(性別:OR=3.299,95%CI 1.529~7.119,P=0.002;年齡:OR=1.041,95%CI 1.001~1.082,P=0.045;脂蛋白a:OR=1.020,95%CI 1.003~1.037,P=0.023)。結(jié)論成人冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張?jiān)谟夜跔顒?dòng)脈發(fā)生率最高,男性、高齡及高脂蛋白a水平是成人冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張;成人;危險(xiǎn)因素;粥樣硬化
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of coronary artery ectasia in adultsChenJianhai,JiXiangwu,ZhangZhihui,ZhouPeng.DepartmentofGraduateFaculty,WeifangMedicalCollege,Weifang261000,China
Correspondingauthor,JiXiangwu,E-mail:jxwwf@126.com
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics, incidence and risk factors of coronary artery ectasia (CAE). MethodsIn total, 3 443 hospitalized patients undergoing elective coronary angiography were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 68 patients diagnosed with CAE were selected and assigned into the observation group. Seventy two patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD) and 70 with normal coronary artery (NCA) were allocated into the control group by random number table method. Clinical characteristics and biochemical indexes were statistically compared between three groups. ResultsThe incidence of CAE was 1.98%, mainly in the right coronary artery with an incidence rate 54.41% among all patients, followed by anterior descending branch (20.59%). The incidence of CAE in two branches of the coronary artery was 7.35%, and 10.29% for three branches of the coronary artery. The level of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in patients with CAE was significantly lower than that in OCAD counterparts (P< 0.05). In CAE group, we found that the incidence of male of coronary artery ectasia was significantly higher than NCA group. The age of CAE patients was significantly older and the lipoprotein a level was considerably higher compared with those of NCA counterparts (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of CAE were male(OR=3.299, 95%CI 1.529-7.119, P=0.002), old age (OR=1.041, 95%CI 1.001-1.082, P=0.045) and high level of LP(a) (OR=1.020, 95%CI 1.003-1.037, P=0.023). Conclusions The incidence of CAE is the highest in the right coronary artery. Male gender, old age and high level of lipoprotein a are risk factors of the incidence of CAE in adults.
【Key words】Coronary artery ectasia; Adult; Risk factors;Atherosclerosis
收稿日期:(2015-08-06)
通訊作者,季祥武,E-mail: jxwwf@126.com
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.01.012