楊柳青 徐 芬
·臨床護(hù)理· 兒科護(hù)理
術(shù)前氧吸入療法對(duì)法洛四聯(lián)癥患兒術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間的影響
楊柳青 徐 芬
目的 探討術(shù)前氧吸入療法對(duì)法洛四聯(lián)癥患兒術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間的影響。方法 選取2013年6月-2014年1月收住的78例法洛四聯(lián)癥(tetralogy of follot,TOF)患兒,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組各39例。對(duì)照組術(shù)前未進(jìn)行鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧,實(shí)驗(yàn)組術(shù)前行鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧支持治療。比較2組動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度(SaO2)、動(dòng)脈氧分壓(PaO2)和術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣撤離時(shí)間。結(jié)果 術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒鼻導(dǎo)管氧療后PaO2、SaO2明顯高于對(duì)照組(t=4.44,P=0.00;t=10.27,P=0.00),術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組(t=2.21,P=0.04)。結(jié)論 術(shù)前氧吸入療法可提高TOF患兒SaO2、PaO2,縮短術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間,進(jìn)而減少TOF患兒術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,提高手術(shù)成功率。
氧吸入療法;法洛四聯(lián)癥;通氣機(jī),機(jī)械
法洛四聯(lián)癥(tetralogy of Fallot,TOF),主要包括室間隔缺損、肺動(dòng)脈狹窄、主動(dòng)脈騎跨和右心室肥厚,是一種最常見的紫紺型先天性心臟病,約占先天性心臟病的10%[1]。TOF患兒由于肺動(dòng)脈發(fā)育差、右室流出道狹窄、側(cè)枝循環(huán)豐富、體外循環(huán)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)等因素均可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)[2]。上述原因也可直接或間接地導(dǎo)致患兒術(shù)后肺損傷,易并發(fā)灌注肺和左、右心力衰竭[4]。機(jī)械輔助通氣是一種有創(chuàng)的侵入性治療,術(shù)后輔助通氣時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)易引起呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)、再插管損傷等并發(fā)癥,影響手術(shù)效果,降低生存率。而有關(guān)研究[4]顯示,氧吸入療法能改善肺功能,降低手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。我科2013年6月-2014年1月對(duì)78例收治入院行TOF根治術(shù)的患兒術(shù)前給予氧氣吸入,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1.1 對(duì)象
選取2013年6月-2014年1月入住我科的行TOF根治術(shù)患兒78例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患兒神志清楚,無(wú)精神疾患,可配合護(hù)理工作;②超聲心動(dòng)圖確診為TOF的患兒,年齡<14歲,且為非重癥型[4]; ③未合并其他先天性心臟病及并發(fā)癥; ④術(shù)前告知患兒家屬氧吸入療法的相關(guān)信息及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與并發(fā)癥,均簽署知情同意書。78例患兒中男性47例,女性31例;平均年齡30.29月(3~144月);平均體質(zhì)量12.6 kg(6.0~28.3 kg)。術(shù)前所有患兒均有不同程度的口唇及四肢末梢紫紺、杵狀指(趾)、活動(dòng)后心悸氣促及蹲踞現(xiàn)象;心功能II、III級(jí);心臟聽診可于胸骨左緣第2~4肋間聞及收縮期雜音,肺動(dòng)脈瓣區(qū)第二音減弱或消失。術(shù)前血紅蛋白(Hb)144~270 g/L,胸部照片提示肺血流量減少,右室肥大。將上述對(duì)象隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組與實(shí)驗(yàn)組各39例。2組患兒性別、年齡、入院時(shí)血氧飽和度、氧分壓、肺動(dòng)脈發(fā)育情況(McGoon比值)、體外循環(huán)時(shí)間比較,均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1.2 方法
2組患兒均進(jìn)行TOF常規(guī)術(shù)前、術(shù)后護(hù)理。對(duì)照組術(shù)前按需給氧,完善準(zhǔn)備后直接行手術(shù)治療。實(shí)驗(yàn)組從患兒入院至手術(shù)前,予持續(xù)鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧:患兒取仰臥位或側(cè)臥位,搖高床頭10 cm成頭高足低位,將鼻導(dǎo)管置入患兒?jiǎn)蝹?cè)鼻腔1 cm,以膠布粘貼固定,雙側(cè)鼻腔輪流置管,每12 h更換1次,氧流量設(shè)置為1 L/min[5];每天吸氧2次,30 min/次。保持室內(nèi)空氣流通、室溫26℃、地面整潔干凈;保證吸氧區(qū)域安全,患兒吸氧時(shí)密切觀察,及時(shí)清除鼻腔分泌物,確保患兒呼吸道通暢、鼻導(dǎo)管無(wú)脫落,避免患兒頸部過(guò)屈過(guò)伸,鼻導(dǎo)管不能與皮膚黏膜接觸壓迫過(guò)緊,以免組織損傷或壞死;患兒氧氣吸入期間進(jìn)行護(hù)理操作時(shí)盡量縮短操作時(shí)間,以保證氧濃度恒定;操作者對(duì)待患兒親切、熱情,鼓勵(lì)患兒積極配合治療;根據(jù)患兒喜好,讓患兒邊收看電視節(jié)目或聽音樂邊吸氧。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
比較2組術(shù)前動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度(SaO2)和血氧分壓(PaO2)及術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)組的SaO2、PaO2高于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后實(shí)驗(yàn)組機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組。見表1。
組別例數(shù)SaO2(mmHg)PaO2(mmHg)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間(h)對(duì)照組3981.9±9.979.3±6.347.2±10.3實(shí)驗(yàn)組3993.5±11.697.4±8.242.3±8.7t值4.4410.272.21P值0.000.000.04
注:1 kPa=7.5 mmHg
3.1 術(shù)前氧吸入療法可改善TOF患兒肺部情況
TOF患兒因?yàn)榉蝿?dòng)脈發(fā)育不良、側(cè)枝循環(huán)開放、肺部長(zhǎng)期缺血、組織缺血嚴(yán)重,常表現(xiàn)為紫紺。而術(shù)后對(duì)狹窄肺動(dòng)脈的糾正使得肺部血流重新分布,改善血流情況,患兒術(shù)后往往出現(xiàn)肺水腫等癥狀[6-7]。又因TOF手術(shù)可直接或間接地?fù)p傷肺部,因此TOF患兒術(shù)后必須長(zhǎng)時(shí)間機(jī)械通氣輔助呼吸方可預(yù)防與緩解各種并發(fā)癥[8]。TOF患兒術(shù)前的吸氧支持治療可提高患兒動(dòng)脈氧分壓、血氧飽和度,很大程度上改善了肺功能,使肺部缺血情況好轉(zhuǎn),組織缺血、缺氧得到緩解,進(jìn)一步幫助患兒耐受手術(shù),預(yù)防并發(fā)癥[9]。
3.2 術(shù)前氧吸入療法可有效地縮短術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間
TOF根治術(shù)體外循環(huán)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,對(duì)心肺功能影響大。重癥TOF的手術(shù)死亡原因主要為肺部血管發(fā)育不良導(dǎo)致術(shù)后肺部的通氣/血流比例失調(diào)導(dǎo)致的呼吸衰竭[10]。因此,TOF患兒術(shù)后需要更長(zhǎng)的機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間以支持心肺功能。從本研究的結(jié)果可以看出,我們可以通過(guò)術(shù)前吸氧支持治療使患兒盡早脫離呼吸機(jī),縮短術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間,從而提高手術(shù)成功率,防止遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥,促進(jìn)患兒早日康復(fù)。
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The impact of preoperative oxygen inhalation therapy on the duration of postoperative ventilator support in tetralogy of Fallot infants
YANGLiuqing,XUFen*.CardiovascularSurgery,UnionHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430030,China.
Objective To explore the impact of preoperative oxygen inhalation therapy on the duration of postoperative ventilator support in tetralogy of fallot (TOF) infants.Methods Totally 78 TOF infants from our department were recruited and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group,each of 39.The experimental group received the oxygen inhalation therapy before the operation,while the control group received the operation directly with the same other preoperative preparation.The PaO2and SaO2before and after the oxygen therapy,and the postoperative duration of the ventilator support were recorded.Results Compared with the control group,the PaO2and SaO2were significantly higher after oxygen inhalation(t=4.44,P=0.00;t=10.27,P=0.00) and the duration for ventilator support was significantly reduced in experiment group(t=2.21,P=0.04).Conclusions The preoperative oxygen inhalation therapy can reduce the postoperative duration of the ventilator support in TOF infants,which can reduce postoperative complications and increase the success rate of the operation.
Oxygen inhalation therapy; Tetralogy of Fallot; Ventilation,mechanical
430030 武漢,華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院心血管外科
徐芬,E-mail:xufen1972@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-3768.2016.06.019
2016-03-28)
*Correspondingauthor