鄭毅敏,張 帥,王燕華,周 巍,俞 峰,孫俊波,馮金忠,吳 峰
·論 著·
針刺治療對(duì)原發(fā)性高血壓患者血壓變異性和心率變異性的影響
鄭毅敏,張 帥,王燕華,周 巍,俞 峰,孫俊波,馮金忠,吳 峰
目的 探討針刺治療對(duì)原發(fā)性高血壓患者血壓變異性和心率變異性的影響。方法 選擇符合條件的60例原發(fā)性高血壓患者進(jìn)行針刺治療,療程為30 d,采用自身前后對(duì)照,分別于治療前后完善24 h動(dòng)態(tài)血壓及24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查。結(jié)果 針刺治療后血壓變異性各指標(biāo)(24 h平均收縮壓、24 h平均舒張壓、24 h收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、24 h舒張壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、白晝收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、白晝舒張壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、夜間收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、夜間舒張壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)均較治療前降低,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);心率變異性各指標(biāo)(連續(xù)RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、平均5 min RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、平均5 min RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的平均值、連續(xù)RR間期差值的均方根值、相鄰RR間期大于50 ms的百分?jǐn)?shù))均較治療前有所改善,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 針刺治療能顯著降低原發(fā)性高血壓患者的血壓變異性,改善心率變異性,從而可能改善高血壓患者的靶器官損害。
針刺;原發(fā)性高血壓;血壓變異性;心率變異性
原發(fā)性高血壓患者的治療過(guò)程中不僅要降低血壓水平,更重要的是通過(guò)控制其血壓變異性(blood pressure variability, BPV)、改善心率變異性(heart rate variability, HRV)從而減輕或避免靶器官損害,提高生存質(zhì)量[1-2]。BPV是指一定時(shí)間內(nèi)血壓波動(dòng)的程度,是體內(nèi)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)綜合平衡的結(jié)果[2];HRV是逐次心搏期間的微小差異,可反映交感與迷走神經(jīng)對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡[3-4]。研究表明,交感神經(jīng)活性增強(qiáng)在原發(fā)性高血壓發(fā)病機(jī)制中占有重要地位,導(dǎo)致原發(fā)性高血壓患者血壓變異性增加,心率變異性減小[5-6];同時(shí),上述機(jī)制是引起高血壓患者靶器官損害的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[7]。傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)治療在高血壓領(lǐng)域具有悠久的歷史,針刺手法在降低高血壓患者血壓水平方面臨床療效顯著[8],本研究通過(guò)觀察針刺治療對(duì)原發(fā)性高血壓患者血壓變異性和心率變異性的影響,以期進(jìn)一步探究傳統(tǒng)針刺治療高血壓的機(jī)制。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 研究2014年9月-2015年8月期間在我院心內(nèi)科住院且首次診斷為原發(fā)性高血壓的患者,滿足條件入選共60例,其中男35例,女25例,年齡45~79歲,根據(jù)2010年高血壓指南按血壓水平進(jìn)行分級(jí):高血壓1級(jí)32例[收縮壓140~159 mmHg和(或)舒張壓90~99 mmHg],高血壓2級(jí)28例[收縮壓160~179 mmHg和(或)舒張壓100~109 mmHg]。
1.2 入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 參照2010年高血壓指南,高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在未使用降壓藥物的情況下,非同日3次測(cè)量血壓,收縮壓≥140 mmHg和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg。排除腎實(shí)質(zhì)病變、腎動(dòng)脈狹窄、內(nèi)分泌紊亂、主動(dòng)脈縮窄或藥物等引起的繼發(fā)性高血壓。另外,考慮到安全性問(wèn)題及醫(yī)學(xué)倫理因素,高血壓3級(jí)未入選本項(xiàng)研究。
1.3 方法 采用自身前后對(duì)照設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)60例原發(fā)性高血壓患者進(jìn)行維期30 d的針刺治療,治療前后均完善動(dòng)態(tài)血壓及動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查,采集BPV及HRV各指標(biāo)并進(jìn)行比較。針刺取穴:人迎、足三里、曲池、合谷、太沖。針刺刺法:人迎穴:患者平臥,避開頸動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)處,垂直進(jìn)針1~1.5寸,施以小幅度(<90°)、高頻率(>120 r/min ) 捻轉(zhuǎn)補(bǔ)法1 min;曲池、足三里穴:垂直進(jìn)針1寸,施以捻轉(zhuǎn)補(bǔ)法1 min;合谷、太沖穴:垂直進(jìn)針0.8~1寸,施以捻轉(zhuǎn)瀉法1 min(面向患者,以任脈為中心,拇指捻轉(zhuǎn)作用力為離心方向);上述穴位均留針20 min,2次/d[5]。
1.4 監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)
1.4.1 血壓變異性指標(biāo) 根據(jù)24 h動(dòng)態(tài)血壓結(jié)果所得,24 h平均收縮壓(24 hSBP)、24 h平均舒張壓(24 hDBP)、24 h收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(24 hSSD)、24 h舒張壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(24 hDSD)、白晝收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(dSSD)、白晝舒張壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(dDSD)、夜間收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(nSSD)、夜間舒張壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(nDSD)[6]。
1.4.2 心率變異性指標(biāo) 根據(jù)24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖結(jié)果所得,連續(xù)RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDNN)、平均5 min RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDANN)、平均5 min RR間期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的平均值(SDNNIndex)、連續(xù)RR間期差值的均方根值(RMSS)、相鄰RR間期大于50 ms的百分?jǐn)?shù)(PNN50)[6]。
2.1 治療前后血壓變異性各指標(biāo)比較 針刺治療1個(gè)月后24 hSBP、24 hDBP分別下降了13.2%和18.5%,治療前后比較具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),同時(shí)血壓變異性各指標(biāo)(24 hSSD、24 hDSD、dSSD、dDSD、nSSD、nDSD)均較治療前明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 60例原發(fā)性高血壓患者針刺治療前后血壓變異性各指標(biāo)比較±s)
2.2 治療前后心率變異性各指標(biāo)比較 通過(guò)針刺治療1個(gè)月后,心率變異性各指標(biāo)(SDNN、SDANN、SDNNIndex、RMSS、PNN50)均較治療前有明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 60例原發(fā)性高血壓患者針刺治療前后心率變異性各指標(biāo)比較±s)
高血壓是我國(guó)發(fā)病率最高的慢性疾病,往往伴隨自主神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌功能障礙,長(zhǎng)期控制不佳將引起全身多處靶器官損害[9-14]。
高血壓患者人群中,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能的障礙導(dǎo)致血壓波動(dòng)性增高,在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)上造成的異常引起血流的不穩(wěn)定,從而改變血流的切應(yīng)力[15]。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊在局部環(huán)境中主要受其自身張力、所處血管管壁的張力變化以及施加于斑塊上的切應(yīng)力等共同作用,血壓波動(dòng)性的增高改變了施加于斑塊上的切應(yīng)力,使得斑塊內(nèi)外受力不均,因而加劇了斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性,促進(jìn)了動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,最終引起靶器官的損害[16]。因此,目前高血壓指南中強(qiáng)調(diào)24 h血壓監(jiān)測(cè)和平穩(wěn)降壓的重要性。同時(shí),HRV作為一個(gè)無(wú)創(chuàng)定量反映自主神經(jīng)活性及其調(diào)節(jié)功能的檢測(cè)方法,對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)高血壓患者自主神經(jīng)的變化具有非常重要的臨床價(jià)值[13, 17-20]。研究表明,HRV對(duì)于高血壓患者心臟損傷具有判斷價(jià)值,高血壓引起心肌肥厚的患者HRV明顯降低[21]。目前已有高血壓藥物雖然能夠一定程度上將血壓控制在正常數(shù)值水平,但由于藥物代謝及機(jī)體自身的調(diào)節(jié)作用,往往很難控制好血壓變異性和心率變異性,從而難以最大程度地降低靶器官損害。
高血壓病在中醫(yī)屬“頭痛”、“眩暈”范疇,為氣血陰陽(yáng)失調(diào)、上實(shí)下虛、本虛標(biāo)實(shí)之證。針刺治療可通過(guò)調(diào)和氣血陰陽(yáng)來(lái)達(dá)到降壓的目的[22-23]。人迎、足三里、曲池均為陽(yáng)明經(jīng)穴,陽(yáng)明經(jīng)為多氣多血之經(jīng),具有調(diào)和氣血之功;合谷、太沖為經(jīng)典配穴,合谷位于手陽(yáng)明經(jīng),亦為多氣多血之經(jīng),太沖位于足厥陰經(jīng),瀉此二穴能達(dá)到瀉全身亢盛之氣而降壓,五穴合用陰平陽(yáng)秘,氣血調(diào)和,平穩(wěn)降壓[23]。從現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)來(lái)看,人迎穴毗鄰頸動(dòng)脈竇壓力感受器,針刺人迎穴,可以刺激感受器,使興奮傳導(dǎo)到延髓心血管中樞,此時(shí)興奮心迷走中樞、抑制心交感中樞來(lái)改善心率變異性。相關(guān)研究表明,針刺太沖、足三里能使高血壓患者血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶(ACE)表達(dá)升高,從而抑制腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng),降低血壓變異性[24-25]。在本研究中,我們選擇了較為公認(rèn)的高血壓針刺穴位,時(shí)間限制未在針刺穴位選擇上進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,同時(shí)出于安全性考慮,將高血壓3級(jí)排除在入組研究范疇,這也是本研究的局限性。但是,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)30 d的針刺治療,能夠較好地降低患者血壓水平,可以有效降低血壓變異性,心率變異性得到改善,這將最終可能有利于減輕高血壓引起的靶器官損傷。
總之,本研究證實(shí),對(duì)原發(fā)性高血壓患者實(shí)施針刺治療后,不僅能降低患者的血壓水平,進(jìn)一步減少血壓變異性,達(dá)到平穩(wěn)降壓,同時(shí)能改善心率變異性,調(diào)節(jié)自主神經(jīng)功能。但由于研究時(shí)間的限制,未具體觀察患者高血壓對(duì)各個(gè)靶器官的損害情況,以及針刺從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看對(duì)靶器官的確切保護(hù)作用。
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(本文編輯:葉華珍; 英文編輯:王建東)
Effect of acupuncture on blood pressure and heart rate variability in patients with essential hypertension
ZHENG Yi-min, ZHANG Shuai, WANG Yan-hua,
ZHOUWei,YUFeng,SUNJun-bo,FENGJin-zhong,WUFeng.DepartmentofCardiology, 98HospitalofPLA,Huzhou,Zhejiang313000,China
Objective To investigate the effects of acupuncture on blood pressure and heart rate variability in patients with essential hypertension. Methods 60 hypertensive patients were selected to be treated with acupuncture for 30 days. Before and after acupuncture treatment, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and 24 hours Holter were detected. Results After acupuncture treatment, blood pressure variability indexes (24 h average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, standard deviations of 24 h systolic and diastolic blood pressure, standard deviations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at daytime, standard deviations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at night) were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). Compared with original level, heart rate variability indexes (standard deviation of all RR intervals, standard deviation of the averages of RR intervals in all 5-minute segments of the entire recording, standard deviation of difference between adjacent RR intervals, square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of difference between adjacent RR interval, percent of difference between adjacent RR intervals that are greater than 50 ms) were improved after acupuncture treatment (P<0.05 ). Conclusion Acupuncture treatment can significantly reduce blood pressure variability in patients with essential hypertension, and improve heart rate variability, which may improve the target organ damage in patients with hypertension.
acupuncture; essential hypertension; blood pressure variability; heart rate variability
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81400207)
313000浙江湖州,解放軍98醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科
吳 峰,Email: sailing.wu@163.com
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