田洪榛,柏翠芳,陳光輝
· 綜述 ·
人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的研究進(jìn)展及在心臟疾病中的應(yīng)用
田洪榛1,2,柏翠芳3,陳光輝1
近年來人們飲食及生活方式發(fā)生了巨大變化,特別是人口老齡化的加速,我國面臨心臟疾病發(fā)病率和死亡率快速增長的嚴(yán)峻形勢。心肌細(xì)胞是不可再生細(xì)胞,常規(guī)藥物治療、血運(yùn)重建、冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植等均不能使心肌細(xì)胞再生,尋找能夠彌補(bǔ)心肌缺失的方法顯得極為迫切。間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSCs)具有自我更新、不斷增殖、多向分化和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等能力,已成為再生醫(yī)學(xué)的研究焦點(diǎn)。1970年,F(xiàn)riedenstein等首次在骨髓中發(fā)現(xiàn)并提取到骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMMSCs)[1]。但從骨髓中提取BMMSCs的過程復(fù)雜,并對捐獻(xiàn)者造成損傷。胚胎干細(xì)胞(ESCs)能分化成體內(nèi)所有的細(xì)胞,是多能性干細(xì)胞的典型代表。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(iPSCs)具有與ESCs相似的多能性[2]。多能性是指這些細(xì)胞移植到免疫缺陷小鼠時(shí)可分化成三胚層(外胚層、中胚層及內(nèi)胚層)的任意細(xì)胞的能力。但是胚胎干細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的倫理問題。而iPSCs可能存在如c-myc的融合致癌基因、插入突變、抑癌基因破壞等情況[3],其臨床應(yīng)用受到批評與限制。尋找新的干細(xì)胞來源成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
近期兩項(xiàng)“吸血鬼療法”的研究結(jié)果引人關(guān)注。研究者將幼鼠的血液移植注入年長小鼠體內(nèi),隨后觀察到年長小鼠的肌肉組織增加及神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù),提示該效應(yīng)與幼鼠血液中的干細(xì)胞密切相關(guān),發(fā)現(xiàn)血液中生長分化因子11(GDF11)和環(huán)磷酸腺苷應(yīng)答元件結(jié)合蛋白(CREB)與此效應(yīng)相關(guān)[4,5]。人類干細(xì)胞主要來自羊水、臍帶和胎盤,主要是間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。因人臍帶來源豐富,不對捐獻(xiàn)者造成損傷,不產(chǎn)生倫理問題,成本較低,目前人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(HUCMSCs)正被廣泛研究。
人臍帶在懷孕的第5周開始發(fā)育,并繼續(xù)生長至50 cm左右。臍帶由三部分構(gòu)成:羊膜被覆上皮、臍血管和位于兩者之間的黏液結(jié)締組織—沃頓膠質(zhì)。沃頓膠質(zhì)對臍血管臍帶有保護(hù)和支持作用。臍帶的粗細(xì)和重量主要取決于沃頓膠質(zhì)的數(shù)量。2003年,Mitchell等[6]首先在沃頓膠質(zhì)提取分離出具有多項(xiàng)分化潛能的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,此后很多研究應(yīng)用這種干細(xì)胞,并被稱作臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。
2.1HUCMSCs的細(xì)胞形態(tài)和表面標(biāo)志 組織塊貼壁7 d后可見單個(gè)的梭形或多角形成纖維樣細(xì)胞;傳代后的細(xì)胞形態(tài)為相對均一的梭形,呈平行排列或旋渦狀、魚群狀排列生長。透射電鏡下觀察多次傳代后的細(xì)胞形態(tài)無明顯改變,活性穩(wěn)定。HUCMSCs體外培養(yǎng)傳代超過80代而沒有細(xì)胞形態(tài)的改變和細(xì)胞衰老跡象[6]。目前還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)HUCMSCs的特異分子標(biāo)記,只能通過檢測其免疫表型來間接鑒定。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HUCMSCs高表達(dá)MSCs標(biāo)記(CD73、CD90、CD105)和黏附分子標(biāo)記(CD54、CD13、CD29、CD44),低表達(dá)MHC-Ⅰ分子標(biāo)記(HLA-ABC)等,不表達(dá)造血干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記(CD31、CD34、CD45、CD117、CD14)、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)記(CD33、CD133)及MHC-Ⅱ分子標(biāo)記(HLA-DR、-DA、-DP、-DQ)等[7]。據(jù)報(bào)道HUCMSCs與ESCs的基因信息近似,HUCMSCs低表達(dá)一些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如Oct-4、Sox-2、Nanog、KLF-4等,這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也多在ESCs表達(dá)[8]。
2.2HUCMSCs的免疫原性和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用
2.2.1HUCMSCs具有極低的免疫原性 大量研究證實(shí),HUCMSCs表達(dá)的 CD106、HLA-ABC 明顯低于 BMMSCs,因此HUCMSCs較BMMSCs具有更低的免疫原性[9]。在腦損傷和退行性變的動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)中進(jìn)行細(xì)胞移植,發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)體并未針對移植細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生排斥反應(yīng)[10]。近年來關(guān)于HUCMSCs的免疫特性進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的研究,Troyer和Weiss得出的結(jié)論是在體內(nèi)開放免疫環(huán)境中未見機(jī)體對HUCMSCs的免疫排斥,HUCMSCs在同種異基因移植的耐受性良好[11]。
2.2.2HUCMSCs的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用 HUCMSCs可通過高表達(dá)白介素6(IL-6)和血管生長因子來抑制T細(xì)胞增殖[12],高表達(dá)具有抑制孕體胎兒排斥、介導(dǎo)異體皮和心臟移植免疫耐受效應(yīng)的CD200[13]。還有研究表明HUCMSCs高表達(dá)人類白細(xì)胞抗原G(HLA-G)[14]或通過前列腺E2機(jī)制[15]抑制T細(xì)胞增殖,介導(dǎo)免疫耐受。HUCMSCs低水平表達(dá)ESCs的分子標(biāo)記—OCT4,Nanog,Sox2和LIN28,從而能解釋將其移植到免疫缺陷大鼠體內(nèi)不產(chǎn)生畸胎瘤[16]。已證實(shí)在體外及小鼠體內(nèi)HUCMSCs能抑制人乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長,其抗癌作用可能通過細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞接觸或分泌相關(guān)因子,使細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)基因及腫瘤抑制基因表達(dá)上調(diào)[17]。將HUCMSCs與樹突狀細(xì)胞共同培養(yǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn),成熟樹突狀細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志CD80、CD83、CD86水平下降,HUCMSCs直接降低了樹突狀細(xì)胞的共刺激分子和抗原呈遞能力,避免T細(xì)胞啟動(dòng)[18]。HUCMSCs能表達(dá)具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的因子,如IDO-1、IL-10、LIF、PD-L1、COX-2、TGF-β1、TSG-6、CD200、HGF、HLA-E、HLA-G和HO-1,將HUCMSCs與T細(xì)胞共同培養(yǎng),其通過接觸依賴機(jī)制和IDO-1等可溶性分子抑制T細(xì)胞增殖,并可激活T細(xì)胞抑制TGF-γ的水平,誘導(dǎo)IL-10分泌[19]。這些研究表明HUCMSCs在體外對T淋巴細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞具有負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用。
既往研究證實(shí)HUCMSCs在體外、體內(nèi)均可分化為心肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、肝樣細(xì)胞、胰島細(xì)胞等[20,21]。
3.1HUCMSCs向心肌細(xì)胞分化的方法 已經(jīng)證實(shí)向培養(yǎng)基中加入5氮胞苷(5-Aza)、二甲基亞砜(DMSO)、1-磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)等誘導(dǎo)劑,能在體外誘導(dǎo)HUCMSCs定向分化為心肌樣細(xì)胞。國外發(fā)現(xiàn)血管緊張素受體阻滯劑和匹格列酮等可促進(jìn)HUCMSCs分化為心肌樣細(xì)胞[22,23]。
3.2HUCMSCs誘導(dǎo)心肌樣細(xì)胞機(jī)制 5-Aza處理HUCMSCs后,DLL4和Notch1基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄、表達(dá)水平升高(7 d時(shí)分別高達(dá)初始水平的7.8和11.4倍)[24],GATA4和Flk-1、Nkx2.5、Isl-1、Brachyury(T)等心臟發(fā)育過程中關(guān)鍵的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達(dá)增高,肌鈣蛋白I(cTnI)表達(dá)水平增高[25]。提示DLL4-Notch信號通路在HUCMSCs向心肌樣細(xì)胞的分化過程中有重要作用。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)5-Aza處理后,HUCMSCs的ERK磷酸化水平和MEF-2蛋白表達(dá)升高,進(jìn)而引發(fā)STAT3磷酸化以及MEF-2C和MyoD基因表達(dá)的上調(diào),進(jìn)一步激活心肌特異基因包括desmin、β-MHC、NKx2.5、cTnT、ANP 的轉(zhuǎn)錄,使HUCMSCs向心肌樣細(xì)胞分化[26]。
研究證實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Nkx2.5促進(jìn)HUCMSCs分化為心肌樣細(xì)胞,并使心肌樣細(xì)胞的cTnI、Desmin、Nkx2.5和GATA-4表達(dá)增加[27]。缺氧預(yù)處理能增強(qiáng)HUCMSC的增殖和向心肌樣細(xì)胞分化的能力,增加HUCMSCs和分化心肌樣細(xì)胞的抗缺氧能力,提高其在治療心肌梗死及心力衰竭的存活率[28]。急性心肌梗死大鼠模型的試驗(yàn)提示,在急性心肌梗死后梗死相關(guān)的生物和物理因子通過TGF-β/ BMP-2途徑誘導(dǎo)HUCMSCs向心肌樣細(xì)胞分化[29]。干細(xì)胞的分化涉及多個(gè)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá),多條信號通路及相互作用,最終才能分化為特定的終末分化細(xì)胞。目前仍需進(jìn)一步研究來了解干細(xì)胞的分化機(jī)制。
Sun L等[30]將HUCMSCs經(jīng)靜脈輸注到兔、豚鼠和大鼠后,未觀察到肝臟、腎臟功能損害,無溶血及全身過敏反應(yīng),熱原及血液學(xué)指標(biāo)未見異常,提示HUCMSCs的免疫耐性良好,經(jīng)靜脈途徑應(yīng)用安全。許多急性心肌梗死的動(dòng)物模型試驗(yàn)提示移植HUCMSCs后,能通過保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞免于凋亡、促進(jìn)血管生成、減少心肌纖維化等作用,提高左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、縮小心肌梗死面積、改善心臟收縮功能[31,32]。
Xia等[33]對15例高齡冠心病合并冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性閉塞的患者進(jìn)行了HUCMSCs經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈移植,隨訪2年期間未發(fā)生心血管不良事件、心律失常等,患者的左室收縮功能顯著改善,心肌缺血及梗死面積縮小,這些效應(yīng)與HUCMSCs對血管緊張素、醛固酮及炎癥因子的作用相關(guān)。Gao等[34]開展了關(guān)于HUCMSCs一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲對照研究,將116例急性ST段抬高的心肌梗死患者隨機(jī)分成治療組和安慰劑組,在成功血運(yùn)重建后,治療組經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈注入了干細(xì)胞混懸液,隨訪18個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn)治療組的心肌活力增加、梗死面積縮小,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)明顯升高,左室舒張末期容積和左室收縮末期容積明顯減小,提示經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈移植HUCMSCs治療急性心肌梗死是一種安全有效的方法。Samuel Golpanian等[35]對TESI和TAC-HFT兩項(xiàng)隨機(jī)研究進(jìn)行亞組分析顯示:心內(nèi)膜下注射間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療缺血性心肌病在年齡大于60歲或小于60歲的患者均安全有效,年齡不影響干細(xì)胞的治療效果。Mushtaq M等[36]正在進(jìn)行POSEIDON-DCM的隨機(jī)對照研究,這是一個(gè)關(guān)于自體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞和異體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對擴(kuò)張型心肌病的治療效果與安全性的研究,期待試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的公布。
綜上,HUCMSCs具有極低的免疫原性、良好的多分化潛能和免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗癌效應(yīng),其來源豐富,成本低,對供體無損傷,不涉及倫理問題,是再生醫(yī)學(xué)研究的重要成員。目前已嘗試在包括心肌梗死、心力衰竭、心肌病、白血病、糖尿病、多發(fā)性硬化等多系統(tǒng)多種疾病應(yīng)用,但治療機(jī)制還不十分清楚,其治療的安全性及長期療效更需大樣本、多中心的隨機(jī)前瞻性試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
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10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.09.42