蔣滿波,曾敏慧,章鈞,文艷飛,張濱,蔡柳洪△
(中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院1生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心,2不育與性醫(yī)學(xué)科,3產(chǎn)前診斷實驗室,廣東 廣州 510630)
地中海貧血“integration-free”誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞的建立及造血分化的研究*
蔣滿波1,2,曾敏慧1,章鈞3,文艷飛1,張濱2,蔡柳洪1△
(中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院1生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心,2不育與性醫(yī)學(xué)科,3產(chǎn)前診斷實驗室,廣東 廣州 510630)
目的:建立無外源基因整合(integration-free)的地中海貧血患者特異誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSC),并研究其向造血前體細(xì)胞分化的可能性。方法:用核轉(zhuǎn)染的方法將表達(dá)Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc和Lin28轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的質(zhì)粒pEB-C5以及表達(dá)SV40大T抗原的質(zhì)粒pEB-Tg導(dǎo)入引產(chǎn)巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中,將其重編程為iPSC后檢測其向3個胚層細(xì)胞分化的特性。將iPSC細(xì)胞與小鼠OP9細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)向造血前體細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化,檢測造血前體細(xì)胞特異性抗原。結(jié)果:成功建立了巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞來源的α地中海貧血患者特異iPSC系,其具有向3個胚層分化的能力,與OP9細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)9 d后可檢測到造血前體細(xì)胞標(biāo)記CD34的陽性率為18.7%,CD34和CD45雙陽性為12.2%。結(jié)論:巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞可成功誘導(dǎo)成“integration-free”iPSC,該細(xì)胞系具有向3個胚層分化的能力,與OP9共培養(yǎng)可向造血前體細(xì)胞分化。
地中海貧血;誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞;無外源基因整合;造血分化
α地中海貧血(α-thalassemia,簡稱α地貧)是最常見的血液系統(tǒng)遺傳病之一,是一種常染色體遺傳病,由于珠蛋白鏈合成不足或完全缺如,導(dǎo)致血紅蛋白的α鏈與非α鏈比例失衡,從而使患者產(chǎn)生溶血性貧血表現(xiàn)[1]。巴氏水腫胎是α地貧純合子,既往幾乎沒有希望活產(chǎn)或生后數(shù)天內(nèi)死亡。由于技術(shù)的發(fā)展,通過宮內(nèi)輸血和生后持續(xù)輸血治療,也有零星報道存活的α地貧純合子患者[2-3]。2007年人成體細(xì)胞來源的誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPSC)建系成功[4],使患者特異的iPSC建系成為可能,而iPSC具有無限增殖和多能分化的潛能,患者特異iPSC來源的細(xì)胞自體移植不會導(dǎo)致免疫排斥,也沒有倫理方面的問題[5],為α地貧這一類難治性遺傳性疾病提供了研究致病分子機制的重要細(xì)胞模型與可能的供體細(xì)胞來源。但經(jīng)典的重編程因子導(dǎo)入細(xì)胞基因組存在致瘤性和遺傳上的風(fēng)險,要應(yīng)用于臨床還需解決其安全性的問題。
2009 年第1例來自β地貧純合子患者皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞的iPSC建系成功,也證明了其向造血細(xì)胞分化和產(chǎn)生血紅蛋白的潛能[6]。此后,來自皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞、羊水細(xì)胞、絨毛膜細(xì)胞和骨髓干細(xì)胞的地中海貧血基因背景的iPSC細(xì)胞先后建系成功[7-10]。但α地貧的研究比較少。本文報道利用巴氏水腫胎引產(chǎn)胎兒的皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞用質(zhì)粒核轉(zhuǎn)染方法重編程為無外源基因整合的iPSC,并將其往造血干細(xì)胞分化,為研究α地貧提供細(xì)胞模型。
1 材料
DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(fetal calf serum,F(xiàn)BS)、KnockOutTMDMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基、DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基、N2B27培養(yǎng)基、Essential 8TM培養(yǎng)基、Knock-OutTM血清替代物(KnockOutTMSerum Replacement,KSR)、青/鏈霉素、L-谷氨酞胺(GlutaMAXTM-I)、非必需氨基酸(nonessential amino acids,NEAA)、β-巰基乙醇、明膠溶液、0.05%胰酶-EDTA、PBS、膠原酶IV (Invitrogen);硫代甘油(monothioglycerol,MTG)溶液和DMSO(Sigma);MEK inhibitor、GSK3β inhibitor、TGF-β inhibitor和human leukemia inhibitory factor (上海前塵生物公司);多聚甲醛和抗熒光衰減封片劑(廣州義邦生物有限公司);堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)染色試劑盒和免疫熒光試劑盒(上海斯丹賽有限公司);電轉(zhuǎn)試劑盒(Lonza);質(zhì)粒大量提取試劑盒(Qiangen)、缺失型α-地中海貧血基因診斷試劑盒(深圳益生堂生物企業(yè)有限公司)。質(zhì)粒pEB-C5和pEB-Tg由美國Johns Hopkins大學(xué)Linzhao Cheng Lab惠贈。α地貧皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞來自基因診斷為α地貧純合子的引產(chǎn)胎兒(即巴氏水腫胎),取得胎兒父母的知情同意,項目的實施獲得中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
2 方法
2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基配制按照文獻(xiàn)記載方法配制人胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基(human embryonic fibroblasts,HEF)培養(yǎng)基和擬胚體(embryoid body,EB)培養(yǎng)基[4]。配制100 mL Supplemented Fibroblast Medium(SFM):100 mL HEF培養(yǎng)基+100 μL HA-100 +40μL bFGF(10 mg/L),現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用;配制250 mL N2B27培養(yǎng)基:238.75 mL DMEM/F12+2.5 mL N-2 supplement+5.0 mL B-27 supplement+2.5 mL NEAA+1.25 mL GlutaMAXTM-I+454.5 μL β-巰基乙醇+MEK inhibitor(0.5 μmol/L)+GSK3β inhibitor(3 μmol/L)+TGF-β inhibitor(0.5 μmol/L)+human leukemia inhibitory factor(10 μg/L)+ROCK inhibitor(10 μmol/L)+bFGF(100 μg/L);配制100 mL OP9培養(yǎng)基:79 mL αMEM培養(yǎng)基+20 mL FBS+1 mL NEAA;配制100 mL OP9/iPSC共培養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)基:90 mL αMEM+10 mL FBS+1 mL NEAA+100 μL MTG。
2.2 核轉(zhuǎn)染成纖維細(xì)胞傳代后培養(yǎng)2~3 d,轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞數(shù)是2×106細(xì)胞。電轉(zhuǎn)緩沖液100 μL中加入4 μg pEB-C5和4 μg pEB-Tg,選擇NucleofectorⅡ核轉(zhuǎn)染儀的U-020程序。以試劑盒中所帶綠色熒光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)質(zhì)粒作為核轉(zhuǎn)染的陽性對照。核轉(zhuǎn)染后的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移到已經(jīng)鋪有matrigel膠并已經(jīng)加有SFM培養(yǎng)基的6孔板上培養(yǎng)過夜。核轉(zhuǎn)染后第1天開始使用N2B27培養(yǎng)基換液,隔天換液直到第14天。核轉(zhuǎn)染第15天開始使用Essential 8TM培養(yǎng)基換液,隔天換液,并每天觀察克隆形成的情況。核轉(zhuǎn)染后第21天用機械法挑取克隆轉(zhuǎn)移到包被Matrigel的6孔板上培養(yǎng)、傳代[11-12]。
2.3 細(xì)胞未分化特性檢測培養(yǎng)5代后檢測iPSC染色體,計數(shù)30個細(xì)胞,G顯帶。AKP染色、免疫熒光染色、畸胎瘤實驗和擬胚體形成實驗根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報道進(jìn)行[4]。
2.4 造血分化與鑒定共培養(yǎng)前2~4 d復(fù)蘇OP9細(xì)胞,接種密度為每孔1×105。共培養(yǎng)當(dāng)天將iPSC用EDTA消化成細(xì)胞團塊,用洗滌離心后接種到OP9細(xì)胞層上,每隔2 d換液1次[13-14]。在共培養(yǎng)第9天,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測CD34和CD45。
1 核轉(zhuǎn)染結(jié)果
核轉(zhuǎn)染質(zhì)粒后第1天細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生變化,細(xì)胞膨脹。在第7天出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞聚集類克隆樣,第12天更加明顯,第15天iPSC克隆呈鳥巢狀集落,與未誘導(dǎo)成多能干細(xì)胞的成纖維細(xì)胞界限清楚,第21天克隆長大,可以機械法挑取傳代,見圖1。
Figure 1.Reprogramming of α-thalassemic fibroblasts.The scale bar=100 μm.a:PCR results of thalassemia detection of fibroblast cells.M:PCR marker;1:-SEA/αα positive;2:-SEA/-SEApositive;3:fetal fibroblasts(-SEA/-SEA);4:blood cells of mother(-SEA/αα).b:day 1 after transfection;c:day 7 after transfection;d:day 12 after transfection;e:day 15 after transfection;f:day 21 after transfection.圖1 α地貧成纖維細(xì)胞的重編程
2 iPSC的未分化狀態(tài)以及多能分化狀態(tài)的鑒定
免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示,干細(xì)胞多能性標(biāo)志基因的蛋白Oct4、Sox2及干細(xì)胞特異表面抗原SSEA-4、TRA-1-60均陽性,見圖2。α地中海貧血特異性誘導(dǎo)多功能干細(xì)胞(α-thalassemia specific induced pluripotent stem cells,α-iPSC)畸胎瘤形成結(jié)果顯示腫瘤組織中包含有內(nèi)、外、中3個胚層來源的組織,即血管、神經(jīng)和軟骨。iPSC懸滴法培養(yǎng)后8 d形成擬胚體;培養(yǎng)到第5代核型分析結(jié)果顯示,iPSC仍然為正常的(46,XX)核型,見圖3。
Figure 2.Immunofluorescence staining of the iPSC.The scale bar=100 μm.圖2 iPSC的免疫熒光染色結(jié)果
Figure 3.Embryoid body and teratoma formation of the iPSC and karyotype determination.The scale bar=100 μm.a:AKP staining; b:embryoid body formation;c:endoderm of teratoma;d:mesoderm of teratoma;e:ectoderm of teratoma;f:the normal karyotype.圖3 iPSC擬胚體及畸胎瘤的形成和核型檢測
3 α-iPSC的造血分化
α-iPSC和OP9基質(zhì)細(xì)胞系共培養(yǎng)8~10 d后收集細(xì)胞,并進(jìn)行了造血標(biāo)志蛋白的流式分析,結(jié)果顯示CD34+造血干細(xì)胞比例為18.7%,CD34+和CD45+造血祖細(xì)胞比例為12.2%,見圖4。
Figure 4.Hematopoietic differentiation of the iPSC.The scale bar=100 μm.a:OP9 cells;b:day 3 after coculture;c:day 5 after coculture;d:day 9 after coculture;e:detection of CD34 by flow cytometry;f:detection of CD34 and CD45 by flow cytometry.圖4 iPSC的造血分化結(jié)果
目前將體細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)為iPSC時主要還是基于2007年Yamanaka報告的4因子為主,外源基因?qū)爰?xì)胞存在一定的致瘤性,無外源基因整合的iPSC誘導(dǎo)技術(shù)成為重要研究方向[15-17]。pEB-C5一個質(zhì)粒能同時表達(dá)Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc和Lin28轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,一次轉(zhuǎn)染即可成功誘導(dǎo)成體外周血單核細(xì)胞和臍帶血細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化為無外源基因整合的iPSC,pEB-Tg質(zhì)粒表達(dá)SV40大T抗原,與pEB-C5共轉(zhuǎn)染pEB-Tg主要用于提高誘導(dǎo)效率[18-19]。這是基于EBNA1/oriP體系的質(zhì)粒載體,當(dāng)質(zhì)粒導(dǎo)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)后能夠表達(dá)蛋白EBNA,EBNA隨后結(jié)合在復(fù)制子oriP上,使該質(zhì)粒在染色體外不經(jīng)過基因組整合就可進(jìn)行復(fù)制。這樣就保證了由該質(zhì)粒攜帶的誘導(dǎo)蛋白在整個iPSC誘導(dǎo)過程中得到表達(dá),但在獲得iPSC后,導(dǎo)入的質(zhì)粒由于不整合到基因組,經(jīng)過一定時間的體外培養(yǎng)(10~12代)之后便可逐漸失,從而得到無外源基因整合的iPSC。
人類iPSC的優(yōu)勢之一是細(xì)胞來源非常廣泛。雖然pEB-C5和pEB-Tg主要是用于外周血細(xì)胞或者臍帶血細(xì)胞的再程序化,但在這里我們同時利用pEB-C5和pEB-Tg共轉(zhuǎn)染將引產(chǎn)巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞成功地誘導(dǎo)為iPSC。免疫組化檢查、堿性磷酸酶檢查和畸胎瘤檢查結(jié)果證實了地貧iPSC細(xì)胞的多能分化能力。
早在1994年,Nakano等[20]首次將干細(xì)胞與OP9細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)獲得淋巴造血細(xì)胞。2011年,Morishima等[21]則利用iPSC與OP9共培養(yǎng),在細(xì)胞因子的輔助下延長培養(yǎng)時間至30 d,獲得了與外周血中成熟中性粒細(xì)胞相似的細(xì)胞。研究表明,利用與OP9細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)的方法誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞發(fā)育成為造血前體細(xì)胞,分化所需的時間短,僅需8~9 d,分化過程中無需添加細(xì)胞因子,是向造血細(xì)胞分化的簡單有效的第一步[13]。
我們的研究顯示,同時利用pEB-C5和pEB-Tg共轉(zhuǎn)染可以將引產(chǎn)巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞成功地誘導(dǎo)為無外源基因整合的iPSC,該細(xì)胞系為未分化狀態(tài),具有多能分化能力,與OP9共培養(yǎng)可以向造血細(xì)胞分化。我們的研究結(jié)果為研究α地貧提供了細(xì)胞模型。
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Generation of thalassemia-specific integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells and determination of their differentiation ability
JIANG Man-bo1,2,ZENG Min-h(huán)ui1,ZAHNG Jun3,WEN Yan-fei1,ZHANG bin2,CAI Liu-h(huán)ong1
(1Center for Reproductive Medicine,2Department of Infertility&Sexual Medicine,3Prenatal Diagnostic Laboratory,The Third Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510630,China.E-mail:cailh@mail.sysu.edu.cn)
AIM:To generate thalassemia-specific integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC)and to detect their ability of differentiation into hematopoietic precursors.METHODS:The plasmids pEB-C5 and pEB-Tg were transfected into the fibroblast cells from hemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis’s skin by the method of nuclear transfection to reprogramm the cells into iPSC.The ability of the iPSC to differentiate into 3-germ layer cells was determined.The iPSC were cocultured with mouse OP9 cells to differentiate into hematopoietic precursors and the hematopoietic precursor specific antigens were detected.RESULTS:The integration-free iPSC from hemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis’s skin fibroblasts were successfully derived,and had the ability to differentiate into 3 germ layers.When cocultured with OP9 cells for 9 d,the positive rate of hematopoietic progenitor cell marker CD34 was 18.7%,and the CD34 and CD45 double positive rate was 12.2%.CONCLUSION:Hemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis’s skin fibroblasts can be successfully induced into“integration-free”iPSC.This cell line has the ability to differentiate into 3 germ layers,and can be differentiated into hematopoietic precursors when cocultured with OP9 cells.
Thalassemia;Induced pluripotent stem cells;Integration-free;Hematopoietic differentiation
R363;Q813.5
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2015.02.010
1000-4718(2015)02-245-05
2014-12-30
2015-01-13
國家自然科學(xué)基金面上資助項目(No.81170533)
△通訊作者Tel:020-85256335;E-mail:cailh@mail.sysu.edu.cn