徐 立,王樂(lè)豐,楊新春,李奎寶,孫 昊,張大鵬,王紅石,劉 宇,李惟銘,倪祝華
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不同雙重抗血小板治療時(shí)間對(duì)藥物洗脫支架極晚期血栓患者預(yù)后的影響
徐 立,王樂(lè)豐*,楊新春,李奎寶,孫 昊,張大鵬,王紅石,劉 宇,李惟銘,倪祝華
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院心臟中心,北京 100020)
分析藥物洗脫支架(DES)術(shù)后發(fā)生極晚期支架內(nèi)血栓(VLST)的患者接受雙重抗血小板治療(DAPT)的情況,探討不同DAPT持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響。2006年1月至2013年2月,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院心臟中心共完成3 945例急診冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,入選經(jīng)急診造影證實(shí)為VLST的患者。根據(jù)隨訪期間是否仍持續(xù)使用DAPT,將患者分為持續(xù)DAPT組和對(duì)照組。比較兩組患者的臨床資料、造影及介入治療資料以及抗血小板藥物治療情況。臨床主要不良心血管事件(MACE)包括隨訪期間的非致死性心肌梗死(MI),再發(fā)支架內(nèi)血栓(ST),靶血管重建率(TVR)以及死亡。探討不同DAPT持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響,并分析隨訪期間發(fā)生MACE的預(yù)測(cè)因素。共計(jì)有62例VLST患者納入研究,其中男性55例,女性7例,年齡41~82(58.6±10.2)歲。VLST距第1次DES置入時(shí)間為12.5~84(38.7±18.1)個(gè)月。住院期間腦出血死亡1例,存活的61例患者隨訪5~88(32.1±19.1)個(gè)月。隨訪期間,又有17例患者出現(xiàn)MACE,Kaplan-Meier生存率分析提示無(wú)事件生存率為45.1%。末次隨訪時(shí),堅(jiān)持持續(xù)DAPT的患者38例,其中5例(13.2%)發(fā)生MACE,事件發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組(54.2%,=0.001)。根據(jù)是否發(fā)生MACE事件將所有患者分為兩組,Cox單因素分析提示再次置入第一代DES[危害率(hazard ratio,HR):2.69,=0.04]和持續(xù)DAPT(HR:0.25,=0.01)為遠(yuǎn)期隨訪中MACE相關(guān)的預(yù)測(cè)因素。而多因素Cox分析則提示僅有持續(xù)DAPT是隨訪期間不發(fā)生MACE的唯一預(yù)測(cè)因素(HR:0.30,95% CI:0.09~0.97,=0.04)。DES術(shù)后VLST患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后情況欠佳,事件發(fā)生率較高。堅(jiān)持DAPT可能有助于減少遠(yuǎn)期不良事件的發(fā)生。
藥物洗脫支架;支架內(nèi)血栓;抗血小板治療;隨訪
與金屬裸支架(bare mental stent,BMS)比較,藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)可以明顯降低支架內(nèi)再狹窄率和血管重建率[1,2],因此,目前DES在臨床實(shí)踐中已經(jīng)得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,而且適應(yīng)證不斷拓寬[3]。但是,在臨床實(shí)踐中,DES置入以后的極晚期支架內(nèi)血栓(very late stent thrombosis,VLST)病例亦日益增多[4?6]。而目前專門針對(duì)VLST患者的遠(yuǎn)期隨訪研究少見(jiàn),這些患者雙重抗血小板治療(dual antiplatelet therapy,DAPT)的合適持續(xù)時(shí)間亦尚未確定。本研究將專門分析DES術(shù)后發(fā)生VLST的患者接受DAPT的情況,探討不同DAPT持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)這些患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響。
2006年1月至2013年2月,共計(jì)3 945例患者在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院心臟中心接受急診冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,將經(jīng)急診造影證實(shí)為VLST的患者納入研究。VLST的定義采用美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)研究聯(lián)合會(huì)(American Academic Research Association,ARC)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],均為造影證實(shí)明確的血栓,且血栓距離首次DES置入時(shí)間>1年。通過(guò)電話聯(lián)系患者或家屬,門診及住院醫(yī)療記載歷次隨訪。根據(jù)隨訪期間是否仍持續(xù)使用DAPT,將患者分為持續(xù)DAPT組(38例)和對(duì)照組(24例)。對(duì)比分析兩組的臨床資料,造影及介入治療資料和抗血小板治療情況。
主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)包括心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)、再發(fā)支架內(nèi)血栓(stent thrombosis,ST),靶血管血運(yùn)重建術(shù)和死亡。再發(fā)ST定義為造影證實(shí)的明確ST[7]。急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)定義為心臟生物標(biāo)志物(肌鈣蛋白)增高或增高后降低,同時(shí)伴有心肌缺血癥狀和心電圖改變[8]。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DAPT,指患者服用阿司匹林(aspirin)100mg,1次/d,以及氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)75mg,1次/d。第一代DES包括永久涂層的西羅莫司洗脫支架(sirolimus-eluting stent,SES)和紫杉醇洗脫支架(paclitaxel-eluting stent,PES),新一代DES包括:涂層可降解DES,無(wú)涂層DES,佐他莫司洗脫支架(zotarolimus-eluting stent,ZES)和依維莫司洗脫支架(everolimus-eluting stent,EES)[9?11]。
使用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差或中位數(shù)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率表示,分別行檢驗(yàn)和2檢驗(yàn)(必要時(shí)精確概率法)。采用COX回歸分析VLST后再發(fā)MACE的危險(xiǎn)因素,先采用單因素分析,<0.05的因素納入多因素分析。采用Kaplan-Meier分析用于估算累計(jì)生存率。雙側(cè)值<0.05時(shí)表明差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
共計(jì)有62例患者符合ARC定義的明確支架內(nèi)血栓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和VLST標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中男性55例,女性7例,年齡41~82(58.6±10.2)歲。VLST距第1次DES置入時(shí)間為12.5~84(38.7±18.1)個(gè)月。
所有患者均發(fā)生AMI,其中前壁心肌梗死46例(74.2%),下壁梗死9例(14.5%),側(cè)壁2例(3.2%),非ST段抬高型心肌梗死5例(8.1%)。心功能Killip分級(jí)1級(jí)和2級(jí)分別為41例(66.1%)和17例(27.4%),3級(jí)2例(3.2%),心源性休克(Killip 4級(jí))2例(3.2%)。VLST發(fā)生時(shí),僅應(yīng)用阿司匹林的患者41例,僅服用氯吡格雷的患者1例,仍接受DAPT的患者5例,停用所有抗血小板治療15例?;颊甙l(fā)生VLST時(shí)的基線臨床資料見(jiàn)表1。
在第1次PCI中,有54例患者置入第1代DES,包括52例永久涂層的SES和1例PES,1例SES+PES。另有2例DES具體類型不詳,結(jié)合第1次PCI時(shí)間和家屬描述,也可確定為第1代DES。6例置入第2代DES,其中3例置入涂層可降解SES,2例ZES,1例EES。
表1 患者基線臨床資料
DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; VLST: very late stent thrombosis; MI: myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; cTnI: cardiac troponin I
造影顯示靶血管為左主干的1例(1.6%),左前降支(LAD)47例(75.8%),左回旋支3例(4.8%),右冠狀動(dòng)脈11例(17.7%)。7例患者置入主動(dòng)脈球囊反搏,分別僅有3例和2例患者接受血管內(nèi)超聲和光學(xué)相干斷層顯像檢查。60例患者造影后接受急診PCI治療,其中1例PCI干預(yù)失敗后保守治療;14例僅行單純球囊擴(kuò)張和(或)血栓抽吸治療;2例球囊擴(kuò)張后血流恢復(fù),擇期又接受冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)治療;其余43例患者再次置入支架。2例患者僅行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,其中1例為外院靜脈溶栓治療后造影,另1例擇期造影復(fù)查顯示原血栓消失,藥物治療。在再次置入支架的43例患者中,有2例置入BMS,11例置入涂層可降解SES,1例置入涂層可降解SES+帶膜支架(Abbot),4例置入無(wú)載體PES,9例置入ZES,3例置入EES。其余13例患者則置入第1代DES(7例永久涂層SES,6例永久涂層PES)。造影及血管重建資料見(jiàn)表2。
住院期間,1例患者術(shù)后4d腦出血死亡。存活出院的61例患者完成32.1±19.1(中位數(shù):44,5~88)個(gè)月的隨訪。末次隨訪時(shí),有38例患者持續(xù)服用DAPT,納入持續(xù)DAPT組。其余24例患者納入對(duì)照組,其中2例CABG患者術(shù)后僅接受阿司匹林治療;1例患者因合并左室血栓,同時(shí)合用阿司匹林和華法林;其余21例患者在接受DAPT治療1年后停用氯吡格雷,僅服用阿司匹林。
表2 患者造影及介入治療資料
DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; DES: drug-eluting stent; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LM: left main artery; IRA: infarct related artery; TIMI: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction. 1atm=101.325kPa
與對(duì)照組比較,持續(xù)DAPT組2007年前發(fā)生VLST的比率較低(5.3%25.0%,=0.047)。持續(xù)DAPT組術(shù)后左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)較高[(58.3±13.0)%(51.9±9.1)%,=0.040;表1]。兩組患者基礎(chǔ)造影情況無(wú)顯著差異,再次置入支架比率亦無(wú)顯著差異。但是,持續(xù)DAPT組再次置入第1代DES的比率明顯低于對(duì)照組(7.9%41.7%,=0.003;表2)。
隨訪期間,又有17例患者再次出現(xiàn)MACE。7例再發(fā)VLST,其中5例再次接受急診PCI治療,3例再次置入支架(BMS1例,新1代DES 2例),其余2例僅行球囊擴(kuò)張;1例行CABG術(shù);另1例行光學(xué)相干斷層顯像檢查后藥物治療。在接受再次支架置入的患者中,有1例在第2次VLST后19個(gè)月第3次發(fā)生VLST,最終接受CABG治療。3例患者因支架內(nèi)再狹窄,再次行PCI干預(yù),4例發(fā)生非靶血管相關(guān)的MI,另外有3例患者死亡。總的MACE發(fā)生率為29.0%,Kaplan-Meier分析提示無(wú)MACE生存率為45.1%。與對(duì)照組比較,持續(xù)DAPT組MACE發(fā)生率為13.2%,明顯低于對(duì)照組(54.2%,=0.001)。其中,主要是對(duì)照組再ST發(fā)生率明顯增高(表3)。
表3 兩組心血管事件比較
DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; TVR: target vessel revascularization; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events
根據(jù)是否發(fā)生MACE,將患者分為事件組和無(wú)事件組。行Cox單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)再次置入第1代DES(HR:2.69,=0.04)和持續(xù)DAPT(HR:0.25,=0.01)與發(fā)生MACE相關(guān)。將這兩項(xiàng)因素納入Cox多因素分析,結(jié)果提示只有持續(xù)的DAPT是隨訪中無(wú)再發(fā)MACE的唯一預(yù)測(cè)因素(HR:0.30,=0.04;表4)。
表4 再發(fā)MACE預(yù)測(cè)因素的COX分析結(jié)果
MACE: major adverse cardiac events; DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; DES: drug-eluting stent; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval
目前DES術(shù)后VLST患者的遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后情況并不明確。以往有關(guān)ST的研究多包括BMS支架血栓和急性、亞急性及晚期血栓,專門針對(duì)DES術(shù)后VLST遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后情況的研究少見(jiàn),而且入選例數(shù)較少。Almalla等[12]入選116例造影證實(shí)的ST患者,其中有13例(12.2%)為VLST患者。而在van Werkun等[13]的研究中,總共入選了431例ST患者,其中DES術(shù)后VLST患者僅為23例。在Kim等[14]的研究中,雖然專門入選DES術(shù)后的VLST患者,但僅有19例。同時(shí),尚未見(jiàn)專門針對(duì)該類患者長(zhǎng)期DAPT時(shí)間的研究。
與對(duì)照組比較,持續(xù)DAPT組再次置入第1代DES的比率明顯低于對(duì)照組(7.9%41.7%,=0.003)。這可能與臨床對(duì)DES術(shù)后VLST的認(rèn)識(shí)逐漸深入有關(guān),在持續(xù)DAPT組中,2007年前發(fā)生VLST的比率低于對(duì)照組。在2006年歐洲心臟病大會(huì)上,DES的遠(yuǎn)期安全問(wèn)題首次被報(bào)道,之后DES的VLST問(wèn)題才開(kāi)始受到臨床醫(yī)師的廣泛關(guān)注。目前有關(guān)VLST患者的最佳治療策略尚有待確定。Kim等的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),所有的MACE都發(fā)生在單純球囊擴(kuò)張組,作者認(rèn)為對(duì)這樣的患者可能應(yīng)考慮再次置入支架。而在van Werkun等的大規(guī)模樣本分析則得出了相反的結(jié)論,其研究結(jié)果顯示,事件組再次置入支架的比例較高(HR:1.73)。但是,該研究入選的DES術(shù)后VLST比例較小,僅占該研究所有人群的5.3%[13],因此該研究結(jié)果可能并不完全適合DES術(shù)后VLST。而在本研究中,單因素Cox分析發(fā)現(xiàn)再次置入第1代DES與發(fā)生MACE相關(guān)。可以提示,對(duì)于這樣的患者,如需再次置入支架,可能應(yīng)避免再次置入永久涂層的第1代DES,可考慮置入新一代DES。這與晚近有關(guān)新一代支架的研究結(jié)果也是相符合的[10,11,15]。此外,持續(xù)DAPT組術(shù)后LVEF較高[(58.3±13.0)%(51.9±9.1)%,=0.040],持續(xù)DAPT組再發(fā)MACE率較低可能也與這有關(guān)。
本研究中,多因素分析結(jié)果則提示,堅(jiān)持DAPT治療是遠(yuǎn)期無(wú)事件的唯一預(yù)測(cè)因素。在發(fā)生VLST時(shí),存在不同程度停用抗血小板藥物的情況。在Kim等研究中,53%的患者僅使用阿司匹林。本研究中,發(fā)生VLST時(shí),僅應(yīng)用阿司匹林的患者41例,停用所有抗血小板治療15例。多項(xiàng)大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)提示,延長(zhǎng)DAPT時(shí)間并不能減少DES術(shù)后血栓事件的發(fā)生,而出血事件可能增加[16,17]。因此,目前指南亦推薦對(duì)于置入DES的患者,服用DAPT≥1年(Ⅰ類指征),但不建議>1年(Ⅱb)[3]。但是,上述研究并未覆蓋DES術(shù)后VLST的患者,研究結(jié)果可能并不適于這類患者,對(duì)于該類患者DAPT時(shí)限尚無(wú)定論。在Kubo等[18]的研究方案中,建議所有ST患者應(yīng)該服用DAPT>1年。本研究結(jié)果則顯示,在VLST發(fā)生后,堅(jiān)持DAPT治療的患者遠(yuǎn)期事件發(fā)生率低,其中主要是再發(fā)ST發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組。提示對(duì)于DES術(shù)后發(fā)生VLST的患者,尤其是再次置入支架的患者,可能需要延長(zhǎng)DAPT治療時(shí)間。
本研究的局限性在于:(1)由于醫(yī)保問(wèn)題,僅有極少部分患者接受血管內(nèi)超聲和光學(xué)相干斷層顯像檢查,不利于對(duì)ST形態(tài)、內(nèi)皮覆蓋和增生情況、新發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化以及血管重構(gòu)等作詳細(xì)觀察[19,20];(2)由于系單中心研究,樣本量較小,預(yù)測(cè)因素的力度較低,有必要組織1項(xiàng)多中心的注冊(cè)研究;(3)本研究為觀察性研究,有必要采用多中心、前瞻性隨機(jī)研究,進(jìn)一步探討不同抗血小板治療方案對(duì)DES術(shù)后VLST患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Effect of duration for dual antiplatelet therapy on long-term prognosis in patients with very late stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation
XU Li, WANG Le-Feng*, YANG Xin-Chun, LI Kui-Bao, SUN Hao, ZHANG Da-Peng, WANG Hong-Shi, LIU Yu, LI Wei-Ming, NI Zhu-Hua
(Heart Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China)
To study the application of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in the patients with very late stent thrombosis (VLST) after implantation of drug-eluting stent (DES), and to determine the effect of different durations of DAPT on long-term prognosis of these patients.All of the patients with angiographically defined VLST out of 3 945 patients undergoing emergent coronary angiography in our heart center from January 2006 to February 2013 were recruited in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether receiving continuous DAPT after implantation. The clinical data, angiographic results and interventional data were compared between the 2 groups. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), recurrence of stent thrombosis (ST), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and death in all causes were compared to determine the different durations of DAPT on the prognosis. Predictors of MACE during long-term follow-up were confirmed in these patients.Sixty-two patients were enrolled, consisting of 55 males and 7 females, with age from 41 to 82 (58.6±10.2) years. The time from first implantation of DES to occurrence of VLST was from 12.5 to 84 (38.7±18.1) months. One patient died in hospital due to cerebral hemorrhage. The other 61 patients survived to discharge, and MACE occurred in 17 patients of them during follow-up of 5 to 88 (32.1±19.1) months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the estimated MACE-free survival was 45.1%. Compared with the patients without continuous DAPT (=24, 13/24, 54.2%), the MACE rate was obviously lower in those with continuous DAPT (=38, 5/38, 13.2%,=0.001). Based on the occurrence of MACE, univariate Cox analysis revealed the independent predictors for MACE-free were re-implantationof the first-generation of DES [hazard ratio (HR): 2.69,=0.04] and continuous DAPT (HR: 0.25,=0.01) during our long-term follow-up. MultivariateCOXanalysis indicated that continuousDAPTwas the onlypredictor for MACE-free (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.97,=0.04).Long-term outcomes for DESpatients having VLST are unfavorable, with high incidence of MACE. So, continuous DAPT should be prescribed to prevent long-term MACE.
drug eluting stent; stent thrombosis; anti-platelets therapy; follow-up
R541.4
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.02.030
2014?12?17;
2015?01?13
王樂(lè)豐, E-mail: xin_zang@126.com