石 歆
(河南中醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)科,河南 鄭州 450000)
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桔皮素對人非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞生長及侵襲的影響
石 歆△
(河南中醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)科,河南 鄭州 450000)
目的: 探討桔皮素(TGN)對非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)細(xì)胞生長和侵襲的影響及其分子機(jī)制。方法: 體外培養(yǎng)非小細(xì)胞肺癌A549細(xì)胞,分別用不同濃度的TGN處理,MTT比色法檢測細(xì)胞活性,Annexin V-FITC/PI染色及流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞凋亡率,Transwell檢測細(xì)胞侵襲,RT-PCR分析MMP-2和MMP-9 的mRNA表達(dá)水平,Western blotting檢測Ki67、Cyt C、caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3、MMP-2、MMP-9、Akt、p-Akt以及p-PI3K表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果: 桔皮素劑量依賴性地抑制A549細(xì)胞增殖(P<0.05),同時伴隨有增殖標(biāo)記分子Ki67表達(dá)水平的下調(diào)。分析發(fā)現(xiàn),桔皮素誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞中Cyt C、caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3的表達(dá)上調(diào)(P<0.01),加速A549細(xì)胞的凋亡。此外,桔皮素作用后,A549細(xì)胞中侵襲相關(guān)蛋白MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá)量下降,且侵襲數(shù)目隨桔皮素濃度增加而減少。進(jìn)一步研究表明,桔皮素作用后A549細(xì)胞中p-Akt和p-PI3K表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05),阻斷PI3K/Akt信號通路后,不同濃度TGN對細(xì)胞活性影響沒有變化。結(jié)論: 桔皮素能抑制A549細(xì)胞生長及侵襲,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,可能通過抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路的激活起作用。因此,本研究將為非小細(xì)胞肺癌的防治提供新的研究方向。
桔皮素; 非小細(xì)胞肺癌; 細(xì)胞侵襲; PI3K/Akt信號通路
非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer, NSCLC)是一種極為常見的惡性腫瘤,占肺癌的80%,有致死率高、預(yù)后較差的特點(diǎn)[1]。因此,臨床上尋找對非小細(xì)胞肺癌有明顯抑制作用的藥物有非常重要的意義。桔皮素(tangeretin, TGN)屬黃酮類化合物,來源于蕓香科川橘果皮、酸橙果皮和柑橘莖葉等,具有抗真菌作用。近年來,體外研究證實(shí)桔皮素對結(jié)腸癌和乳腺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生發(fā)展有明顯抑制作用[2-3],但是桔皮素對非小細(xì)胞肺癌的作用及其機(jī)制尚不清楚。因此,本文擬探究桔皮素對非小細(xì)胞肺癌A549生長、侵襲的影響,并分析潛在的作用機(jī)制,從而為非小細(xì)胞肺癌的防治提供新的研究靶向。
1 材料與試劑
A549細(xì)胞株由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供;桔皮素購于天津化標(biāo)生物技術(shù)有限公司,DMSO、MTT和SDS、Annexin V-FITC凋亡檢測試劑盒均購于Sigma;RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清和胰蛋白酶購于Gibco;DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基購于Hyclone;蛋白激酶B(protein B, Akt)、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)和磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,p-PI3K)多克隆抗體購于Santa Cruz;鼠抗人基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMP)-2和MMP-9單克隆抗體購于福州邁新生物;兔抗人Ki67單克隆抗體購于LabVision;caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3抗體購于Cell Signaling;鼠抗人β-actin單克隆抗體購于Ambion;LY294002購于Sigma;RNA各提取試劑及PCR引物購于上海生工生物;PCR反應(yīng)體系產(chǎn)品購于Promega。
2 方法
2.1 MTT實(shí)驗(yàn) 取0.25%胰蛋白酶消化對數(shù)期A549細(xì)胞株,單細(xì)胞懸液接種于96孔培養(yǎng)板(每孔1×105個),5% CO2、37℃條件下培養(yǎng)24 h后加入TGN(終濃度分別為0、20、40和60 μmol/L),再培養(yǎng)72 h后每孔加入5 g/L的MTT 20 μL,相同條件繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h后終止實(shí)驗(yàn)。棄上清液,每孔加100 μL DMSO,混勻后10 min內(nèi)在酶標(biāo)儀上測490 nm波長處A值,重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)3次。相對細(xì)胞活性(%)=實(shí)驗(yàn)組A值/對照組A值×100%。
2.2 Annexin V-FITC/PI染色及流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析 取A549細(xì)胞接種于培養(yǎng)板,每孔含1×106個細(xì)胞,加入TGN(終濃度分別為0、20、40和60 μmol/L),5% CO2、37 ℃條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,按照Annexin V-FITC/PI檢測試劑盒說明書嚴(yán)格操作,用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測定凋亡率。
2.3 Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn) 取TGN(60 μmol/L)處理A549細(xì)胞48 h,冷凍離心法提取總蛋白,BCA法檢測其濃度。Western blotting 檢測Ki67、細(xì)胞色素C(cytochrome C,Cyt C)、caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3、MMP-2、MMP-9、Akt、p-Akt及p-PI3K的表達(dá)。
2.4 Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn) 取4組A549細(xì)胞消化成單細(xì)胞懸液后接種于培養(yǎng)板,加入TGN(終濃度分別為0、20、40和60 μmol/L),5% CO2、37 ℃條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,8 000 r/min離心5 min后置于無血清培養(yǎng)基中重懸細(xì)胞。取200 μL細(xì)胞懸液接種于24 孔板的Transwell小室中(含2×105個細(xì)胞),小室中置8 μm PET膜,外室加DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清),孵育8 h后用中性甲醇固定30 min,除去未遷移細(xì)胞,瑞氏染色后觀察細(xì)胞遷移數(shù)目。
2.5 RT-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn) 取對照組A549細(xì)胞和TGN(60 μmol/L)處理48 h的A549細(xì)胞,按說明書分別提取各組總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA。MMP-2引物上游序列為5’-GCG ATG GAT ACC CCT TTG ACG-3’,下游序列為5’-CCC TGG AAG CGG AAT GGA A-3’;MMP-9引物上游序列為5’-GGT CCC CCC ACT GCT GGC CCT TCT ACG GCC-3’,下游序列為5’-GTC CTC AGG GCA CTG GAG GAT GTC ATA GGT-3’;內(nèi)參照β-actin引物上游序列為5’-GGG AAA TCG TGC GTG ACA-3’,下游序列為5’-TCA GGA GGA GCA ATG ATC-3’。PCR 產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,利用Quantity One分析各電泳條帶的灰度值,用目的條帶的灰度值與對照條帶的灰度值的比值表示目的基因MMP-2 mRNA的相對表達(dá)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,采用SPSS 13.0軟件分析,用t檢驗(yàn)及單因素方差分析比較樣本間結(jié)果,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 桔皮素對A549細(xì)胞增殖的影響
桔皮素對A549的細(xì)胞增殖具有顯著的抑制作用,且與桔皮素濃度呈正比,0、20、40和60 μmol/L的TGN處理后相對細(xì)胞活性依次是(99.9±5.2)%、(86.7±7.1)%、(66.8±11.1)%和(48.9±9.9)%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。隨著TGN濃度的增加,增殖標(biāo)記分子Ki67表達(dá)水平逐漸下降(P<0.05),見圖1。
Figure 1.Effects of TGN on cell proliferation. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs 0 μmol/L.
2 桔皮素對A549細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
Annexin V-FITC/PI染色及流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示,濃度越高的桔皮素促進(jìn)A549細(xì)胞凋亡作用越顯著,與對照組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。當(dāng)TGN的濃度為60 μmol/L時,凋亡率升至(72.6±6.9)%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明桔皮素對A549的凋亡作用呈劑量依賴性,見圖2。
3 桔皮素對凋亡相關(guān)分子細(xì)胞色素C和caspase-3水平的影響
Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)分析顯示,桔皮素對A549細(xì)胞的Cyt C和caspase-3的表達(dá)水平影響顯著,與對照組相比,TGN處理后細(xì)胞中Cyt C和cleaved caspase-3的含量明顯增加(P<0.01),從分子水平驗(yàn)證了一定濃度的TGN對A549細(xì)胞的促凋亡作用,見圖3。
4 桔皮素對細(xì)胞侵襲的影響
Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)分析表明,隨著TGN濃度的增加,A549侵襲細(xì)胞的數(shù)目明顯降低,當(dāng)用60 μmol/L的TGN處理時,侵襲細(xì)胞的數(shù)目降至56.9±8.3,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明TGN劑量依賴性地抑制了A549細(xì)胞的侵襲,見圖4。
Figure 2.The effects of TGN on apoptosis of A549 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs 0 μmol/L.
Figure 3.The effects of TGN (60 μmol/L) on apoptosis-related protein expression. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs control.
Figure 4.The effects of different concentrations of TGN on the number of invasive A549 cells. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs 0 μmol/L.
TGN處理組中MMP-2 和MMP-9 mRNA水平明顯低于對照組(P<0.05)。此外,Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,TGN處理組MMP-2與MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)水平比對照組顯著降低(P<0.05),表明TGN通過MMPs蛋白來調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞侵襲,見圖5。
6 桔皮素通過PI3K/Akt調(diào)控A549細(xì)胞的增殖及侵襲
Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)分析顯示,TGN處理后A549中p-Akt和p-PI3K的蛋白水平比對照組顯著降低(P<0.05),表明桔皮素與A549中PI3K/Akt信號通路有相關(guān)性。不同濃度TGN處理A549細(xì)胞后,細(xì)胞相對活性逐漸降低(P<0.05);當(dāng)5 μmol/L Akt選擇性抑制劑LY294002處理A549細(xì)胞4 h后,再對細(xì)胞進(jìn)行不同濃度的TGN處理,細(xì)胞活性彼此無變化,表明TGN通過PI3K/Akt信號通路影響A549細(xì)胞,見圖6。
桔皮素是一種天然多甲氧基黃酮,具有潛在的抗炎、抗氧化功效,且對乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、肺癌和胃癌等有抑制作用[4-5]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測到A549細(xì)胞經(jīng)桔皮素處理后細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)蛋白Ki67[6]表達(dá)水平下降,細(xì)胞活性隨著桔皮素的濃度增加而降低,證實(shí)桔皮素能夠有效抑制A549細(xì)胞增殖。此外,實(shí)驗(yàn)表明桔皮素能明顯促進(jìn)A549細(xì)胞凋亡和抑制細(xì)胞侵襲,與桔皮素在人肝癌細(xì)胞株SMMC-7721的作用結(jié)果一致[7]。桔皮素抗腫瘤作用的具體機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能與抑制瘤細(xì)胞DNA合成、加速細(xì)胞凋亡和影響細(xì)胞信號通路相關(guān)。
Figure 5.The effects of TGN (60 μmol/L) on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control.
既往研究表明,Akt經(jīng)PI3K的調(diào)節(jié)后磷酸化成p-Akt,這時PI3K/Akt信號通路激活。PI3K/Akt信號通路與細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡緊密相關(guān),很多報(bào)道證實(shí)了PI3K/Akt信號通路在瘤細(xì)胞中處于激活狀態(tài)[8]。Sukawa等[9]證實(shí)p-Akt的大量活化與胃癌患者的預(yù)后不良有關(guān),表明PI3K/Akt通路在胃癌的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中起重要調(diào)控作用。為進(jìn)一步分析桔皮素影響小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲的作用機(jī)制,本研究分析桔皮素對PI3K/Akt通路的影響。結(jié)果表明,TGN處理后,細(xì)胞中Akt的磷酸化水平明顯降低。蔡勇等[10]研究了醉茄素A影響A549細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的機(jī)制,揭示一定濃度的醉茄素A作用A549細(xì)胞48 h后,p-Akt/Akt降低,PI3K/Akt信號通路被抑制,caspase-3等促凋亡蛋白表達(dá)量增加,A549細(xì)胞增殖得到抑制。另外,從皂莢中分離的有效成分gleditsioside B能夠抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路而降低MPP-2活性,從而減弱內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞侵襲[11]。上述結(jié)果表明桔皮素可能通過抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路來調(diào)控A549癌細(xì)胞的增殖及侵襲。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中與瘤細(xì)胞侵襲相關(guān)蛋白MMP[12]表達(dá)水平明顯降低,促細(xì)胞凋亡因子Cyt C和caspase-3[13-14]表達(dá)水平顯著升高,表明桔皮素通過影響PI3K/Akt信號通路介導(dǎo)的MMP、Cyt C和caspase-3水平對A549細(xì)胞起作用。
Figure 6.The effects of TGN on the molecular levels of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05 vs control.
綜上,桔皮素能夠抑制A549細(xì)胞的生長和侵襲,加速細(xì)胞凋亡,該過程有可能通過抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路起作用。因此,利用桔皮素治療NSCLC在臨床上具有巨大的潛在價值。
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Effects of tangeretin on growth and invasion of human non-small-cell lung cancer cells
SHI Xin
(Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China. E-mail: shixin_tcm@163.com)
AIM: To study the influences of tangeretin (TGN) on the growth and invasion of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and to explore the molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of TGNinvitro. The relative cell activity was determined by MTT assay. The apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The number of the invasive cells was measured by Transwell assay. The mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was detected by RT-PCR, and the protein levels of Ki67, Cyt C, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, MMP-2, MMP-9, Akt, p-Akt and p-PI3K were determined by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: TGN inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05) along with the low expression level of proliferation biomarker Ki67. TGN up-regulated the protein levels of Cyt C, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 (P<0.01) and promoted the apoptosis of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, TGN down-regulated the invasion-related molecules MMP-2 and MMP-9 at the mRNA and protein levels, and the number of invasive cells reduced with the increase in the concentration of TGN. The protein levels of p-Akt and p-PI3K in the A549 cells was reduced (P<0.05), and no difference of the cell viability in the cells treated with different concentrations of TGN was observed after blocking PI3K/Akt signaling pathway using LY294002. CONCLUSION: TGN inhibits the growth and invasion of A549 cells and promotes the cell apoptosis by potentially inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Therefore, this study will provide a new target for the prevention and control of NSCLC.
Tangeretin; Non-small-cell lung cancer; Cell invasion; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
1000- 4718(2015)03- 0452- 05
2014- 08- 11
2015- 01- 08
△通訊作者 Tel: 0371-66232471; E-mail: shixin_tcm@163.com
R730.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2015.03.012