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        小標(biāo)點(diǎn),大問題

        2014-12-26 19:44:54趙匡莉
        求知導(dǎo)刊 2014年11期
        關(guān)鍵詞:標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)英語

        趙匡莉

        摘 要:本文主要是針對(duì)編輯出版中英語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如何使用進(jìn)行探析,筆者在列明漢英兩種語言中標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)差異的基礎(chǔ)上針對(duì)性地就編輯工作中容易出現(xiàn)的英語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)差錯(cuò)進(jìn)行了例證說明并對(duì)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用進(jìn)行了正誤比較。

        關(guān)鍵詞:編輯;英語;標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

        標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是書面表達(dá)的有機(jī)組成部分,在編輯工作中,我們不僅要重視語言層面及內(nèi)容的表達(dá),還要重視標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用。業(yè)內(nèi)出版的編輯手冊(cè)指南類圖書很少提到英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如何使用,而許多英語新編輯甚至老編輯常在這個(gè)問題上犯迷糊。在此,筆者就編輯出版中英語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用總結(jié)一二,與同行探討,且當(dāng)求拋磚引玉。

        一、中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的差異

        中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)有很多相同的地方,如句號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)、問號(hào)、逗號(hào)、引號(hào)、省略號(hào)、分號(hào)等的大原則是相同的,但它們卻也存在著不小的差異。

        1.在英漢兩種語言中值得注意的某些形式不同的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

        (1)英文的省略號(hào)是三個(gè)點(diǎn)(...),位置在行底;而在漢語中,省略號(hào)為六個(gè)點(diǎn)(……),位置在行中。

        例如,In Pride and Prejudice, Austen creates a group of splendid female images, whose wisdom, talent...inferior to those of men.

        (2)英文的破折號(hào)是(—),漢語中的破折號(hào)是(——)。例如,WASHINGTON — No American president since Franklin Delano Roosevelt has won a second term in office when the unemployment rate on Election Day topped 7.2 percent.

        (3)英文的句號(hào)是實(shí)心點(diǎn)(.),而漢語的句號(hào)是空心圈(。)。

        2.英語中的某些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)為漢語所沒有

        (1)撇號(hào)——Apostrophe(), 例如,Childrens Day。

        (2)連字號(hào)——Hyphen(—), 例如,the post-war period。

        (3)斜線號(hào)——Virgule or Slash(/),該符號(hào)主要起分割作用或用于音標(biāo)標(biāo)音,例如:next /nekst/。

        3.英語中針對(duì)漢語某些特有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的處理方式

        (1) 在漢語中起分割句子并列成分作用的頓號(hào)(、)在英語中用逗號(hào)。例如,文具盒里有兩支鉛筆、一把尺子、兩個(gè)橡皮擦和一個(gè)削筆刀。

        Dan Brown is the author of Angels & Demons, Deception Point(,)and Digital Fortress.

        注意:用于列舉同類時(shí),and前的逗號(hào)可省略,但有逗號(hào)更規(guī)范。

        (2)英文中沒有我們漢語中的書名號(hào)(《》),但是書名、報(bào)刊名、文章名、欄目名以及電影、繪畫、詩歌、樂曲等的名稱和交通工具、航天器等的專有名詞用引號(hào)、斜體或者下畫線表示。例如, 《一級(jí)謀殺》“Murder in the First”,《紅字》“The Scarlet Letter”

        (3)漢語中用在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞語下方的著重號(hào),通常用實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)表示,但在英語中如需強(qiáng)調(diào),則多用斜體或下畫線表示,或借助某些強(qiáng)調(diào)性詞匯、句型等。例如,是這個(gè)小男孩去年冬天待在寒冷的哈爾濱。

        It was this little boy that stayed in coldHarbinlast winter.(借助強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)this little boy)

        (4) 英語中沒有漢語中的間隔號(hào)(·),一般直接用文字表示,或需要間隔時(shí)用逗號(hào)表示。例如,9·11紀(jì)念, ?9/11 Remembrance(Sept. 11 Remembrance)

        二、編輯工作中容易出現(xiàn)的英語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)差錯(cuò)

        1. 有關(guān)引號(hào)

        (1) 屬于引文的破折號(hào)、逗號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)、句號(hào)、問號(hào)都應(yīng)置于引號(hào)內(nèi);而不屬于引文的冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)、問號(hào)、破折號(hào)等則應(yīng)置于引號(hào)外。例如,“Yeah—we!” he grunted. “We killed a big one! We—we killed a bar, we did!...Come on, boys,” he said gruffly. “Arent you happy?”

        What made the old woman “go crazy”?

        (2)受母語影響,經(jīng)常直接引用諺語或古語而不加任何附帶說明。例如,“有志者,事竟成。”他們就這樣克服了困難,實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的夢(mèng)想。(漢語中可直接引用)

        “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Thus they overcame all the difficulties and realized their dream.(誤)

        As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Thus they overcame all the difficulties and realized their dream. (正)(英語中需加上“As the saying goes, ” 類短語)

        (3)對(duì)話描寫中出現(xiàn)頻率較多的引號(hào)及其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(如逗號(hào)、句號(hào)等)的關(guān)系。如, ①“I know, sweetie,” she said,“ I love you, too.”(誤)“I know, sweetie,” she said.“ I love you, too.”(正)②“Wait,” he said slowly, “I will tell you what you need to know.”(誤)“Wait,” he said slowly. “I will tell you what you need to know.”(正)③“This is amazing!” someone cried out.“Yeah.” someone else said,“but what does it have to do with art?”(誤)“This is amazing!” someone cried out.“Yeah,” someone else said, “but what does it have to do with art?”(正) ④“I wish,” the boy went on. “That l could be a brother like that.”(誤)“I wish,” the boy went on. “that l could be a brother like that.”(正)

        析:在以上①②中,在she said與he said slowly后使用了句號(hào),而在③中,在someone else said后用的是逗號(hào)。為什么有的用句號(hào),而有的用逗號(hào)呢?為什么會(huì)有這種區(qū)別?其實(shí)稍加分析,便不難看出其中端倪。

        在①中,I know, sweetie是一個(gè)意義表達(dá)非常完整且獨(dú)立的句子,所以在she said后用句號(hào)。在②中,Wait與I will tell you what you need to know也是兩個(gè)意義表達(dá)非常完整且獨(dú)立的句子,所以在he said slowly后也用句號(hào)。但在③中,如去掉someone else said,把前后兩段連起來,則為Yeah,but what does it have to do with art?通過上下文,將Yeah后面省略掉的內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充完整的話,應(yīng)為Yeah (,it is amazing), but what does it have to do with art? 從此可看出,該句的前后兩段引文是一個(gè)句子,話還沒說完,因此,在someone else said后應(yīng)用逗號(hào)。在④中, I wish與that l could be a brother like that完全就是一句話,只是用the boy went on隔開了,所以I wish后還有賓語,因此在the boy went on后用逗號(hào)。

        (4)當(dāng)引文只是短語或單個(gè)單詞時(shí),其后的逗號(hào)(有時(shí)也包括句號(hào)),盡管從上下文理解來看應(yīng)置于引號(hào)外,但綜觀原版英文圖書及報(bào)刊,大多是將逗號(hào)或句號(hào)排于引號(hào)內(nèi)。例如:

        Any body means “any corpse,” or “any human form,” or “any group.”

        Lester R. Brown is the president of the Earth Policy Institute and the author of “World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse.”

        “The Fish,” “Poetry,” and “The Monkeys” are in her Selected Poems.

        注意:①在文章中,引用連續(xù)的幾個(gè)段落時(shí),每段開頭用前引號(hào),段落的末尾不用后引號(hào),只在最后一段的結(jié)尾處用后引號(hào)。②引語內(nèi)再套用引語時(shí),美式英語中,雙引號(hào)在外,單引號(hào)在內(nèi);而英式英語中,單引號(hào)在外,雙引號(hào)在內(nèi)。③短小的引語與“某某說”之類的詞語之間用逗號(hào)隔開,并將引語置于引號(hào)內(nèi)(以上例句的引語均屬短小的引語);而較長(zhǎng)的引語與“某某說”之類的詞語之間用冒號(hào)隔開,并以縮格、隔行或變換字體的方式與文中其余部分隔開。

        2. 有關(guān)連字符

        ⑴ 連字符只占四分之一格,比半字線短。例如,warm-hearted。

        ⑵ 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上復(fù)合詞并用, 而各復(fù)合詞連字符后的部分相同時(shí), 各復(fù)合詞的相同部分只出現(xiàn)一次。例如,the whole- or half-year lease , the pre- and post-war Iraq。

        ⑶ 用于兩個(gè)數(shù)字或日期之間,意為包括其中的所有數(shù)字或日期(漢語中多用波浪線或一字線)。例如,pp188-247,1949-1978, 1849-69

        (4)用于一個(gè)詞的一部分要移行, 一般應(yīng)按音節(jié)斷開單詞并在該單詞的前半部之后加連字符,或根據(jù)發(fā)音,不要把單個(gè)字母留在行尾或行首。注意一頁中最后一個(gè)單詞不能使用連字符將其置于兩頁。例如,ha-ppy不可斷為hap-py。

        3. 有關(guān)逗號(hào)

        (1)該用句號(hào)、分號(hào)的地方用了逗號(hào)。受母語的影響,中國(guó)人寫英語文章時(shí)極少考慮句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系,往往將文章用逗號(hào)“一逗到底”,整段文章只在最后用了一個(gè)句號(hào)。例如:Mary Shelleys works are entertaining, they are full of engaging ideas. (誤)

        Mary Shelleys works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.(正)

        My sister is an English teacher in a middle school,she is of medium build with a pair of glasses on her face, she is hard-working and often helps the people in need, she loves and cares about her students, she likes singing and dances well, she is good at ping-pong, , she will go to Sichuan, as a volunteer, to teach English in a middle school this year. (誤)

        My sister is an English teacher in a middle school. She is of medium build with a pair of glasses on her face. She is hard-working and often helps the people in need. She loves and cares about her students. She likes singing and dances well. She is good at ping-pong. She will go toSichuan, as a volunteer, to teach English in a middle school this year. (正)

        (2)該用逗號(hào)的地方用了and。受母語的影響,兩個(gè)并列的形容詞之間用and代替逗號(hào)。

        例如,Egypts plight could become a disgusting and daunting trouble. (誤)

        Egypts plight could become a disgusting, daunting trouble. (正)

        (3)該用逗號(hào)的地方用了冒號(hào)。在漢語中,冒號(hào)常用于“說、想、道、講、問、回答、喊、吼、叫、是、唱、證明、宣布、指出、透漏、例如、如”等詞語后面,提起下文。而在英語中,這類情況多用逗號(hào)。

        例如,The rabbit took a giant hop into a hollow tree, exclaiming: “Oh, my fur and whiskers! Im late, Im late, Im late!”(誤)

        The rabbit took a giant hop into a hollow tree, exclaiming, “Oh, my fur and whiskers! Im late, Im late, Im late!”(正)

        (4) 該用逗號(hào)的地方用了破折號(hào)。漢語中的破折號(hào)多用于標(biāo)明行文中解釋說明的部分,而在英文中,則使用同位語來解釋說明前面提到的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,并在同位語前用逗號(hào)。

        例如,Instead, she was playing with Dinah—her cat, which was more fun. (誤)Instead, she was playing with Dinah, her cat, which was more fun. (正)

        (5) 該用逗號(hào)的地方?jīng)]用逗號(hào),不該用逗號(hào)的地方卻畫蛇添足。① 英語中表達(dá)年月日主要有兩種方式:日—月—年;月—日—年。以日—月—年的順序表達(dá)時(shí)不要逗號(hào),例如:26 June 1993 (1993年6月26日)。以月—日—年的順序表達(dá)時(shí)要加逗號(hào),例如,June 26, 1993。② 一般來說,在某些副詞(如so, perhaps, maybe, thus, therefore)后,不需要逗號(hào),例如:Thus the problem was finally settled.

        So who is coming tonight?

        但在某些副詞(如nevertheless, however)后, 卻需要加上逗號(hào)。

        例如,Nevertheless, we need to invest to keep up with our competitors.

        參考文獻(xiàn):

        [1]William Strunk Jr.E.B.White. The Elements of Style[M].Hong Kong: Longman,1999.

        [2]Elizebeth Gilbert.Eat,Pray, Love[M].London:Penguin Books,2007.

        (作者單位:湖南教育出版社)

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