張鳴鳳

高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的主要目的是考查考生能否運(yùn)用所學(xué)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，用合乎英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的表達(dá)方式傳遞信息。它一方面考查學(xué)生的詞匯量，另一方面考查其綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力和思維習(xí)慣。近幾年，高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)命題形式趨于多樣化，包括提綱式、文字提示與圖表相結(jié)合、圖畫(huà)式、圖表式等形式，命題開(kāi)放性有所增強(qiáng)，常常要求考生根據(jù)情景進(jìn)行發(fā)揮，或是發(fā)表感想或看法，文體包括記敘文、議論文、說(shuō)明文和應(yīng)用文等。由于部分學(xué)生詞匯量較為貧乏，沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成良好的寫(xiě)作習(xí)慣，寫(xiě)作總是信手而寫(xiě)，這樣就導(dǎo)致其在行文過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)“寫(xiě)不出來(lái)”的狀況。那么，如何提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力以適應(yīng)高考要求，讓文章“言之有物”、“言之有序”、“言之有情”、“言之有美”，從而得到高分呢？下面介紹有關(guān)英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的寫(xiě)作步驟與注意事項(xiàng)，以及如何開(kāi)頭、過(guò)渡、結(jié)尾。

一、認(rèn)真審題，擬定提綱，寫(xiě)出各段主題句，豐富文章內(nèi)容及設(shè)亮點(diǎn)。

1.認(rèn)真審題。拿到題目后，首先要認(rèn)真審題，看題目的要求是什么，要點(diǎn)是什么，以及特殊要求是什么。確定文章的時(shí)態(tài)及文體，是議論文還是記敘文？對(duì)分幾段寫(xiě)有無(wú)要求？認(rèn)真審清題目的文字或圖片，構(gòu)思提綱，切忌偏題、離題，東拉西扯，一定要避免條理不清、重點(diǎn)不突出的失誤。把握全部要點(diǎn)，理清脈絡(luò)，既不能無(wú)中生有，又不要漏掉要點(diǎn)。為了避免寫(xiě)作時(shí)遺漏要點(diǎn)，最好用筆把信息劃下來(lái)，以免出錯(cuò)。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示簡(jiǎn)化文章要點(diǎn)，將要點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)化、短語(yǔ)句子化。

2.列出文章框架，寫(xiě)下提綱。對(duì)一篇書(shū)面表達(dá)來(lái)說(shuō)，理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)和框架，寫(xiě)出各段主題句是很重要的。一定要先確定文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，注意合理布局，即整篇文章分幾段，每段寫(xiě)什么，涵蓋哪些知識(shí)點(diǎn)。一般分為引導(dǎo)段、主題段和結(jié)尾段，每段的主題句非常重要，是段落內(nèi)容的高度概括。段落主題句通常是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)完整、內(nèi)容概括、用詞簡(jiǎn)潔明了的單句。將段落主題置于段落的開(kāi)頭，可使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，讓讀者對(duì)文章內(nèi)容一目了然，再根據(jù)需要將句子歸為各段。

3.連句成篇。遣詞造句時(shí)，要注意語(yǔ)法正確、選詞恰當(dāng)、長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合；組句成篇時(shí)，要注意巧妙過(guò)渡、行文流暢、銜接連貫，恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠B接詞。部分學(xué)生在行文過(guò)程中，喜歡將句子任意堆砌，這主要是因?yàn)樗麄儾粫?huì)靈活運(yùn)用銜接詞。

4.認(rèn)真修改。寫(xiě)完后要快速閱讀一遍文章，檢查單詞拼寫(xiě)、語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)是否正確。沒(méi)有把握的詞和句子一定不能用，不要把不會(huì)的詞空一格出來(lái)。此外，一定要保持卷面整齊美觀，高考“書(shū)面表達(dá)”的質(zhì)量，既反映在表達(dá)內(nèi)容上，又反映在書(shū)形式上。

二、必須掌握一定的寫(xiě)作技巧。

在用詞方面，考生應(yīng)盡量學(xué)會(huì)地道的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)，適度運(yùn)用一些高級(jí)詞匯，并運(yùn)用一些較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，如各種從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等。全文句式要富于變化，長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合。注意文章的連貫性，準(zhǔn)確使用承上啟下的過(guò)渡詞，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。

表示順序的：first，second，third，then，finally，to begin with，first of all，in the first place，last，next，above all，last but not the least，first and most important等；

表示時(shí)間的：in the past，now，at present，in the future，eventually，meanwhile，from now on，at the same time，for the time being，in the end，immediately，in the meantime，in the meanwhile，recently，soon，now and then，lately，as soon as，afterwards，now，after a while等；

表示轉(zhuǎn)折的：however，while，on the contrary，at the same time，instead of，but，yet，on the other hand，unfortunately等；

表示遞進(jìn)的：besides，whats more，furthermore，moreover，in addition，furthermore，moreover，as well as等；

表示并列時(shí)的：and，as well as，also，both ... and，neither ... Nor，either ... or等；

表示原因的：as a result，owing to，due to，because of，therefore，thanks to，because，as，since，for等；

表示讓步的：although，after all，in spite of，despite，even if，even though，though等；

表示舉例的：for example，for instance，such as，take ... for example等；

表示結(jié)果的：as a result，thus，hence，so，therefore，consequently，as a consequence等；

表示歸納總結(jié)的：finally，in a word，in the end，in conclusion，in short，in general，to sum up，to conclude等；

表示對(duì)比的：on one hand，on the other hand，while等；

表示解釋的：in other words，in fact，as a matter of fact，that is，namely等；

表示程度的：first of all，above all，again and again等。

三、幾種常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)。

1.主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞，如：He arrived at six last night.

2.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.

3.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)，如：Please tell me a story now.

4.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：I found it impossible to work with him.

5.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)，如：He is a Chinese boy.The grass turns green in spring.

另外，There be ...句型，表示存在某種事物，如：There is a picture on the wall.

四、寫(xiě)文章時(shí)常用句子。

1.引出話題。Recently，the problem of ... has aroused peoples concern.最近，……問(wèn)題已引起人們的關(guān)注。

It is commonly believed that ...人們一般認(rèn)為……

With the development of science and technology，more and more people believe that ...隨著科技的發(fā)展，越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為……

2.引出不同觀點(diǎn)。Peoples views on ... vary from person to person. Some hold that ... However，others believe that ...人們……的觀點(diǎn)因人而異.有些人認(rèn)為……然而其他人卻認(rèn)為……

People may have different opinions about ...人們對(duì)……可能會(huì)有不同的見(jiàn)解。

Different people hold different attitudes toward sth.不同的人態(tài)度各不相同。

3.論證的句子。From my point of view，I cant agree with the idea that ...在我看來(lái)，我無(wú)法完全同意這一觀點(diǎn)……

In my opinion，it is adj. to do ... than to do ... 在我個(gè)人看來(lái)，做……比做……更……

4.解決辦法。There are some suggestions for solving ...這是如何處理某事的一些建議。

The best way to solve the troubles is ...解決這些事的最好辦法是……

5.批判錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。

As far as sth.is concerned ...就某事而言……

It was obvious that ...很顯然……

There is no evidence to suggest that ...沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明……

6.給出原因。There are three reasons for this./The reasons for this are as follows.

Why did ...？ For one thing ...，for another ...為什么會(huì)……？一個(gè)原因是……

另一個(gè)原因是……

I quite agree with it that ... The reasons are as follows.我十分贊同……其原因如下：

7.表示優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。There are some advantages/disadvantages.

It is beneficial to us./It is of great benefit to us./It does us a lot of good.

It has more disadvantages than advantages.

It will do much harm to us./ It is harmful to us.

8.表示重要、必要。It is important（necessary，difficult，possible）for sb.to do sth.

Sth.plays an important role in our daily life.

9.表示措施。We should take some effective measures/try our best to do sth.

10.表示變化。Some great changes have taken place in the past five years in some place.

11.提出建議。It is high time that ...該是我們……的時(shí)候了。

Only in this way can we ...只有這樣，我們才能……

12.預(yù)示后果。No doubt，unless we take some effective measures，it is very likely that ...

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，除非我們采取有效措施，要不然可能會(huì)……

13.結(jié)尾。Therefore，wed better draw the conclusion that ...因此，我們最好得出這樣的結(jié)論……

There is no doubt that sth.has its advantage as well as disadvantage.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。

三、幾種常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)。

1.主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞，如：He arrived at six last night.

2.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.

3.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)，如：Please tell me a story now.

4.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：I found it impossible to work with him.

5.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)，如：He is a Chinese boy.The grass turns green in spring.

另外，There be ...句型，表示存在某種事物，如：There is a picture on the wall.

四、寫(xiě)文章時(shí)常用句子。

1.引出話題。Recently，the problem of ... has aroused peoples concern.最近，……問(wèn)題已引起人們的關(guān)注。

It is commonly believed that ...人們一般認(rèn)為……

With the development of science and technology，more and more people believe that ...隨著科技的發(fā)展，越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為……

2.引出不同觀點(diǎn)。Peoples views on ... vary from person to person. Some hold that ... However，others believe that ...人們……的觀點(diǎn)因人而異.有些人認(rèn)為……然而其他人卻認(rèn)為……

People may have different opinions about ...人們對(duì)……可能會(huì)有不同的見(jiàn)解。

Different people hold different attitudes toward sth.不同的人態(tài)度各不相同。

3.論證的句子。From my point of view，I cant agree with the idea that ...在我看來(lái)，我無(wú)法完全同意這一觀點(diǎn)……

In my opinion，it is adj. to do ... than to do ... 在我個(gè)人看來(lái)，做……比做……更……

4.解決辦法。There are some suggestions for solving ...這是如何處理某事的一些建議。

The best way to solve the troubles is ...解決這些事的最好辦法是……

5.批判錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。

As far as sth.is concerned ...就某事而言……

It was obvious that ...很顯然……

There is no evidence to suggest that ...沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明……

6.給出原因。There are three reasons for this./The reasons for this are as follows.

Why did ...？ For one thing ...，for another ...為什么會(huì)……？一個(gè)原因是……

另一個(gè)原因是……

I quite agree with it that ... The reasons are as follows.我十分贊同……其原因如下：

7.表示優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。There are some advantages/disadvantages.

It is beneficial to us./It is of great benefit to us./It does us a lot of good.

It has more disadvantages than advantages.

It will do much harm to us./ It is harmful to us.

8.表示重要、必要。It is important（necessary，difficult，possible）for sb.to do sth.

Sth.plays an important role in our daily life.

9.表示措施。We should take some effective measures/try our best to do sth.

10.表示變化。Some great changes have taken place in the past five years in some place.

11.提出建議。It is high time that ...該是我們……的時(shí)候了。

Only in this way can we ...只有這樣，我們才能……

12.預(yù)示后果。No doubt，unless we take some effective measures，it is very likely that ...

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，除非我們采取有效措施，要不然可能會(huì)……

13.結(jié)尾。Therefore，wed better draw the conclusion that ...因此，我們最好得出這樣的結(jié)論……

There is no doubt that sth.has its advantage as well as disadvantage.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。

三、幾種常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)。

1.主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞，如：He arrived at six last night.

2.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.

3.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)，如：Please tell me a story now.

4.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：I found it impossible to work with him.

5.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)，如：He is a Chinese boy.The grass turns green in spring.

另外，There be ...句型，表示存在某種事物，如：There is a picture on the wall.

四、寫(xiě)文章時(shí)常用句子。

1.引出話題。Recently，the problem of ... has aroused peoples concern.最近，……問(wèn)題已引起人們的關(guān)注。

It is commonly believed that ...人們一般認(rèn)為……

With the development of science and technology，more and more people believe that ...隨著科技的發(fā)展，越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為……

2.引出不同觀點(diǎn)。Peoples views on ... vary from person to person. Some hold that ... However，others believe that ...人們……的觀點(diǎn)因人而異.有些人認(rèn)為……然而其他人卻認(rèn)為……

People may have different opinions about ...人們對(duì)……可能會(huì)有不同的見(jiàn)解。

Different people hold different attitudes toward sth.不同的人態(tài)度各不相同。

3.論證的句子。From my point of view，I cant agree with the idea that ...在我看來(lái)，我無(wú)法完全同意這一觀點(diǎn)……

In my opinion，it is adj. to do ... than to do ... 在我個(gè)人看來(lái)，做……比做……更……

4.解決辦法。There are some suggestions for solving ...這是如何處理某事的一些建議。

The best way to solve the troubles is ...解決這些事的最好辦法是……

5.批判錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。

As far as sth.is concerned ...就某事而言……

It was obvious that ...很顯然……

There is no evidence to suggest that ...沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明……

6.給出原因。There are three reasons for this./The reasons for this are as follows.

Why did ...？ For one thing ...，for another ...為什么會(huì)……？一個(gè)原因是……

另一個(gè)原因是……

I quite agree with it that ... The reasons are as follows.我十分贊同……其原因如下：

7.表示優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。There are some advantages/disadvantages.

It is beneficial to us./It is of great benefit to us./It does us a lot of good.

It has more disadvantages than advantages.

It will do much harm to us./ It is harmful to us.

8.表示重要、必要。It is important（necessary，difficult，possible）for sb.to do sth.

Sth.plays an important role in our daily life.

9.表示措施。We should take some effective measures/try our best to do sth.

10.表示變化。Some great changes have taken place in the past five years in some place.

11.提出建議。It is high time that ...該是我們……的時(shí)候了。

Only in this way can we ...只有這樣，我們才能……

12.預(yù)示后果。No doubt，unless we take some effective measures，it is very likely that ...

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，除非我們采取有效措施，要不然可能會(huì)……

13.結(jié)尾。Therefore，wed better draw the conclusion that ...因此，我們最好得出這樣的結(jié)論……

There is no doubt that sth.has its advantage as well as disadvantage.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。