楊等明
摘要::指出了二甲基亞硝胺(NDMA)是強(qiáng)烈致癌物質(zhì)亞硝胺中的一種,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)飲用水氯化消毒之后會(huì)產(chǎn)生NMDA,引起了人們廣泛關(guān)注。介紹了NDMA的理化性質(zhì)及其形成機(jī)制,闡述了去除NDMA的幾種方法,并展望了今后的研究方向。
關(guān)鍵詞:二甲基亞硝胺(NDMA);形成機(jī)制;處理技術(shù)
中圖分類號(hào):X501
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):16749944(2014)06015304
1 引言
2 NDMA形成機(jī)制
2.1 NDMA基本性質(zhì)
3.5 生物降解作用
NDMA還可被生物降解。在一個(gè)有氧的填充丙烷的膜生物反應(yīng)器中培養(yǎng)赤紅球菌EV425[18],當(dāng)NDMA以8μg/L~80μg/L的濃度范圍流入反應(yīng)器中,經(jīng)4個(gè)月以上的降解后,流出的NDMA的濃度小于10ng/L,該處理技術(shù)對(duì)NDMA的去除率達(dá)到了99.9%以上,有效地去除了NDMA。當(dāng)向水中加入三氯乙烯時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致出水時(shí)NDMA濃度很顯著迅速增加,這是因?yàn)槿纫蚁┦股锛?xì)胞中毒,使生物活性降低。所以若水中含有三氯乙烯時(shí),應(yīng)在水進(jìn)反應(yīng)器前,先對(duì)水進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,將水中的三氯乙烯處理掉??傊?,填充丙烷的膜生物反應(yīng)器處理法也是一種去除NDMA的可行的處理技術(shù),但是這種方法的處理周期很長(zhǎng)并且它的工藝化與經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性仍有待進(jìn)一步考慮。
3.6 金屬還原法
曾經(jīng)有研究使用零價(jià)鐵來催化還原NDMA[19],產(chǎn)物是DMA和銨,反應(yīng)符合模擬的一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué),但是要比還原鹵素化合物慢得多,半衰期達(dá)到13h。比較長(zhǎng)的半衰期就要求比較大的反應(yīng)床體積來提供足夠的接觸時(shí)間,因此用鐵催化還原不實(shí)用。用鎳聯(lián)合鐵來還原可以加快反應(yīng)速率[20]。
Matthew等使用粉末狀的金屬催化氫氣來還原水中的NDMA[21],其中胺基發(fā)生斷裂還原成DMA。實(shí)驗(yàn)采用雙金屬催化劑,將兩種表面活性不同的金屬聯(lián)合使用以獲得較好的反應(yīng)效果。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,當(dāng)使用10mg/L的粉末狀鈀、銅/鈀、鎳進(jìn)行催化時(shí),NDMA的降解半衰期大概是小時(shí)數(shù)量級(jí)。對(duì)于起始濃度為100mg/L的NDMA,所用反應(yīng)都呈模擬的一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)變化。雖然金屬聯(lián)合使用能有效降解NDMA,但是安全問題可能會(huì)限制金屬催化還原法的應(yīng)用。
4 展望
NDMA處理方法大都是屬于末端處理,加強(qiáng)對(duì)水源的保護(hù),提高人們對(duì)環(huán)境的保護(hù)意識(shí),可從根本上減小對(duì)飲用水的氯化消毒強(qiáng)度,亦會(huì)減少NDMA的形成。
探討飲用水氯化消毒時(shí)NDMA形成機(jī)制,通過對(duì)在氯化消毒時(shí)條件的適當(dāng)控制減少NDMA的產(chǎn)生。DMA是NDMA重要的前體物,可先通過預(yù)處理先將DMA除去,再進(jìn)行氯化消毒,或?qū)l件控制在抑制NDMA生成的條件下。
另外采用技術(shù)組合起來對(duì)飲用水進(jìn)行處理,可大大提高NDMA的去除率。如將紫外線與臭氧結(jié)合起來對(duì)飲用水進(jìn)行處理,不僅NDMA的去除率會(huì)大大提高,而且還會(huì)大大抑制NDMA的再生[22]。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陳忠林,齊 飛.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黃露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中國(guó)給水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,F(xiàn)ei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint
[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陳忠林,齊 飛.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黃露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中國(guó)給水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,F(xiàn)ei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint
[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陳忠林,齊 飛.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黃露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中國(guó)給水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,F(xiàn)ei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint