任麗霞(內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布市集寧區(qū)第七中學(xué))
我們知道,英語語法中有十幾種時態(tài),時態(tài)以時間為主軸.而語態(tài)只有兩種,即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài).每一種時態(tài)在語法允許范圍內(nèi),都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成它的被動語態(tài).那么,主動語態(tài)是如何轉(zhuǎn)化成被動語態(tài)的呢?或者,二者之間又有哪些特例呢?帶著這些問題,讓我們一起讀以下的內(nèi)容吧!
主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者;被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者.例如,我們常說“我們說英語”或“英語被我們講”,前者是主動語態(tài),后者是被動語態(tài).為什么要用被動語態(tài)來表達(dá)呢?當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者,或需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者,而不是執(zhí)行者時,都要用被動語態(tài).要想知道主動語態(tài)如何變成被動語態(tài),首先需要了解每一種時態(tài)的主動結(jié)構(gòu),在此基礎(chǔ)上,再轉(zhuǎn)化被動語態(tài).
讓我們先看一個例子:
例 Many people speak English.
English is spoken by many people.
通過上面的例子我們可以看出,把主動語態(tài)的賓語(English)變成被動語態(tài)的主語(English),主動語態(tài)的謂語(speak)變成被動語態(tài)的謂語(is spoken),主動語態(tài)的主語(many people)變成by 的賓語,組成介詞短語,放在被動語態(tài)中謂語之后.如果動作的執(zhí)行者無需說明或不必強(qiáng)調(diào)時,by 短語可省略.
被動語態(tài)的核心部分就是謂語,即be+V.pp.在不同的時態(tài)中,be 的形式不同.下面我們就分別看看不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成.在一般現(xiàn)在時中,be 的三種形式is,am,are,所以一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)就是is/am/are+V.pp.在一般過去時中,be有兩種形式was 和were,所以一般過去時的被動就是was/were+V.pp.
例 (1)Colour TVs are sold at the shop.
(2)This kind of paper is made in our country.
(3)The book was bought by my father yesterday.
(4)I was given some books by my father last week.
(5)Some books were given to me by my father last week.
知道be+V.pp 是被動語態(tài)的核心部分,其他各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)都會迎刃而解.例如現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動是is/am/are being+V.pp.一般將來時的被動就是will/shall be+V.pp.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動即have/has been+V.pp.情態(tài)動詞的被動也遵循這一規(guī)則,即情態(tài)動詞+be+V.pp.動詞不定式的被動即to be+V.pp 下面通過實(shí)例來看各種形式的被動語態(tài).
例 (6)The song is being sung by the singer.
(7)A new school will be opened by us in our hometown next year.
(8)A lot of buildings have been put up by them in Jiangxi.
(9)The homework should be finished in 2 hours.
(10)The homework has to be written now.
主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)時,有幾點(diǎn)需要大家注意.
一、在含有雙賓語的主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)時,若將直接賓語作為被動語態(tài)的主語,必須根據(jù)習(xí)慣在原間接賓語前加to 或for.如上面的例(5).
二、含有復(fù)合賓語的主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)時,只能將賓語改為主語,原賓語補(bǔ)足語變成主語補(bǔ)足語,位置不變.如賓語補(bǔ)足語是由不帶to 的動詞不定式充當(dāng)時,改為被動語態(tài)后,動詞不定式前必須加上to.
例 (11)They must name the baby Tom.
The baby must be named Tom(by them).
(12)I often see him read English.
He is often seen to read English(by me).
(13)The news made him jump excitedly.
He was made to jump excitedly(by the news).
三、不及物動詞加介詞或副詞構(gòu)成及物動詞短語,變被動語態(tài)時,把這一短語作為一整體來看待,不能分開.
例 (14)The old should be taken good care of.
(15)The story is being listened to by the students.
在下列情況下的主動語態(tài)不能變被動語態(tài):
1)表示靜止的及物動詞不能變被動語態(tài),如have(有),fit(適合),cost,hold(容納)等.
例 (16)I have a radio.
(17)The room can hold 200 people.
2)表示變化性的系動詞無被動語態(tài),如become,turn,get,grow,look 等.
例 (18)The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
3)直接賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞(each other)不能變被動語態(tài).
例 (19)I can look after myself well.
(20)We often learn from each other.
4)如果賓語是從句時,不能變被動語態(tài).
例 (21)I hope he will be back in an hour.
5)當(dāng)主動句的賓語前,有指主語的物主代詞時,不能變被動語態(tài).
例 (22)The boy cut his hand.
6)當(dāng)主動句的賓語是動名詞或動詞不定式時,不能變被動語態(tài).
例 (23)Have you finished reading the book?
(24)He began to read the newspaper.
在中學(xué)階段,還會接觸到兩個用主動表被動的特例:
need/require/want doing(需要被做)=need/require/want to be done
be worth doing 值得做
例 (25)The flowers need watering.
=The flowers need to be watered.
這些花需要(被)澆水了.
例 (26)The film is worth seeing.
這部電影值得(被)一看.
被動語態(tài)的應(yīng)用大大豐富了英語的表達(dá)方式,了解掌握英語的主動與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化后,對學(xué)生的寫作及閱讀能力都會有所促進(jìn),也能更靈活地運(yùn)用英語.