潘海樂 張一翀 呂松岑 任聰 張翼飛 于洪波
使用單排縫合技術(shù)和縫線橋技術(shù)修補(bǔ)中度肩袖撕裂的結(jié)果比較
潘海樂 張一翀 呂松岑 任聰 張翼飛 于洪波
目的評(píng)價(jià)單排縫合技術(shù)(SR)和縫線橋技術(shù)(SB)在治療肩袖中度撕裂的優(yōu)劣性。方法對(duì)于肩袖中度撕裂的病例,采用前瞻隨機(jī)對(duì)照的方法比較SR和SB的手術(shù)結(jié)果。根據(jù)患者癥狀、體格檢查、術(shù)前MRI檢查及術(shù)中關(guān)節(jié)鏡驗(yàn)證結(jié)果,自2012年4月至2013年5月在我院接受肩袖損傷修補(bǔ)術(shù)的患者中選出11例符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中度肩袖撕裂患者,隨機(jī)分入SR組和SB組(SR組6例,SB組5例)。對(duì)兩組患者分別采取SR或SB。術(shù)后對(duì)患者進(jìn)行定期隨訪,收集患者的個(gè)人資料,術(shù)前、術(shù)后臨床評(píng)分,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間等方面數(shù)據(jù)。從術(shù)前、術(shù)后患者肩關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分,術(shù)后患者滿意度等方面評(píng)價(jià)SR和SB治療肩袖中度撕裂的臨床結(jié)果。使用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)對(duì)兩組間相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,以P<0.05為兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。比較兩種肩袖修補(bǔ)術(shù)在臨床結(jié)果上的差異。結(jié)果患者的個(gè)人資料、術(shù)前撕裂大小、脂肪浸潤(rùn)指數(shù)方面兩組之間差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.923,P>0.05)。SR組平均隨訪12.7個(gè)月,SB組平均隨訪14.6個(gè)月。術(shù)前、術(shù)后評(píng)分方面,兩組術(shù)前的PVAS、Constant、ASES和 UCLA評(píng)分分別為6.0、36.5、66.1和18.7分,術(shù)后的評(píng)分分別為1.7、86.4、84.8和31.0分,術(shù)前與術(shù)后相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.64,P<0.001)。在PVAS、ASES、Constant和UCLA評(píng)分方面,兩組在最后一次隨訪時(shí)沒有組間差別(t=0.271,P>0.05)。但在手術(shù)時(shí)間方面,SR組平均為(128.5±15)min,SB組平均為(168.9±24)min,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.21,P<0.05)。結(jié)論對(duì)于中度肩袖的撕裂,使用SR以及SB,在術(shù)后臨床評(píng)分以及再撕裂發(fā)生率方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
肩袖撕裂;縫合技術(shù);縫線橋技術(shù)
肩袖損傷是導(dǎo)致肩關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和功能喪失的重要原因。近年來,單排錨釘縫合技術(shù)(single-row,SR)和雙排錨釘縫合技術(shù)都是被普遍使用的肩袖損傷修復(fù)方法。但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SR由于縫合后的點(diǎn)式接觸導(dǎo)致縫線結(jié)和修補(bǔ)肌腱間的應(yīng)力過于集中,而降低了術(shù)后的修復(fù)成功率[1],有報(bào)道單排縫合后肩袖的再撕裂發(fā)生率較高[2-3]。為了彌補(bǔ)SR的上述不足,雙排縫合技術(shù)以及由雙排縫合技術(shù)衍生而來的縫線橋技術(shù)(suture bridge,SB)較SR獲得了更多肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡醫(yī)生的青睞[4-10]。多項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道SB術(shù)后效果好,再撕裂發(fā)生率低。但也有研究報(bào)道,SB較SR在肩袖修補(bǔ)術(shù)后效果方面沒有顯著差異。
一些觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,對(duì)于較小的肩袖撕裂,SB并不必要,但對(duì)于大的甚至巨大的肩袖撕裂,SR和SB都很難達(dá)到對(duì)于肩袖足印區(qū)的完全覆蓋,而對(duì)于中度(2~4cm)肩袖撕裂,均有應(yīng)用SR和SB進(jìn)行修復(fù)的報(bào)道,而對(duì)于兩者的直接比較則很少。本研究的目的是對(duì)于中度肩袖撕裂的病例,采用前瞻隨機(jī)對(duì)照的方法,比較SR和SB的手術(shù)效果。
一、患者入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和隨機(jī)分組
患者的入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前的肩關(guān)節(jié)MRI診斷為肩袖全層撕裂,并在術(shù)中經(jīng)過關(guān)節(jié)鏡證實(shí)。(2)患者的肩部疼痛及功能障礙超過6個(gè)月,并且有至少2個(gè)月的保守治療而效果不顯著。(3)患者術(shù)前通過MRI測(cè)量的肩袖撕裂尺寸和術(shù)中測(cè)量的結(jié)果一致。中度的肩袖損傷我們定義為鏡下觀察肩袖的前后徑撕裂和內(nèi)外徑撕裂均在2~4cm?;颊叩呐懦龢?biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)肩袖撕裂尺寸不符合上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(2)有肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病手術(shù)史。(3)患者肩關(guān)節(jié)有過骨折、脫位或者感染。(4)患者不愿參與術(shù)后隨訪。
自2012年4月至2013年5月,共有11例符合上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的肩袖損傷患者在我院接受關(guān)節(jié)鏡下肩袖縫合修復(fù)。11例患者被隨機(jī)分到SR組或SB組,SR組6例,SB組5例。所有的患者均建立個(gè)人檔案并進(jìn)行術(shù)后隨訪,并對(duì)最近一次的隨訪各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行組間對(duì)比,患者的術(shù)后再撕裂情況根據(jù)術(shù)后的MRI測(cè)量來進(jìn)行。本研究計(jì)劃通過了我院科研科批準(zhǔn)并取得患者的書面同意。
二、臨床評(píng)價(jià)
記錄所有患者的個(gè)人基本信息,包括姓名、性別、年齡、主力手、從癥狀開始到手術(shù)前的時(shí)間以及患者是否吸煙?;颊叩募珀P(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分均在術(shù)前一天以及最后一次隨訪時(shí)評(píng)估并記錄,通過疼痛目測(cè)評(píng)分(pain visual analog scale,PVAS),美國(guó)肩肘外科評(píng)分(American shoulder and elbow surgeons scores,ASES),Constant評(píng)分,加州大學(xué)肩關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(University of California at LosAngeles,UCLA)以及平均手術(shù)時(shí)間對(duì)兩組患者進(jìn)行比較?;颊叩闹饔^滿意度在最近一次隨訪時(shí)進(jìn)行測(cè)評(píng)。我們把患者的主觀滿意度分為“非常滿意”、“滿意”、“一般”和“不滿意”四個(gè)等級(jí),所有的上述評(píng)價(jià)均由我院的同一位康復(fù)師實(shí)施完成,該康復(fù)師對(duì)患者實(shí)施哪一種手術(shù)并不知曉。
三、MRI評(píng)估
所有的入組患者均在術(shù)前拍攝肩關(guān)節(jié)MRI,包括T1-加權(quán)像和T2-加權(quán)像,所有的肩關(guān)節(jié)MRI都包括斜矢狀位、斜冠狀位和軸位像。肩袖的撕裂尺寸通過術(shù)前T2斜冠狀位和斜矢狀位進(jìn)行測(cè)量并記錄。盡管本研究的主旨在于比較兩組的臨床效果,但我們?nèi)匀煌ㄟ^MRI對(duì)患者術(shù)后的肩袖情況進(jìn)行了觀察,并且對(duì)兩組的肩袖再撕裂發(fā)生率進(jìn)行了計(jì)算。
四、肩袖修補(bǔ)技術(shù)
11例肩袖修復(fù)縫合均由同一位資深肩關(guān)節(jié)醫(yī)生完成,患者采取全麻,側(cè)臥位。在全麻后對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限的患者進(jìn)行適度的肩關(guān)節(jié)手法松解。術(shù)前降低患者血壓,術(shù)中采用灌注泵,維持60~80mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)的灌注壓力。首先于肩峰后外角向下、向內(nèi)各2cm建立后側(cè)入路作為關(guān)節(jié)鏡觀察通路,采取自外向內(nèi)法于肩袖間隙中點(diǎn)建立前側(cè)入路,對(duì)整個(gè)盂肱關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行觀察,排除其他術(shù)前可能沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)的損傷,必要時(shí)使用刨刀和離子刀清理關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)炎性增生滑膜(圖1)。然后將關(guān)節(jié)鏡轉(zhuǎn)入肩峰下間隙,并建立外側(cè)附加入路,清理間隙內(nèi)滑囊,必要時(shí)對(duì)肩峰進(jìn)行成形,重點(diǎn)切除肩峰前角的骨贅和增生(圖2、3)。
完成肩峰下的上述操作后,可以獲得一個(gè)清晰的肩峰下視野,開始對(duì)肩袖情況進(jìn)行鏡下觀察評(píng)估,使用無(wú)齒刨刀(美國(guó)施樂輝公司)對(duì)肩袖表面進(jìn)行適度清理,通過外側(cè)和后側(cè)入路,使用帶有刻度的探鉤對(duì)肩袖撕裂面積進(jìn)行測(cè)量并記錄,根據(jù)術(shù)中現(xiàn)場(chǎng)拆封的信封內(nèi)分組結(jié)果,決定使用哪一種縫合修復(fù)方式修復(fù)肩袖。修復(fù)前先對(duì)撕裂肩袖的彈性和移動(dòng)性進(jìn)行評(píng)估,使用球頭磨鉆對(duì)損傷足印區(qū)的皮質(zhì)骨給予去皮質(zhì)化,使用硬膜外穿刺針確定預(yù)擰入錨釘?shù)淖罴盐恢煤?,擰入帶線錨釘(林弗泰克公司,帶線金屬錨釘)。SR組和SB組的內(nèi)排縫合均采用單純打結(jié)縫合,SB組的外排錨釘孔位于肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)外緣向下1.5~2cm,外排均植入2枚錨釘(Arthrex公司,push-lock),交叉壓入內(nèi)排的縫線,使用抓線鉗調(diào)整縫線間距離及松緊度,盡可能使縫線均勻壓蓋肩袖,使縫合的肌腱均勻受力,在調(diào)整縫線松緊度合適的情況下,鎖緊外排錨釘,完成SB操作(圖4~7)。
圖1 建立前側(cè)入路
圖2 顯露肩峰前外角
圖3 肩峰成形后
圖4 SR組:大結(jié)節(jié)外緣擰入錨釘
圖5 SB組:內(nèi)排錨釘打孔
圖6 SR組:肌腱縫合修復(fù)后
圖7 SB組:肌腱縫合修復(fù)后
五、術(shù)后隨訪和康復(fù)
術(shù)后康復(fù)均采用相同的康復(fù)策略,由同一位康復(fù)師指導(dǎo)兩組患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)?;颊叩募珀P(guān)節(jié)置于外展包上制動(dòng)3周,允許術(shù)后即刻進(jìn)行患肢腕關(guān)節(jié)和手指各關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)。被動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)始于術(shù)后第4周,在被動(dòng)活動(dòng)肩關(guān)節(jié)達(dá)到正常范圍后,即轉(zhuǎn)入肩關(guān)節(jié)的主動(dòng)練習(xí)。在術(shù)后3個(gè)月后開始借助彈力帶進(jìn)行力量訓(xùn)練。
六、樣本統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)計(jì)算
使用SAS軟件對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)對(duì)兩組間相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,以P<0.05為兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
11例患者的平均年齡為57.4歲(36~72歲)。11例患者均為右力手,其中9例患者的肩袖損傷發(fā)生在右側(cè)。從癥狀始發(fā)時(shí)間到手術(shù)的平均間隔周期為37.21個(gè)月(14~69個(gè)月)(表1)。
SR組平均隨訪12.7個(gè)月,SB組平均隨訪14.6個(gè)月,兩組患者均實(shí)施肩峰成形術(shù),術(shù)前的PVAS、Constant、ASES 和 UCLA 評(píng)分分別為6.0、36.5、66.1和18.7分,術(shù)后的評(píng)分分別為1.7、86.4、84.8和31.0分,術(shù)前與術(shù)后相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.64,P<0.001)。
表1 患者基本資料
術(shù)后最后一次隨訪MRI均沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)肌腱再撕裂的表現(xiàn)。兩組間基本數(shù)據(jù)沒有顯著差別,包括年齡、性別、主力手以及癥狀始發(fā)到手術(shù)間隔期。術(shù)前PVAS、Constant、ASES、UCLA評(píng)分,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,肩袖撕裂大小在兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組患者的術(shù)后滿意度均集中在“非常滿意”和“滿意”(表2),但在手術(shù)時(shí)間方面,SR組平均為(128.5±15)min,SB組平均為(168.9±24)min,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.21,P<0.05)。
表2 兩組患者的術(shù)后滿意度(例)
目前,對(duì)于中度撕裂的肩袖,比較SR和SB術(shù)后效果的文章很少。通過11個(gè)多月的隨訪,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于中等大小的肩袖損傷,SR組和SB組在臨床結(jié)果和肌腱再撕裂方面沒有顯著差別。既往一些研究結(jié)果顯示,雙排技術(shù)和SB可以提高損傷肩袖的愈合率,并伴隨著更好的臨床結(jié)果[11-14],但另外一些研究則認(rèn)為兩者間沒有必然的關(guān)聯(lián),而有的研究則認(rèn)為 SB可能產(chǎn)生較SR 更多的負(fù)面結(jié)果[9,15-20]。Park等[21]的研究顯示,經(jīng)SB對(duì)于肩袖撕裂尤其是>3cm的肩袖撕裂可以取得令人滿意的臨床結(jié)果,Kim等[22]的研究也支持這一觀點(diǎn)。另一方面,F(xiàn)ranceschi等[23]通過臨床結(jié)果、再撕裂發(fā)生率等指標(biāo),對(duì)撕裂大小相近的病例進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)通過單排和雙排技術(shù)修復(fù)的肩袖術(shù)后上述指標(biāo)沒有顯著差別。Charousset等[24]的研究證實(shí),盡管SR組顯示出更高的再撕裂發(fā)生率,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。我們的研究也顯示了相似的結(jié)果。一方面,SR組和SB組在術(shù)后的功能評(píng)分方面都取得了顯著的改善,組間差距不明顯,說明對(duì)于中度的肩袖撕裂,SR可以取得良好的效果,而在大肩袖和巨大肩袖撕裂修復(fù)方面SB較SR具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[25-26],對(duì)于中度肩袖撕裂,SB沒有表現(xiàn)出更優(yōu)的結(jié)果;另一方面,我們的研究中SR組和SB組均沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)肌腱的再撕裂,當(dāng)然這也可能和我們的術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間較短有關(guān),但或許也說明,對(duì)于中度肩袖撕裂,縫合技術(shù)對(duì)再撕裂可能沒有特別的影響。
在影響肌腱再撕裂的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素中,損傷肌肉的脂肪浸潤(rùn)情況一直以來受到高度的重視,Goutallier[27]的研究顯示,在11例肩袖縫合后再撕裂的病例中,有10例患者術(shù)前肌肉脂肪浸潤(rùn)明顯,在Flury等[28]針對(duì)肩胛下肌進(jìn)行的研究中,也證實(shí)肩胛下肌修補(bǔ)后再撕裂發(fā)生率的高低和術(shù)前肌肉的脂肪浸潤(rùn)分級(jí)相關(guān),但上述研究都沒有提及肌肉的脂肪浸潤(rùn)程度和肩袖損傷的大小是否相關(guān)。在本研究中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中度的肩袖撕裂,其術(shù)前的脂肪浸潤(rùn)并不明顯,而大肩袖或巨大肩袖撕裂則常常伴有明顯的損傷肌肉的脂肪浸潤(rùn)現(xiàn)象[29]。這一現(xiàn)象提示我們,對(duì)于脂肪浸潤(rùn)程度不同的肩袖損傷,也許我們應(yīng)該應(yīng)用不同的手術(shù)技術(shù)和方法,也許對(duì)于脂肪浸潤(rùn)明顯的肩袖損傷,SB較SR具有更大的優(yōu)勢(shì),將來更多的相關(guān)研究、更大宗的病例、更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪可能會(huì)給出更清晰的答案。
小結(jié):本研究針對(duì)中度的肩袖損傷,比較SR和SB修補(bǔ)后的效果,是因?yàn)樵谶@一撕裂大小范圍的肩袖損傷,上述兩種修補(bǔ)方法都可以選擇。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者在術(shù)后臨床效果和肩袖修補(bǔ)的完整性方面沒有顯著不同。本研究的局限性是兩組的樣本數(shù)量相對(duì)較小,術(shù)后隨訪的時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,隨著術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),兩種肩袖撕裂的縫合方法可能在臨床效果和再撕裂發(fā)生率方面出現(xiàn)變化。我們將會(huì)關(guān)注上述病例,并對(duì)中遠(yuǎn)期的隨訪效果做出跟進(jìn)的報(bào)道。雖然SR和SB在術(shù)后臨床效果以及再撕裂發(fā)生率等方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但SB會(huì)花費(fèi)更多的手術(shù)時(shí)間。
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Application of single-row and suture bridge suture anchor technique in repairing rotator cuff tears
Pan Haile,ZhangYichong,LyuSongcen,RenCong,ZhangYifei,YuHongbo.DepartmentofSports Medicine,JointMinimallyInvasiveSurgery,the2ndAffiliatedHospitalofHaerbinMedical University,Haerbin150086,China
:PanHaile,Email:panhaile999@hotmail.com
BackgroundRotator cuff tears is a important reason of shoulder pain.Single-row(SR)and suture bridge(SB)suture anchor technique are widely used in repairing rotator cuff tears.There are a lot of articles about SR and SB in the treatment of rotator cuff moderate damage(2-4 cm),but few literature of the comparision of their clinical effect in repairing rotator cuff moderate damage.The SR and SB in rotator cuff moderate tear treatment is controversial.The purpose of this study is to compare the short-term clinical outcomes and structural integrity after an allarthroscopic repair in 2-4cm rotator cuff tears with SR and SB suture anchor technique.MethodsWe adopted prospective randomized controlled method to compare the SR and operation effect of SB in mild cases of rotator cuff tear.With the symptoms,medical examination,preoperative MRI and arthroscopy in the verification results,11cases who were conformd to the standard of moderate patients with rotator cuff tear were selected in the patients undergoing surgical repair of rotator cuff injury in our hospital from April 2012to May 2013,and randomly assigned into the SR group and SB(SR group of 6cases,5cases SB group).Two groups respectively adopted corresponding operations.All patients were regularly followed-up postoperatively.Clinical data including patient’s general information,pre and postoperative clinical scores,the average operation time were collected.Comparison between SR and SB in the treatment of medium size(2-4cm)rotator cuff tears was done by comparing the pre-and postoperative shoulder scores and patient’s satisfaction.t-test was used to compare the two groups.P<0.05was set as statistical significance when comparing the clinical difference of the two groups.ResultsNo significant difference showed between the SR and SB groups after comparison of demographic data,preoperative tear size,and global fatty degeneration index(t=0.923,P>0.05).The SR group average follow-up of 12.7months,SB group were followed up for 14.6months.Two groups of preoperative pain visual analog scale (PVAS),Constant,American shoulder and elbow surgeons scores(ASES)and University of California at LosAngeles(UCLA)score were 6.0,36.5,66.1and 18.7,and the postoperative scores were 1.7,86.4,84.8and 31.0,and the difference was statistically significant compared preoperatively and postoperatively(t=-2.64,P<0.001).No intergroup differences were detected at latest fellow-up(t=0.271,P>0.05),but the surgical time in SB group was obviously longer than that in SR group,the significant differences was observed.The operation time was(128.5±15)min in SR group and(168.9±24)min in SB group.Significant difference existed between the two groups when operation time was compared.ConclusionAt a median follow-up of 11.2months,the clinical scores and retear rate between SR group and SB group were no significant difference after arthroscopic repair in patients with medium size rotator cuff tear.
Rotator cuff tears;Suture anchor technique;Suture bridge suture anchor technique
2014-04-26)
(本文編輯:李靜)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.02.004
150086 哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)科 關(guān)節(jié)微創(chuàng)外科(潘海樂、呂松岑、任聰、張翼飛、于洪波);北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科(張一翀)
潘海樂,Email:panhaile999@hotmail.com
潘海樂,張一翀,呂松岑,等.使用單排縫合技術(shù)和縫線橋技術(shù)修補(bǔ)中等大小肩袖撕裂的效果比較[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(2):85-90.