在英語教學(xué)中,what是隨處可見的高頻詞,但在句中的用法不同,其含義也不一樣,經(jīng)常把學(xué)生弄得一頭霧水。What的用法既是中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容,也是高考的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)之一。為了進(jìn)一步掌握和理解what的用法,本文就what用法作一簡要的歸納。
一、what的基本用法
1.作為疑問代詞,引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句,在句中作主語、賓語、表語。如:
What’s your name?
What did you do last night?
What’s the trouble with you?
2. 作形容詞用,修飾名詞,表示“什么的”,“哪個(gè)的”。如:
What subject do you like best? 你最喜歡哪一個(gè)學(xué)科?
I shall be back this evening. I am not sure what train. 我今晚上回去,沒確定哪一趟火車。
注意與which的區(qū)別,選擇有范圍時(shí),一般用which,當(dāng)選擇無范圍時(shí),常用what。試比較:
What novel would you like? 你喜歡哪本小說?
Which dictionary would you like, this one or that one? 你喜歡哪一本辭典,是這本還是哪本?
3.用來詢問天氣、日期、時(shí)間、價(jià)格等。如:
What’s the weather like today? 今天的天氣怎么樣?
What’s the date today? 今天幾號?
What day was it yesterday? 昨天星期幾?
What’s the price of the dictionary? 這本辭典多少錢?
4.引導(dǎo)感嘆句,修飾名詞,如果所修飾的名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,則在名詞前加a或an。如:
What a fine day it is! 天氣多好??!
What an interesting story you told us! 你給我們講了個(gè)多么有趣的故事啊!
注意與how的區(qū)別,所修飾的詞是形容詞或副詞,則用how來引導(dǎo)。試比較:
How beautiful she is! 她長得多漂亮啊!
What a beautiful flower it is! 這朵花多漂亮??!
二、what用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,可引導(dǎo)主語從句,表語從句和賓語從句,what本身在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。What表示“所有…的(事)”或稱之為“what的所字結(jié)構(gòu)”,相當(dāng)于“the thing(s) that…”, “all that…”, “everything that…”。如:
1.引導(dǎo)主語從句
What impressed me most was the beautiful scenery of Xihu Lake. 給我印象最深的是西湖的美景。
What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. (諺) 兒時(shí)所學(xué),終生難忘。
2.引導(dǎo)表語從句
That is what I have been looking forward to. 那正是我一直在盼望的。
Jack is no longer what he was five years ago. 杰克不再是五年前的那樣了。
3.引導(dǎo)賓語從句
You never know what you are till you try.(諺)是驢子是馬,拉出來遛遛便知。
I can’t do what you ask me to do. 我不能做你要我做的事。
三、what的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式whatever(anything that…),可引導(dǎo)主語從句,賓語從句,狀語從句。如:
Whatever she does is ridiculous.(主語從句)她的所作所為都是荒謬的。
You can take whatever you want. (賓語從句) 你可以拿你要的任何東西。
Whatever you do, you must do it well. (狀語從句) 無論你做什么,都應(yīng)該做好。
注意與“no matter + what從句”的區(qū)別,“no matter + what 從句”只能在句中作讓步狀語,不能引導(dǎo)主語從句,賓語從句。
四、what to do 的用法。What to do 可以在句中做主語、賓語、表語等。
What to do next is being discussed. 正在討論下步該怎樣做。
You can go and ask him what to do. 你可以去問問他該怎樣做。
五、what引導(dǎo)的特殊句式。What經(jīng)常構(gòu)成一些特殊句式來表達(dá)某方面的情況或情景。常見的有:What about… (提出建議,“…怎么樣?”),What do you think of… (向?qū)Ψ秸髑笠庖?,“你對…怎么樣?”),What is one?(詢問某人的職業(yè)),What is one like? (詢問某人的外貌),What if…(倘如…會(huì)怎樣?),What of…(…的情況怎樣),what for(為何目的),and what not(以及其它同樣的東西,諸如此類),what with…and what with… (一半由于…一半由于…), what by…what by…(一方面由于…一方面由于…), what little/ few (雖少但全部),Come what will(may) ,… (不管怎樣/ 不管發(fā)生什么事),A is to B what C is to D/ A is for B what C id for D. (A對B而言正如C對D),等等。如:
What if the train is late? 火車要是晚點(diǎn)怎么辦呢?
What did you do that for? 你為什么做那事?
What do you think of the idea? 你覺得那辦法怎么樣?
Air is to us what water is to fish. 空氣對我們猶如水對魚一樣。
Well, and what of it? 嗯,那又怎么樣呢?
六、What構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu),用作插入語。常見的有:what’s more (而且),what was worse (更糟糕的是),what is better (更可貴的是),what is the best of all (最難能可貴的是),what is more disappointing (更令人失望的是),what is more important (更重要的是),what is called (所謂的),等等。如:
He is handsome, and what is more, very rich. 他長得很英俊,而且還很富有。
He is, what is called, a living dictionary. 他就是所謂的活辭典。
She said it, and what is more disappointing, she did. 她那樣說了,更令人失望的是,她那樣做了。
以上這些是高中英語教學(xué)中經(jīng)常遇到的what的用法,本文只是作進(jìn)一步的歸納和總結(jié),希望能對同學(xué)們的英語學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助,提高對what的應(yīng)用能力。