亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線定位的研究進(jìn)展

        2014-04-15 07:04:14董紀(jì)元
        關(guān)鍵詞:外旋力線髕骨

        李 想,王 巖,董紀(jì)元

        解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853

        人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線定位的研究進(jìn)展

        李 想,王 巖,董紀(jì)元

        解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853

        人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后旋轉(zhuǎn)力線對(duì)于患者術(shù)后功能和假體使用壽命十分重要。近年來(lái),針對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的評(píng)估方法和手術(shù)技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展,特別是計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航輔助手術(shù)的應(yīng)用,使得關(guān)節(jié)假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)力線更為精確。本文就膝關(guān)節(jié)假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的評(píng)估、旋轉(zhuǎn)力線對(duì)術(shù)后功能的影響,以及計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航的最新應(yīng)用進(jìn)展做一綜述。

        旋轉(zhuǎn)力線;計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航;人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換

        人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的患者術(shù)后滿意度和假體使用壽命在很大程度上取決于正確的膝關(guān)節(jié)力線。理想的人工膝關(guān)節(jié)力線可以讓患者獲得更接近于正常的膝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,避免假體和骨水泥受力不均導(dǎo)致的早期失敗,同時(shí)最大限度地保證伸膝裝置的功能。在人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)研究領(lǐng)域,更多的臨床研究集中在術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)的冠狀位力線,即內(nèi)外翻角度,而關(guān)于假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的研究相對(duì)較少。但近十幾年來(lái),隨著對(duì)全膝人工關(guān)節(jié)理解的不斷深入,以及圍手術(shù)期CT測(cè)量和導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的發(fā)展,膝關(guān)節(jié)假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的重要性越發(fā)受到人們的重視。膝關(guān)節(jié)旋轉(zhuǎn)力線取決于指股骨假體與脛骨假體在水平橫斷面方向上的位置,影響著人工膝關(guān)節(jié)假體覆蓋、屈伸間隙平衡、伸膝裝置功能、髕骨關(guān)節(jié)功能等多個(gè)方面的臨床效果。本文將對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線方面的研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行回顧,探討假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線與術(shù)后功能、假體使用壽命之間的關(guān)聯(lián),并比較不同定位方法對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)良好旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的優(yōu)劣。

        1 人工膝關(guān)節(jié)假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的測(cè)量

        Berger等[1]最早發(fā)表了在水平橫斷面CT片上測(cè)量假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線位置的方法:在股骨通髁線水平分別標(biāo)記測(cè)量通髁線和假體后髁最高點(diǎn)的連線,這兩條線之間的夾角定位股骨外旋角度。在脛骨側(cè),首先定位脛骨假體的幾何中心,連接該中心與脛骨假體前端頂點(diǎn),確定脛骨假體縱軸線;尋找假體的幾何中心在脛骨結(jié)節(jié)頂點(diǎn)水平處的投影點(diǎn),連接該點(diǎn)到脛骨結(jié)節(jié)頂點(diǎn)的直線,測(cè)量這兩條直線在水平面上投影的夾角,即為脛骨假體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度。股骨假體和脛骨假體旋轉(zhuǎn)角度之和,被定義為綜合旋轉(zhuǎn)角。此后許多學(xué)者分別在各自的研究中使用這種測(cè)量方法并得出了相似的結(jié)論[2-6]。Martin等[7]發(fā)表的最新研究報(bào)道中描述了另一種使用CT建模并測(cè)量脛骨旋轉(zhuǎn)位置的方法,較為簡(jiǎn)便。雖然這些評(píng)估方法均基于CT檢查,但Konigsberg等[6]的最新研究稱,使用二維CT評(píng)估膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后假體旋轉(zhuǎn)位置的方法在不同觀察者之間、或是同一觀察者的不同時(shí)段之間的差異較大,認(rèn)為這種方法的可重復(fù)性不高。隨著磁共振技術(shù)的發(fā)展,MRI也被用來(lái)進(jìn)行人工膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的評(píng)估,Murakami等[8]使用MRI對(duì)50例人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛的患者和16例無(wú)癥狀患者進(jìn)行MRI掃描,評(píng)估二者間旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的差異,獲得了與其他研究者使用CT進(jìn)行評(píng)估相似的結(jié)果。

        2 旋轉(zhuǎn)力線與術(shù)后功能

        股骨假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)位置主要影響人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)中的屈曲間隙平衡以及術(shù)后的髕骨軌跡兩大方面。早在1993年,Anouchi等[9]進(jìn)行的尸體研究已經(jīng)表明了股骨外旋對(duì)于屈曲間隙平衡和穩(wěn)定的重要意義,同時(shí)也針對(duì)其對(duì)髕骨軌跡的影響進(jìn)行了初步的討論。Harman等[10]進(jìn)行的研究和Thompson等[11]進(jìn)行的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明,膝關(guān)節(jié)假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線不良的患者在進(jìn)行屈膝運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、生物力學(xué)的異常變化。Lützner等[12]的研究同樣支持這一觀點(diǎn),并認(rèn)為旋轉(zhuǎn)力線對(duì)位不良是導(dǎo)致術(shù)后療效不好的原因之一。股骨假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)力線主要涉及到屈曲間隙平衡和髕骨軌跡兩個(gè)方面,股骨假體的內(nèi)旋放置會(huì)引起人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期失敗[13]。

        脛骨假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)位置有時(shí)更容易被忽視,但卻是影響膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)效果的重要因素[14-16]。對(duì)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對(duì)較少的醫(yī)生而言,容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是脛骨假體外旋不足,會(huì)導(dǎo)致髕骨軌跡不佳,影響術(shù)后效果[3]。有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,人工關(guān)節(jié)的旋轉(zhuǎn)力線不良也是導(dǎo)致術(shù)后膝前區(qū)疼痛的因素之一,后者是臨床上常見(jiàn)的髕股關(guān)節(jié)并發(fā)癥[17-18]。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,無(wú)論是否置換髕骨假體,均可能出現(xiàn)這種并發(fā)癥而導(dǎo)致失敗[17-18]。Barrack等[17]的研究指出,對(duì)于進(jìn)行髕骨置換的患者而言,若術(shù)后出現(xiàn)膝前區(qū)疼痛的主要因素在于假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線不佳,單純更換髕骨假體難以獲得良好預(yù)后,而且容易出現(xiàn)髕骨骨折等棘手的并發(fā)癥。由此可以推測(cè),對(duì)于未進(jìn)行髕骨置換的患者來(lái)說(shuō),僅僅進(jìn)行置換髕骨假體的二次手術(shù)同樣難以獲得良好的手術(shù)效果。此外,對(duì)于很多難以解釋的膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛病例來(lái)說(shuō),建議對(duì)其假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)力線進(jìn)行檢查,評(píng)估其是否是導(dǎo)致疼痛的潛在因素[19]。若在術(shù)中需要選擇較大的脛骨后傾角度,脛骨假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)力線不良還可能導(dǎo)致冠狀位力線的改變,一般來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)導(dǎo)致術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)翻,這對(duì)于人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)來(lái)說(shuō)是十分致命的,容易導(dǎo)致早期內(nèi)側(cè)脛骨平臺(tái)的塌陷[20-21]。

        3 假體旋轉(zhuǎn)定位的手術(shù)技術(shù)

        按照測(cè)量截骨法測(cè)量股骨假體時(shí),其外旋角度的確定可以根據(jù)股骨側(cè)的骨性解剖標(biāo)志來(lái)確定。常用的解剖標(biāo)志包括:解剖通髁線,外科通髁線,前后切跡連線,股骨后髁連線,后交叉韌帶。此外還可以通過(guò)間隙平衡技術(shù)確定股骨外旋角度。Victor[22]分析比較了各種不同的股骨假體外旋定位方法手術(shù)效果的報(bào)道結(jié)果,認(rèn)為使用切跡連線的方法一致性較差,并認(rèn)為使用通髁線定位外旋角度的傳統(tǒng)方法術(shù)后效果值得商榷,推薦在術(shù)前進(jìn)行CT掃描,根據(jù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)確定股骨的外旋定位參考,提高股骨旋轉(zhuǎn)位置的精確性。Fujii等[23]認(rèn)為,單純使用股骨后髁連線確定假體外旋的方法易受股骨后髁軟骨的影響,建議參考多種方法進(jìn)行股骨旋轉(zhuǎn)定位。Amiri等[24]提出了使用術(shù)中三維C形臂透視的方法進(jìn)行術(shù)中和術(shù)后旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的評(píng)估,證明其準(zhǔn)確性與傳統(tǒng)的CT技術(shù)相仿。若使用間隙平衡技術(shù)進(jìn)行股骨截骨,股骨假體的外旋角度會(huì)取決于截骨時(shí)韌帶的平衡和脛骨截骨面角度,此時(shí)股骨假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)位置變化較大。有研究報(bào)道稱其變化范圍為外旋6° ~ 內(nèi)旋15°,但這種差異在使用旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺(tái)的膝關(guān)節(jié)假體時(shí),其中期隨訪結(jié)果沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[25]。

        在脛骨側(cè),假體的旋轉(zhuǎn)位置一般參照脛骨結(jié)節(jié)和后交叉韌帶在脛骨側(cè)的止點(diǎn)位置,對(duì)脛骨平臺(tái)外側(cè)緣的充分顯露有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)更理想的脛骨旋轉(zhuǎn)位置。解剖學(xué)上的一些研究表明,無(wú)論是在內(nèi)翻還是外翻畸形的情況下,脛骨前后縱軸與股骨通髁線之間為相對(duì)固定的垂直關(guān)系[26]。但Tao等[27]最近發(fā)表的研究稱,使用脛骨結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)作為脛骨假體旋轉(zhuǎn)定位點(diǎn)的方法并不一定能夠獲得良好的術(shù)后效果。一些解剖型設(shè)計(jì)的旋轉(zhuǎn)襯墊假體兼顧了旋轉(zhuǎn)力線和骨面覆蓋之間的矛盾,對(duì)于脛骨假體旋轉(zhuǎn)位置的容錯(cuò)率更高[7]。

        近年來(lái),隨著計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的發(fā)展,股骨假體的安裝位置更加精確化[28-29]。計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)可以在下肢更大的范圍內(nèi)評(píng)估膝關(guān)節(jié)的力線情況,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行個(gè)性化的導(dǎo)航定位,對(duì)于優(yōu)化髕骨軌跡、提高術(shù)后患者滿意度均顯示出一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)[5,30-32]。

        4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

        隨著人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的日益普及和對(duì)人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的不斷深入研究,人們對(duì)患者術(shù)后功能和使用壽命的要求也在不斷提高。而完美的膝關(guān)節(jié)力線則是實(shí)現(xiàn)這些要求的必要條件。相比冠狀位力線而言,旋轉(zhuǎn)力線因其評(píng)估手段的限制有時(shí)會(huì)被醫(yī)生們所忽視,往往導(dǎo)致了一些并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。隨著手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,尤其是計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航關(guān)節(jié)置換技術(shù)的成熟,提供了膝關(guān)節(jié)假體旋轉(zhuǎn)力線的精確度,但其實(shí)際臨床意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)投入產(chǎn)出比尚存在不小的爭(zhēng)議,需在長(zhǎng)期隨訪的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步研究[33]。

        1 Berger RA, Crossett LS, Jacobs JJ, et al. Malrotation causing patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty[J]. ClinOrthop Relat Res, 1998, (356):144-153.

        2 Berger RA, Rubash HE, Seel MJ, et al. Determining the rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty using the epicondylar axis[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (286):40-47.

        3 Bédard M, Vince KG, Redfern J, et al. Internal rotation of the tibial component is frequent in stiff total knee arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2011, 469(8):2346-2355.

        4 Chauhan SK, Clark GW, Lloyd S, et al. Computer-assisted total knee replacement. A controlled cadaver study using a multi-parameter quantitative CT assessment of alignment (the Perth CT Protocol)[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2004, 86(6):818-823.

        5 Choong PF, Dowsey MM, Stoney JD. Does accurate anatomical alignment result in better function and quality of life? Comparing conventional and computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2009, 24(4):560-569.

        6 Konigsberg B, Hess R, Hartman C, et al. Inter- and intraobserver reliability of two-dimensional CT scan for total knee arthroplasty component malrotation[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(1):212-217.

        7 Martin S, Saurez A, Ismaily S, et al. Maximizing tibial coverage is detrimental to proper rotational alignment[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(1):121-125.

        8 Murakami AM, Hash TW, Hepinstall MS, et al. MRI evaluation of rotational alignment and synovitis in patients with pain after total knee replacement[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2012, 94(9):1209-1215.

        9 Anouchi YS, Whiteside LA, Kaiser AD, et al. The effects of axial rotational alignment of the femoral component on knee stability and patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty demonstrated on autopsy specimens[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (287):170-177.

        10 Harman MK, Banks SA, Kirschner S, et al. Prosthesis alignment affects axial rotation motion after total knee replacement: a prospective in vivo study combining computed tomography and fluoroscopic evaluations[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2012,13:206.

        11 Thompson JA, Hast MW, Granger JF, et al. Biomechanical effects of total knee arthroplasty component malrotation: a computational simulation[J]. J Orthop Res, 2011, 29(7):969-975.

        12 Lützner J, Kirschner S, Günther KP, et al. Patients with no functional improvement after total knee arthroplasty show different kinematics[J]. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(9):1841-1847.

        13 Pietsch M, Hofmann S. Early revision for isolated internal malrotation of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(6):1057-1063.

        14 Bonnin MP, Saffarini M, Mercier PE, et al. Is the anterior tibial tuberosity a reliable rotational landmark for the tibial component in total knee arthroplasty?[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2011, 26(2):260-267.

        15 Coughlin KM, Incavo SJ, Churchill DL, et al. Tibial axis and patellar position relative to the femoral epicondylar axis during squatting[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2003, 18(8):1048-1055.

        16 Graw BP, Harris AH, Tripuraneni KR, et al. Rotational references for total knee arthroplasty tibial components change with level of resection[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010, 468(10):2734-2738.

        17 Barrack RL, Schrader T, Bertot AJ, et al. Component rotation and anterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2001, (392):46-55.

        18 Petersen W, Rembitzki IV, Brüggemann GP, et al. Anterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty: a narrative review[J]. Int Orthop, 2014, 38(2):319-328.

        19 Bell SW, Young P, Drury C, et al. Component rotational alignment in unexplained painful primary total knee arthroplasty[J]. Knee,2014, 21(1):272-277.

        20 Tsukeoka T, Tsuneizumi Y, Lee TH. The effect of the posterior slope of the tibial plateau osteotomy with a rotational error on tibial component malalignment in total knee replacement[J]. Bone Joint J,2013, 95-B(9):1201-1203.

        21 Tsukeoka T, Tsuneizumi Y, Lee TH. The effect of rotational fixation error of the tibial cutting guide and the distance between the guide and the bone on the tibial osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(7):1094-1098.

        22 Victor J. Rotational alignment of the distal femur: a literature review[J]. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2009, 95(5):365-372.

        23 Fujii T, Kondo M, Tomari K, et al. Posterior condylar cartilage may distort rotational alignment of the femoral component based on posterior condylar axis in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Surg Radiol Anat, 2012, 34(7):633-638.

        24 Amiri S, Wilson DR, Anglin C, Van Houwelingen A, Masri BA. Isocentric 3-dimensional C-arm imaging of component alignments in total knee arthroplasty with potential intraoperative and postoperative applications[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(2):248-254.

        25 Rienmüller A, Guggi T, Gruber G, Preiss S, Drobny T. The effect of femoral component rotation on the five-year outcome of cemented mobile bearing total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(10):2067-2072.

        26 Kawahara S, Matsuda S, Okazaki K, et al. Relationship between the tibial anteroposterior axis and the surgical epicondylar axis in varus and valgus knees[J]. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012,20(10):2077-2081.

        27 Tao K, Cai M, Zhu Y, et al. Aligning the tibial component with medial border of the tibial tubercle--is it always right?[J]. Knee. 2014, 21(1):295-298.

        28 Mihalko WM, Williams JL. Total knee arthroplasty kinematics may be assessed using computer modeling: a feasibility study[J]. Orthopedics, 2012, 35(10 Suppl):40-44.

        29 Hoffart HE, Langenstein E, Vasak N. A prospective study comparing the functional outcome of computer-assisted and conventional total knee replacement[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2012, 94(2):194-199.

        30 Cinotti G, Ripani FR, Sessa P, et al. Combining different rotational alignment axes with navigation may reduce the need for lateral retinacular release in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int Orthop, 2012,36(8):1595-1600.

        31 van der Linden-van der Zwaag HM, Bos J, van der Heide HJ, et al. A computed tomography based study on rotational alignment accuracy of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty using computerassisted orthopaedic surgery[J]. Int Orthop, 2011 , 35(6):845-850.

        32 Czurda T, Fennema P, Baumgartner M, et al. The association between component malalignment and post-operative pain following navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty: results of a cohort/nested case-control study[J]. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2010, 18(7):863-869.

        33 Hiscox CM, Bohm ER, Turgeon TR, et al. Randomized trial of computer-assisted knee arthroplasty: impact on clinical and radiographic outcomes[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2011, 26(8):1259-1264.

        Advances in rotational alignment of total knee arthroplasty

        LI Xiang, WANG Yan, DONG Ji-yuan
        Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

        WANG Yan. Email:yanwang1961@yahoo.com

        Rotational alignment after total knee arthroplasty is crucial for the postoperative outcome and survival expectation of prosthesis. In recent decades, improving evaluation and surgery technique, like navigation system, have notably promoted the precision of rotational alignment of total knee arthroplasty. The evaluation methods of rotational alignment, its effect on post-op function and the advances of latest computer-assisted navigation technique in total knee arthroplasty are briefy reviewed in this article.

        rotational alignment; computer navigation; total knee arthroplasty

        R 687.4

        A

        2095-5227(2014)07-0775-03

        10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.07.037

        時(shí)間:2014-03-20 14:57

        http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140320.1457.005.html

        2014-01-22

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81301564);軍隊(duì)青年基金(13qnp 184)

        Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81301564)

        李想,男,在讀博士。研究方向:人工關(guān)節(jié)置換。Email:lxsteve.lee@hotmail.com

        王巖,男,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email:yanwang1961@yahoo.com

        猜你喜歡
        外旋力線髕骨
        Remplissage手術(shù)對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)Bankart損傷合并Hill-Sachs損傷患者肩關(guān)節(jié)外旋功能影響的Meta分析
        一例犬髕骨內(nèi)脫位的診斷與治療
        內(nèi)側(cè)固定平臺(tái)單髁置換術(shù)后的冠狀面下肢力線是翻修的影響因素
        全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中類解剖重建外旋肌群技術(shù)
        尼采的哲學(xué)實(shí)踐
        髕骨鋼板治療髕骨骨折
        克氏針張力帶與髕骨爪內(nèi)固定治療髕骨下極骨折的療效比較
        足過(guò)度旋前對(duì)人體力線的影響及治療方法①
        髕骨軟化癥的研究進(jìn)展
        股骨近端側(cè)位像對(duì)判斷股骨近端旋轉(zhuǎn)意義的初步研究
        欧美日韩综合网在线观看| 久久久亚洲欧洲日产国码二区| 91精品国产福利在线观看麻豆| 久久久99精品免费视频| 精品丰满人妻无套内射| 欧美亚洲日韩国产区| 国产一区二区三区视频大全| 国产乱淫h侵犯在线观看| 国产太嫩了在线观看| 国产成人无码av在线播放dvd| 亚洲精品综合第一国产综合| 男女搞黄在线观看视频| 国产黄污网站在线观看| 毛片亚洲av无码精品国产午夜| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久久久动漫 | 亚洲国产精品亚洲一区二区三区 | 免费精品人妻一区二区三区| 成人免费无码视频在线网站| 国产精品国产三级国av| 最新永久免费AV网站| 日本免费一区二区三区在线播放| 国产精品无码素人福利| 亚洲学生妹高清av| 国产成人亚洲综合小说区| 日本综合视频一区二区| 欧美日韩精品久久久久| 欧美精品一区二区性色a+v| 激情五月天俺也去综合网| 久久婷婷综合缴情亚洲狠狠| 欧洲freexxxx性少妇播放| 国产精品1区2区| 伊人婷婷综合缴情亚洲五月| 免费观看交性大片| 亚洲在AV极品无码天堂手机版| 成人精品免费av不卡在线观看| 综合久久加勒比天然素人| 国产av无码专区亚洲a∨毛片 | 亚洲国产av剧一区二区三区| 日本黑人亚洲一区二区 | 亚洲熟女一区二区三区250p| 久久无码av一区二区三区|