吳崢嶸(等)
[摘要] 目的 觀察Apelin-13對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎(EAN)大鼠淋巴結(jié)中炎癥因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)和干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)表達(dá)的影響。 方法 采用周圍神經(jīng)髓鞘抗原(P257-81)注射入Lewis大鼠后肢足墊誘導(dǎo)EAN模型。Lewis雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組、EAN模型組和Apelin處理組。Apelin處理組于免疫當(dāng)天至第15天每天尾靜脈注射Apelin-13(0.1 mg/kg)。觀察各組大鼠發(fā)病情況和坐骨神經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)變化,采用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR和Western blot檢測(cè)淋巴結(jié)中TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 與EAN模型組比較,Apelin處理組大鼠最初發(fā)病時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),高峰期臨床評(píng)分顯著降低,炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的表達(dá)顯著降低(均P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 Apelin-13對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎大鼠有治療作用,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的表達(dá)有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] Apelin;實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎;腫瘤壞死因子-α;白細(xì)胞介素-6;干擾素-γ
[中圖分類號(hào)] R741.05 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)02(a)-0017-04
Effect of Apelin-13 on the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in experimental autoimmune neuritis rats
WU Zhengrong1,2 TAN Liming1 ZHAO Xin1 XIAO Yanjiao1 WANG Zhili1 YANG Li1
1.Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hu'nan Province, Changsha 410011, China; 2.Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Lengshuijiang City, Hu'nan Province, Lengshuijiang 417500, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of Apelin-13 on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) of lymph node in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) rats. Methods The rats models of EAN were established by injection of peripheral nerve myelin sheath antigen (P257-81) in the foot pad of male Lewis rats. The rats were randomly divided into the control group, EAN model group, and Apelin treatment group. The rats in Apelin treatment group were injected with Apelin-13 (0.1 mg/kg) by tail vein once daily from the 1st day to the 15th day. The clinical incidence and pathology in the rats were assessed. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in lymph node were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot respectively. Results Compared with the EAN model group, the initial time of nervous symptom significantly increased, the maximal neurological score significantly decreased, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in lymph node significantly decreased in Apelin treatment group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Apelin-13 can treat the EAN in EAN rats model, the mechanism of which may be related with down-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ.
[Key words] Apelin; Experimental autoimmune neuritis; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Interleukin-6; Interferon-γ
吉蘭-巴雷綜合征(guillain barre syndrome,GBS)是一種常見(jiàn)的周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)自身免疫性疾病,也稱格林巴利綜合征[1]。實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎(experimental autoimmune neuritis,EAN)是目前公認(rèn)的研究GBS發(fā)病機(jī)制的經(jīng)典動(dòng)物模型[2-3]。在EAN發(fā)病機(jī)制中,活化的T細(xì)胞及其釋放的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子起到了至關(guān)重要的作用,影響著疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)歸,如干擾素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)和白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等[4-5]。
Apelin是1998年由Tatemoto等從牛胃的分泌物中分離提取出的G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體血管緊張素受體AT1相關(guān)的受體蛋白(putative receptor protein related to the angiotensinreceptor AT1,APJ)的天然配體[6]。Apelin/APJ在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中廣泛分布,對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)具有保護(hù)作用。Apelin能對(duì)抗興奮性毒性、缺血-再灌注和氧化應(yīng)激等對(duì)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損傷以及抑制神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡[7-9]。因此,本研究擬觀察Apelin-13對(duì)EAN大鼠的保護(hù)作用及對(duì)淋巴結(jié)組織中炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ表達(dá)的影響,以探討Apelin-13對(duì)EAN的保護(hù)作用及機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
周圍神經(jīng)髓鞘抗原(P257-81)為上海吉爾生化有限公司產(chǎn)品。Apelin為美國(guó)Sigma公司產(chǎn)品??俁NA提取試劑盒、MMLV第一鏈cDNA合成試劑盒、DNA Marker和Hot Star Taq Master Mix試劑盒為Invitrogen公司產(chǎn)品。引物由上海生物工程公司合成。BCA蛋白定量試劑為Pierce公司產(chǎn)品。TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ和β-actin抗體以及辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記二抗為美國(guó)Santa Cruz產(chǎn)品。
1.2 動(dòng)物分組及模型制備
健康清潔級(jí)雄性Lewis大鼠36只,10周齡左右,體質(zhì)量200~220 g,由中南大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物學(xué)部提供,以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料喂養(yǎng)。將大鼠隨機(jī)分為三組:對(duì)照組(12只)、EAN模型組(12只)、Apelin處理組(12只 )。EAN模型組和Apelin處理組大鼠經(jīng)雙后肢足墊下注射200 μL抗原乳劑(含200 μg P257-81的生理鹽水100 μL 和完全弗氏佐劑100 μL 混合成的水乳劑)。免疫后當(dāng)天Apelin處理組大鼠給予Apelin-13(0.1 mg/kg)尾靜脈注射,1次/d,連續(xù)15 d;對(duì)照組和EAN模型組大鼠同期給予同等劑量的生理鹽水尾靜脈注射。
1.3 大鼠臨床評(píng)分
免疫后每天對(duì)大鼠神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)體征進(jìn)行評(píng)分,EAN評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):0分:無(wú)明顯異常;1分:鼠尾松弛無(wú)力,肌張力降低;2分:尾癱,翻正反射部分消失;3分:翻正反射部分消失;4分:存在共濟(jì)失調(diào),姿態(tài)異常;5分:后肢輕癱;6分:中度癱瘓;7分:后肢嚴(yán)重癱瘓;8分;四肢癱瘓;9分:瀕臨死亡;10分:死亡[10]。
1.4 坐骨神經(jīng)病理學(xué)觀察
免疫后第15天,斷頭處死大鼠,迅速取出取大鼠坐骨神經(jīng),10%中性甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,切片行HE染色,光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察坐骨神經(jīng)病理改變。
1.5 實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)
免疫后第15天,斷頭處死大鼠,迅速取出大鼠腹股溝淋巴結(jié),進(jìn)行組織勻漿,Trizol提取淋巴結(jié)組織總RNA。以提取的總RNA為模板進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng),合成cDNA第一鏈。取cDNA樣品梯度稀釋,進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR反應(yīng),反應(yīng)總體系為30 μL,包含1 μL Taq DNA聚合酶(5 U/μL),4 μL cDNA,1 μL雙鏈DNA特異性結(jié)合的熒光染料(SYBR Green ONE)(50×),上下游引物各1 μL,8 μL dNTP Mix (2×),其余用蒸餾水補(bǔ)足。TNF-α引物:上游:5′-TGATCGGTCCCAACAACGA-3′,下游: 5′-TGCTTGGTGGTTTGCTACGA-3′。IL-6引物:上游:5′-TGGACTCTGAGCCGCATTGA-3′,下游:5′-GACGCATGGCGGACAATAGA-3′。IFN-γ引物:上游:5′-AAAGACAACCAGGCCTAGA-3′,下游:5′-CTAATCCGCTTCGTTAGGCT-3′。β-actin引物:上游:5′-CGATCATCTTCCAGGAGCG-3′,下游:5′-CTTGCAGTGTGCTATACTCG-3′。反應(yīng)條件為:95 ℃,10 s;62 ℃,30 s;共進(jìn)行45個(gè)循環(huán)。采用2-△△CT法處理數(shù)據(jù),以對(duì)照組為100%,對(duì)目的基因的mRNA表達(dá)進(jìn)行分析。
1.6 Western blotting檢測(cè)
免疫后第15天,斷頭處死大鼠,迅速取出取大鼠腹股溝淋巴結(jié),提取淋巴結(jié)組織總蛋白,BAC法蛋白定量。100 μL樣本加入到2×SDS凝膠加樣緩沖液中煮沸。凝膠電泳1 h分離蛋白質(zhì),分離的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)膜至聚偏氟乙稀膜上。10%脫脂牛奶封閉2 h,加入兔抗鼠TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ和β-actin一抗,4℃過(guò)夜。加入羊抗兔二抗,孵育6 h。顯影后進(jìn)行半定量分析。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 動(dòng)物發(fā)病情況和病情評(píng)分
如表1所示:與EAN模型組比較,Apelin處理組大鼠發(fā)病時(shí)間明顯延遲(P < 0.05)。在致敏的第16天,Apelin處理組大鼠的臨床評(píng)分與EAN模型組比較顯著降低(P < 0.05)。
表1 動(dòng)物發(fā)病情況和病情評(píng)分(x±s)
注:與EAN模型組比較,*P < 0.05
2.2 坐骨神經(jīng)病理改變
結(jié)果如圖1所示:EAN模型組大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)神經(jīng)束間和神經(jīng)束內(nèi)有大量的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),存在局灶性脫髓鞘現(xiàn)象,而對(duì)照組大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)神經(jīng)束間和神經(jīng)束內(nèi)未見(jiàn)明顯炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和脫髓鞘現(xiàn)象。與EAN模型組比較,Apelin處理組大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)神經(jīng)束間和神經(jīng)束內(nèi)炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和脫髓鞘現(xiàn)象明顯減少。
圖1 坐骨神經(jīng)病理改變(HE染色,×400)
2.3 淋巴結(jié)中炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的表達(dá)
結(jié)果如表2和圖2所示:與對(duì)照組比較,EAN模型組大鼠淋巴結(jié)組織中炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平顯著升高(均P < 0.05)。與EAN模型組比較,Apelin處理組大鼠淋巴結(jié)組織中炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著降低(均P < 0.05)。
表2 淋巴結(jié)中炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ mRNA的
相對(duì)表達(dá)水平(%,x±s)
注:與對(duì)照組比較,*P < 0.05;與EAN模型組比較,#P < 0.05;TNF-α:腫瘤壞死因子-α;IL-6:白細(xì)胞介素-6;IFN-γ:干擾素-γ
與對(duì)照組比較,*P < 0.05;與EAN模型組比較,#P < 0.05;TNF-α:腫瘤壞死因子-α;IL-6:白細(xì)胞介素-6;IFN-γ:干擾素-γ
圖2 淋巴結(jié)中炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ蛋白表達(dá)情況
3 討論
GBS是神經(jīng)科常見(jiàn)的外周神經(jīng)脫髓鞘疾病,臨床上表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性對(duì)稱性兩腿無(wú)力、遲緩性癱瘓、腱反射降低或消失,部分患者輕度肌萎縮、肢體遠(yuǎn)端感覺(jué)異常等[11]。病理學(xué)特征主要為外周神經(jīng)組織炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和脫髓鞘改變。目前GBS的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明了。研究表明,GBS主要是一種由CD4+T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的涉及體液免疫和細(xì)胞免疫的自身免疫性疾病[12]。1955年Wakesman和Adams首次提出了EAN的概念。EAN也是由CD4+T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的以外周神經(jīng)組織炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和脫髓鞘為主要病理特征的自身免疫性疾病[13]。EAN和GBS在臨床表現(xiàn)、病理學(xué)特征、神經(jīng)電生理學(xué)改變及免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機(jī)制等多方面都非常相似,因此,被廣泛用于對(duì)GBS發(fā)病機(jī)制及治療的研究,是目前公認(rèn)的研究GBS理想的動(dòng)物模型。
在GBS以及其動(dòng)物模型EAN的發(fā)病中細(xì)胞因子具有十分重要的作用,在GBS和EAN中促炎癥細(xì)胞因子的水平增加,而促炎癥細(xì)胞因子和抑炎癥細(xì)胞因子之間的平衡直接影響著GBS和EAN的發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)歸。參與GBS和EAN的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子有很多,包括TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1、IL-6、IL-1、IL-17等[14]。研究表明,GBS患者血清TNF-α水平明顯高于正常人,TNF-α水平與GBS病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),血清TNF-α水平的降低有利于疾病的恢復(fù)[15]。IFN-γ是由CD4+Th1細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)組織內(nèi)NK細(xì)胞分泌的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子,參與了多種自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。IFN-γ可激活巨噬細(xì)胞釋放氧自由基,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的遷移,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞上MHCⅡ類分子的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)EAN的炎性反應(yīng)[16]。
Apelin是由Tatemoto等在1998年通過(guò)反向藥理學(xué)方法從牛的胃分泌物中分離純化的一種小分子內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)肽,是APJ的天然配體[17]。Apelin/APJ在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中有廣泛的分布,研究表明,Apelin/APJ具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,能對(duì)抗興奮性毒性損傷、氧化應(yīng)激損傷,抑制神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡等,是一種內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)保護(hù)因子。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),海馬細(xì)胞中有APJ和Apelin的表達(dá),Apelin能誘導(dǎo)Akt和Raf/ERK1/2的磷酸化,對(duì)抗N-甲基-D-門冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)對(duì)海馬神經(jīng)元的興奮性毒性損傷[18]。Apelin能抑制大腦皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞中活性氧的產(chǎn)生、細(xì)胞色素C的釋放以及caspase-3的激活,促進(jìn)Akt和ERK1/2的磷酸化,抑制大腦皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡[19]。Apelin可通過(guò)活化三磷酸肌醇IP3、PKC、MEK1/2和ERK1/2調(diào)節(jié)NMDA受體的NR2B亞單位的1480絲氨酸磷酸化,減少Ca2+積聚,降低鈣蛋白酶calpain的活化,保護(hù)大腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元抵抗谷氨酸的興奮性毒性損傷[20]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,Apelin-13改善了EAN的臨床癥狀,延遲了發(fā)病的時(shí)間,縮短了病程,明顯減少了坐骨神經(jīng)炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),也明顯減輕了坐骨神經(jīng)髓鞘脫失程度。Apelin-13降低了促炎癥細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-6的水平,對(duì)EAN的預(yù)后起著積極的作用。這些結(jié)果表明,Apelin-13對(duì)EAN大鼠有治療作用,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)促炎癥細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和IFN-γ的表達(dá)有關(guān)。本研究闡明了Apelin是一種具有應(yīng)用于GBS治療潛能的有效藥,為GBS的臨床治療提供一些新的思路和策略。
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[2] Zhang HL,Zheng XY,Zhu J. Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome and experimental autoimmune neuritis [J]. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev,2013,24(5):443-453.
[3] 高莉,劉健,祝延,等.干擾素-β對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎治療作用的組織病理學(xué)和免疫學(xué)研究[J].中國(guó)臨床神經(jīng)科學(xué),2006,14(5):458-463.
[4] Zhu W,Zhang K,Mix E,et al. Differential susceptibility to experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rat strains is associated with T-cell immunity to myelin antigens [J]. J Neurosci Res,2011,89(3):448-456.
[5] 吳云,王化冰,王維治.Th1/Th2型細(xì)胞因子在實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用[J].中華神經(jīng)科雜志,2007,40(9):626-629.
[6] Lv D,Li H,Chen L. Apelin and APJ,a novel critical factor and therapeutic target for atherosclerosis[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(Shanghai),2013,45(7):527-533.
[7] Foussal C,Lairez O,Calise D,et al. Activation of catalase by Apelin prevents oxidative stress-linked cardiac hypertrophy [J]. FEBS Lett,2010,584(11):2363-2370.
[8] Tao J,Zhu W,Li Y,et al. Apelin protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of ER-dependent apoptotic pathways in a time-dependent fashion [J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1471-1486.
[9] Cook DR,Gleichman AJ,Cross SA,et al. NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide Apelin:implications for excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2011,118(6):1113-1123.
[10] 賁瑩,高長(zhǎng)玉,張風(fēng)華,等.丙戊酸對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎大鼠保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2013, 21(2):141-144.
[11] Nakajima N,Ueda M,Nomura K,et al. Acute oropharyngeal palsy with localized sensory impairment resembling symptom distribution of acute pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku,2013,53(8): 630-633.
[12] Huang S,Li L,Liang S,et al. Conversion of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells by IFN-gamma in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. J Neuroimmunol,2009,217(1-2):80-84.
[13] Brunn A,Uterm■hlen O,Carstov M,et al. CD4 T cells mediate axonal damage and spinal cord motor neuron apoptosis in murine p0106-125-induced experimental autoimmune neuritis [J]. Am J Pathol,2008,173(1):93-105.
[14] Matsuda R,Kezuka T,Nishiyama C,et al. Interleukin-10 gene-transfected mature dendritic cells suppress murine experimental autoimmune optic neuritis [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2012,53(11): 7235-7245.
[15] Alvarez LB,Prieto TR,Colazo BM,et al. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient receiving anti-TNF therapy. Consequence or coincidence. A case-based review [J]. Clin Rheumatol,2013,32(9):1407-1412.
[16] Lu MO,Zhu J. The role of cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. J Neurol,2011,258(4): 533-548.
[17] O'Carroll AM,Lolait SJ,Harris LE,et al. The Apelin receptor APJ:journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis [J]. J Endocrinol,2013,219(1):13-35.
[18] O'Donnell LA,Agrawal A,Sabnekar P,et al. Apelin,an endogenous neuronal peptide,protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2007,102(6):1905-1917.
[19] Zeng XJ,Yu SP,Zhang L,et al. Neuroprotective effect of the endogenous neural peptide Apelin in cultured mouse cortical neurons [J]. Exp Cell Res,2010,316(11):1773-1783.
[20] Cook DR,Gleichman AJ,Cross SA,et al. NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide Apelin: implications for excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2011,118(6):1113-1123.
(收稿日期:2013-11-01 本文編輯:程 銘)
[5] 吳云,王化冰,王維治.Th1/Th2型細(xì)胞因子在實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用[J].中華神經(jīng)科雜志,2007,40(9):626-629.
[6] Lv D,Li H,Chen L. Apelin and APJ,a novel critical factor and therapeutic target for atherosclerosis[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(Shanghai),2013,45(7):527-533.
[7] Foussal C,Lairez O,Calise D,et al. Activation of catalase by Apelin prevents oxidative stress-linked cardiac hypertrophy [J]. FEBS Lett,2010,584(11):2363-2370.
[8] Tao J,Zhu W,Li Y,et al. Apelin protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of ER-dependent apoptotic pathways in a time-dependent fashion [J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1471-1486.
[9] Cook DR,Gleichman AJ,Cross SA,et al. NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide Apelin:implications for excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2011,118(6):1113-1123.
[10] 賁瑩,高長(zhǎng)玉,張風(fēng)華,等.丙戊酸對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎大鼠保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2013, 21(2):141-144.
[11] Nakajima N,Ueda M,Nomura K,et al. Acute oropharyngeal palsy with localized sensory impairment resembling symptom distribution of acute pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku,2013,53(8): 630-633.
[12] Huang S,Li L,Liang S,et al. Conversion of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells by IFN-gamma in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. J Neuroimmunol,2009,217(1-2):80-84.
[13] Brunn A,Uterm■hlen O,Carstov M,et al. CD4 T cells mediate axonal damage and spinal cord motor neuron apoptosis in murine p0106-125-induced experimental autoimmune neuritis [J]. Am J Pathol,2008,173(1):93-105.
[14] Matsuda R,Kezuka T,Nishiyama C,et al. Interleukin-10 gene-transfected mature dendritic cells suppress murine experimental autoimmune optic neuritis [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2012,53(11): 7235-7245.
[15] Alvarez LB,Prieto TR,Colazo BM,et al. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient receiving anti-TNF therapy. Consequence or coincidence. A case-based review [J]. Clin Rheumatol,2013,32(9):1407-1412.
[16] Lu MO,Zhu J. The role of cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. J Neurol,2011,258(4): 533-548.
[17] O'Carroll AM,Lolait SJ,Harris LE,et al. The Apelin receptor APJ:journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis [J]. J Endocrinol,2013,219(1):13-35.
[18] O'Donnell LA,Agrawal A,Sabnekar P,et al. Apelin,an endogenous neuronal peptide,protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2007,102(6):1905-1917.
[19] Zeng XJ,Yu SP,Zhang L,et al. Neuroprotective effect of the endogenous neural peptide Apelin in cultured mouse cortical neurons [J]. Exp Cell Res,2010,316(11):1773-1783.
[20] Cook DR,Gleichman AJ,Cross SA,et al. NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide Apelin: implications for excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2011,118(6):1113-1123.
(收稿日期:2013-11-01 本文編輯:程 銘)
[5] 吳云,王化冰,王維治.Th1/Th2型細(xì)胞因子在實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用[J].中華神經(jīng)科雜志,2007,40(9):626-629.
[6] Lv D,Li H,Chen L. Apelin and APJ,a novel critical factor and therapeutic target for atherosclerosis[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(Shanghai),2013,45(7):527-533.
[7] Foussal C,Lairez O,Calise D,et al. Activation of catalase by Apelin prevents oxidative stress-linked cardiac hypertrophy [J]. FEBS Lett,2010,584(11):2363-2370.
[8] Tao J,Zhu W,Li Y,et al. Apelin protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of ER-dependent apoptotic pathways in a time-dependent fashion [J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1471-1486.
[9] Cook DR,Gleichman AJ,Cross SA,et al. NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide Apelin:implications for excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2011,118(6):1113-1123.
[10] 賁瑩,高長(zhǎng)玉,張風(fēng)華,等.丙戊酸對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性神經(jīng)炎大鼠保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2013, 21(2):141-144.
[11] Nakajima N,Ueda M,Nomura K,et al. Acute oropharyngeal palsy with localized sensory impairment resembling symptom distribution of acute pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku,2013,53(8): 630-633.
[12] Huang S,Li L,Liang S,et al. Conversion of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells by IFN-gamma in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. J Neuroimmunol,2009,217(1-2):80-84.
[13] Brunn A,Uterm■hlen O,Carstov M,et al. CD4 T cells mediate axonal damage and spinal cord motor neuron apoptosis in murine p0106-125-induced experimental autoimmune neuritis [J]. Am J Pathol,2008,173(1):93-105.
[14] Matsuda R,Kezuka T,Nishiyama C,et al. Interleukin-10 gene-transfected mature dendritic cells suppress murine experimental autoimmune optic neuritis [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2012,53(11): 7235-7245.
[15] Alvarez LB,Prieto TR,Colazo BM,et al. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient receiving anti-TNF therapy. Consequence or coincidence. A case-based review [J]. Clin Rheumatol,2013,32(9):1407-1412.
[16] Lu MO,Zhu J. The role of cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome [J]. J Neurol,2011,258(4): 533-548.
[17] O'Carroll AM,Lolait SJ,Harris LE,et al. The Apelin receptor APJ:journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis [J]. J Endocrinol,2013,219(1):13-35.
[18] O'Donnell LA,Agrawal A,Sabnekar P,et al. Apelin,an endogenous neuronal peptide,protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2007,102(6):1905-1917.
[19] Zeng XJ,Yu SP,Zhang L,et al. Neuroprotective effect of the endogenous neural peptide Apelin in cultured mouse cortical neurons [J]. Exp Cell Res,2010,316(11):1773-1783.
[20] Cook DR,Gleichman AJ,Cross SA,et al. NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide Apelin: implications for excitotoxic injury [J]. J Neurochem,2011,118(6):1113-1123.
(收稿日期:2013-11-01 本文編輯:程 銘)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2014年4期