摘 要:本文是根據(jù)高教社出版的《新編實用英語·綜合教程》《新編實用英語·學(xué)學(xué)·練練·考考》、歷年英語三級考試真題、參照詞典,歸納that在各種從句中的各種用法,并總結(jié)出一些規(guī)律和方法,以供教學(xué)參考。對于一種語言現(xiàn)象,人們往往會有各種不同的看法或提法,本文試圖從便于教學(xué)的角度來分析that引導(dǎo)從句時的特點,并作簡要論述。
關(guān)鍵詞:that從句 定語從句 名詞性從句 狀語從句 強調(diào)句
中圖分類號:H319 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1673-9795(2013)04(b)-0081-01
在英語教學(xué)中,that是使用頻率極高的一個詞,通??梢杂米鞔~,用來指人或物(尤其在空間或時間上較遠的),表示“那,那個”的含義,其反義詞是this,復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。這是that最基本的意思和用法,也很容易被英語初學(xué)者所理解和掌握。但是此外,它還有副詞和連詞等其他詞性,在句中可作主語、賓語、定語、狀語或起連接作用等,用于名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句、強調(diào)句型和情境交際等不同的句型結(jié)構(gòu)中,既發(fā)揮實詞的作用,又擔(dān)當(dāng)架構(gòu)復(fù)雜句式的重任。下面就以《新編實用英語》(第二版)為例,列舉教材中所出現(xiàn)的that從句,并加以分析和總結(jié)。
1 引導(dǎo)定語從句
that用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。That代替人和物,在從句中作主語或賓語,但不能作介詞的賓語。先行詞可人可物,用法相當(dāng)于who或which。(但是在下列情況下只能用that:先行詞既有人又有物時;先行詞有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞、不定代詞、every、some、any、next、very,only等修飾時;先行詞是不定代詞時。)
She talked about the professors and colleges that she had visited.
Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space.
The first thing that they should do is to work out their plan.
注意:that在定語從句中作賓語時通常可省略。
The painting (that) you sent us for our wedding is really something special.
2 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
that用作從屬連詞,在句中不作任何語法成分,只起連接作用。除個別情況外,一般不能作介詞的賓語。
(1)引導(dǎo)賓語從句。及物動詞后的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略。
We do hope (that) you will come to China some day as our guests.
(2)引導(dǎo)主語從句。通常采取It is… that-clause結(jié)構(gòu)。
That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious.
It is obvious that she doesn’t understand spoken English.
(3)引導(dǎo)表語從句。
The truth is that he is only eighteen.
(4)引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
注:引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that和引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是不同的。前者只起語法作用,在從句中不作任何成分;而后者可以在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。例如:
The fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me.(同位語從句。That只起連接作用。)
You can have the phone company mail you a credit aoupon that has the same value as the phone call.(定語從句。That在從句中作主語。)
同位語從句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在三級考題中。如:
The message that Mr. Black was elacted chairman of the committee arrived just in time.(2008-12-18T)
News came from the sales manager that the new product had been selling well in the local market for three months. (2007-12-25T)
3 引導(dǎo)狀語從句
That用作作副詞。引導(dǎo)多種狀語從句。
(1)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。
They shoud do their utmost in order that they may be able to over-fulfill the task.
We hope (that) you will come to China some time soon so that we may hhave the pleasure of seeing you in our home.
(2)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。
The chief executive gave us such an excellent lecture that we’ll never forget it.
(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。
These two areas are similar in that they both have a high rainfall during this season.
(4)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。意為“假使、假設(shè)”。
We’ll visit Western Europe next year provided that we have enough money.
4 引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句,此時that不能省略
It is the words on the card that really count!
It’s their unintended consequences that make me cringe.
5 結(jié)語
本文只討論了that引導(dǎo)從句時的一些用法,沒有展開詳述that引導(dǎo)的定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別,以及that引導(dǎo)的定語從句和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句之間的區(qū)別,但這在教學(xué)過程中要進行強調(diào)。綜上所述,that的詞義、詞性和用法,既豐富又復(fù)雜,因此,還需要根據(jù)學(xué)生實際水平,多舉例板書,耐心細致地講解,并通過做相關(guān)練習(xí)來強化。
參考文獻
[1]姜怡,姜欣.新編實用英語綜合教程1[M].北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[2]姜怡,姜欣.新編實用英語綜合教程2[M].北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[3]安曉燦.新編實用英語學(xué)學(xué)·練練·考考2[M].北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[4]顧紅兵.that用法小結(jié)[J].考試周刊, 2011(41):106-109.