幸超峰,周明武,李士民,楊瑞甫,宋 力
隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,人類壽命的延長(zhǎng),接受外科手術(shù)的老年患者日益增加。繼而引起老年患者術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生也明顯增多[1]。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)譫妄的研究取得了一些進(jìn)展,主要集中于麻醉對(duì)術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的影響和術(shù)后譫妄的護(hù)理方面。但整體來講,老年患者髖部骨折術(shù)后譫妄在國(guó)內(nèi)還沒有受到人們足夠的重視,尤其是外科醫(yī)師的重視。為此,筆者對(duì)術(shù)后譫妄綜述如下。
老年術(shù)后譫妄是術(shù)后常見的一種急性意識(shí)錯(cuò)亂狀態(tài),通常在術(shù)后早期便可以發(fā)生,病程呈波動(dòng)性進(jìn)展,臨床基本特征為意識(shí)、注意力、認(rèn)知功能和知覺障礙。意識(shí)障礙以對(duì)環(huán)境認(rèn)識(shí)的清晰度降低為特征,但未達(dá)到昏迷程度。注意力集中程度常常受損,導(dǎo)致患者注意力分散。目前多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為意識(shí)障礙仍然是譫妄的基本癥狀。但較新的觀點(diǎn)則認(rèn)為注意力障礙是其核心癥狀[2]。
常用的譫妄評(píng)價(jià)量表有CAM(confusion assessment method),DAS(delirium assessment scale),MDAS(the memorial delirium assessment scale) 和 DOS (delirium observation screening scale)[3,4]。 CAM、DAS 和 MDAS 量表都是需要患者來回答問題而進(jìn)行診斷的。CAM是根據(jù)美國(guó)精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)第3版(DSM-Ⅲ)建立的更為簡(jiǎn)練的診斷系統(tǒng),為非精神衛(wèi)生專業(yè)醫(yī)師鑒定譫妄所用。CAM包括9個(gè)癥狀特征,可以對(duì)譫妄進(jìn)行快速、精確的半量化評(píng)分。而快速診斷譫妄只需要以下4個(gè)特征:①急性起病,病情波動(dòng);②注意力不集中;③思維無序;④意識(shí)水平改變。確診譫妄需要①和②存在同時(shí)伴有③或④兩者或兩者之一。整個(gè)評(píng)估過程不超過5 min,適合對(duì)譫妄進(jìn)行快速診斷。DOS是一種簡(jiǎn)單的可以由醫(yī)護(hù)人員根據(jù)患者的日常行為而進(jìn)行評(píng)估的量表,簡(jiǎn)單易行。
譫妄可以發(fā)生在多種手術(shù)后,在國(guó)外很早就受到人們的重視,包括普外科手術(shù)、頭頸外科手術(shù)、心臟手術(shù)、血管外科手術(shù)、泌尿外科手術(shù)和骨科手術(shù),而不同的手術(shù)之間術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病率也有所不同。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者近年來對(duì)術(shù)后譫妄的研究也取得了很大的進(jìn)展,在骨科、血管外科和泌尿外科手術(shù)中都有術(shù)后譫妄的報(bào)道。但這些報(bào)道中,骨科的報(bào)道集中于髖部骨折術(shù)后[5-7]。
綜合筆者檢索文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),髖部骨折術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率為2.9%~62%。其中國(guó)外報(bào)道的發(fā)生率整體高于國(guó)內(nèi),可能和國(guó)外的研究中納入患者的年齡普遍較大有關(guān)。表1就是近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于此方面研究中報(bào)道的老年髖部骨折患者術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病情況。
表 1 文獻(xiàn)所報(bào)道的老年髖部骨折患者術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率
術(shù)后譫妄通常被認(rèn)為是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果。隨著人們對(duì)譫妄研究的不斷深入,所發(fā)現(xiàn)的譫妄的危險(xiǎn)因素也在不斷地增加。Marcantonio等[13]的研究中126例患者有52例發(fā)生譫妄,發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡超過80歲,術(shù)前合并認(rèn)知功能障礙、術(shù)前日常生活能力降低、合并其它疾病為術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。Duppils等[14]研究了225例(45例譫妄),發(fā)現(xiàn)高齡、合并認(rèn)知功能障礙或腦部病變?yōu)樾g(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,他們還認(rèn)為精神性藥物和孤獨(dú)的生活狀態(tài)是老年患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。除上述因素外,Galanakis等[18]在研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn),受教育程度低、術(shù)前血鈉水平異常、合并聽力或視力損害、住院期間發(fā)生的骨折、術(shù)前白細(xì)胞升高和術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生相關(guān)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后譫妄的患者有自毀行為,而無譫妄患者則未有此方面的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Morrison等[22]研究了鎮(zhèn)痛藥的使用和術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用杜冷丁的患者比使用其它鎮(zhèn)痛藥的患者更易發(fā)生譫妄。而意識(shí)清楚的患者中,術(shù)后疼痛感覺越厲害的患者越易發(fā)生譫妄。而最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明,術(shù)前等待時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、術(shù)前合并認(rèn)知功能障礙、室內(nèi)骨折、體重指數(shù)<20為老年患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素[30]。
通常人們認(rèn)為,隨著年齡的增大,許多器官的功能開始發(fā)生衰退,使得機(jī)體對(duì)應(yīng)激的耐受能力下降。中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的退行性改變包括神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞數(shù)量的減少、血供的減少和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)活性的改變,如乙酰膽堿酯酶和碳酸酐酶的活性降低,毒蕈堿受體和5-羥色胺受體的數(shù)量會(huì)減少[31]。發(fā)生譫妄的時(shí)候,會(huì)有乙酰膽堿的下調(diào)。除膽堿能系統(tǒng)外,許多其他的系統(tǒng)也會(huì)受累及。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在譫妄患者的腦脊液中,有腦啡肽、5-羥色胺和神經(jīng)肽等濃度的升高[32]。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)30%的術(shù)后患者其譫妄的發(fā)生和藥物的毒性有關(guān)。
有證據(jù)表明減少或消除術(shù)后譫妄的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素可以預(yù)防譫妄的發(fā)生。Inouye等[33]研究了852例老年住院的患者,對(duì)他們認(rèn)為的6種危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行了干預(yù),包括睡眠紊亂、制動(dòng)、脫水及視力、聽力或認(rèn)知功能損害。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)干預(yù)組譫妄的發(fā)病率為9.9%,而對(duì)照組為15%。但是對(duì)危險(xiǎn)因素的干預(yù)并不能降低譫妄的病情嚴(yán)重程度,也不能減少其復(fù)發(fā)的次數(shù)。Gustafson等[34]在圍手術(shù)期對(duì)老年患者進(jìn)行評(píng)估,減少其術(shù)前住院天數(shù),預(yù)防和治療低氧、圍手術(shù)期血壓下降和術(shù)后早期的并發(fā)癥能顯著降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病率,干預(yù)組譫妄的發(fā)生率為47.6%,而對(duì)照組為61.3%。在Marcantonio等[13]的研究中,髖部骨折的老年患者被分為“老年病護(hù)理組”和“常規(guī)護(hù)理組”,術(shù)后發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者譫妄的發(fā)生率有顯著性差異,他們認(rèn)為“老年病護(hù)理”對(duì)此類患者譫妄的發(fā)生有很好的預(yù)防作用。
對(duì)譫妄的治療需要多手段同時(shí)綜合治療。包括病因治療,支持治療和對(duì)癥治療。治療的時(shí)候,對(duì)患者的監(jiān)護(hù)是很重要的。首先,要對(duì)譫妄進(jìn)行病因治療。其次要進(jìn)行支持治療,讓患者有一個(gè)安全的居住環(huán)境,包括調(diào)整房間的光線、溫度和減少噪音,以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持。通常情況下,讓患者的家屬在近旁陪護(hù)會(huì)收到比較好的效果。最需要的是對(duì)癥治療,但對(duì)癥治療并不能取代或是延遲病因治療。安定類和苯二氮類是兩種主要的控制譫妄癥狀的藥物。氟派啶醇因?yàn)榭鼓憠A能的能力較低而成為人們青睞的藥物[35]。
譫妄的癥狀能夠持續(xù)6個(gè)月或更久。Marcantonio等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后譫妄的患者在出院后有39%的持續(xù)有譫妄癥狀,29%的癥狀持續(xù)至術(shù)后1個(gè)月,而6%持續(xù)至術(shù)后6個(gè)月。在Lundstrom等[36]對(duì)78例股骨頸手術(shù)患者的研究中,有術(shù)后譫妄的患者在5年內(nèi)癡呆的發(fā)生率為69%,對(duì)照組為20%。對(duì)此合理的解釋是發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的患者可能原本就有未診斷的認(rèn)知功能障礙或“潛在的癡呆”。而另一個(gè)解釋為譫妄引起的病理改變促使了癡呆的發(fā)生。Furlaneto等[29]還發(fā)現(xiàn),譫妄患者不僅術(shù)后的住院時(shí)間比非譫妄患者要長(zhǎng),且在住院期間的病死率傾向于升高,但和無譫妄的患者相比無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
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