架起文化交流的橋梁

Build a bridge for culturalex change

直音法the phonetic method反切法theFanqiemethod漢語拼音方案Chinesephonetic alphabetsystem

——《切韻考·通論》陳灃

In ancient China,people indicated the pronunciation of a word by reading homophones.However, if there were not homophones,the method would not work.Moreover,when the homophones were too rare to read,the method would not be in effect either.

自秦始皇推行“書同文”、東漢蔡倫發(fā)明造紙術以來，中華民族運用樸素的標準化原理，持續(xù)改進了印刷術，為人類文明的傳承注入源源不絕的動力。與此同時，國人對于漢字注音的研究和實踐也貫穿了中華民族的成長歷程。

Since the implementation of“unified written language”in Qin Dynasty,and the invention of papermaking technology by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty,Chinese nation utilized standardization theory to improve typography continuously and boosted the cultural heritage of human beings.Meanwhile,the researches and practices ofphoneticnotationforChinesewordsrun through the history of the Chinese nation.

在漢代，苦于“言語異聲”，人們借常用字標注同音字，推行“直音法”，以標準化互換原理的樸素運用，終結了文字讀音依靠“口耳相傳”的歷史。為了突破生僻字難以借音的局限，人們又借鑒印度梵文音理，發(fā)明了“反切法”——分別取兩個字的聲母、韻母和聲調為另一個字注音。蘊含標準化組合原理的“反切法”是漢字注音史上的一大進步，在1700多年間，極大促進了中國文字教育的發(fā)展。然而，由于這種注音方法高度依賴于對漢字的掌握，使得中國的普通民眾不得不長期仰仗《三字經》、《百家姓》、《千字文》作為啟蒙識字教材，頻頻遭遇“秀才識字讀半邊”的尷尬。

During the Han dynasty,limited to difference in pronunciations between oral and written language for the same word,with basic standardization principle of mutual exchange,people adopted the phonetic method to read a word and ended the history of word-of-mouth pronunciations.Furthermore.

people learnt from ideas from Indian phonetic knowledge and invented the Fanqie method,to indicate the pronunciation of a word by using initials,finals and tones of two different words.Such application of basic standardization principle of combination symbolized great progress in the history of Chinese phonetics and constantly promoted the Chinese language education for more than 1700 years.However,this phonetic methods highly depended on the mastery of Chinese language,the general public relied on some materials including Three-Character Canon,Hundreds of Surnames,and The Thousand-Character Writing as early learning materials and frequently encountered embarrassments in misreading words.

直到明朝萬歷年間（1605年），意大利耶穌會教士利瑪竇出版《西字奇跡》，首創(chuàng)以拉丁字母為漢字注音的先河，啟發(fā)兼容并蓄的中國人邁上了漢字音標化注音的歷程。從十九世紀末開始，中國先后掀起“切音字運動”、“注音字母運動”、“國語羅馬字運動”和“拉丁化新文字運動”，推出了幾十種拼音方案，涌現出盧戇章、王照、劉孟揚、趙元任、瞿秋白等一大批先行者。

北洋政府頒布的《注音符號表》

U ntil 1605 in Ming Dynasty(era of Emperor Wanli),the Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji("The Miracle of Western Letters"),which was the first book to use the Latin alphabet to compose Chinese language phonetic system.Enlightened with this idea,Chinese people started to use phonetic symbols in Chinese language pronunciation since then.A few campaigns spread over China in the late 19th century,including:"Qieyin Characters Movement","Latinization Movement",“Mandarin Romanization movement",and"Latinized New Writing Campaign”.Dozens of Chinese phonetic alphabet systems were proposed a large number of great practitionerscameout,suchas:Lu Zhuangzhang,Wang Zhao,Liu Mengyang,Zhao Yuanren,Qu Qiubai.

國人的努力終于在新中國成立后結出了碩果——國家確定“簡化漢字、推廣普通話、制定和推行《漢語拼音方案》”的文字改革三大任務，于1958年批準《漢語拼音方案》；1982年，國際標準化組織（ISO）決議采用漢語拼音作為世界文獻工作中拼寫中國專有詞語的國際標準（ISO 7098：1982《文獻工作——中文羅馬字母拼寫法》）。1996年，《漢語拼音正詞法基本規(guī)則》（GB/T 16159-1996）作為國家標準批準頒布……漢語拼音的每一次進步，無不飽含著中國人對于實現漢字讀音標準化、推動民族科教事業(yè)興旺發(fā)達的不懈追求。

Those efforts finally bore fruits after the founding of new China.The government started three main campaigns for the reform of Chinese language,including simplification of Chinese language,promotion of Chinese mandarin,and development and implementation of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System.In 1958,the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System was approved.In 1982,ISO decided to adopt Chinese phonetic alphabet as an international standard(ISO 7098：1982 Documentation--Romanization of Chinese),which was applied to Chinese words in the worlddocumentationfields.In1996,GB/T 16159-1996(The basic rules of Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography)was approved as a national standard.Each progress of Chinese phonetic alphabet is filled with Chinese people's relentless pursuit to achieve standardization of the pronunciation of Chinese characters,and to promote national science and education business.

如今，伴隨著五大洲正在形成的新一輪漢語熱潮，標準化的漢語拼音已成為國際漢語教學的堅強基石，架起了聯通中國與世界的文化橋梁。

Nowadays,along with the new wave of learning Chinese worldwide,the standardized Chinese phonetic alphabet has become a solid foundation of the international Chinese language education and therefore builds a bridge for cultural exchange.