重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語精析

1. vary v. 變換；變化；有差異；各不相同

【用法精析】

（1） vary between...and... 由……到……情況不等

（2） vary with... 隨……而變化

（3） vary in... 在……方面不同

（4） vary from...to... 由……變到……

【拓展】

（1） variety n. 變化；多樣性

（2） a variety of/varieties of 多種多樣的

（3） varied adj. 多種多樣的；變化很多的

（4） various adj. 各種不同的；多種多樣的

2. deal n. 交易；協(xié)議；發(fā)牌

v. 發(fā)牌；非法買賣（毒品）

【用法精析】

（1） make a deal 做成交易；達(dá)成協(xié)議

（2） deal in 做……買賣；出售；經(jīng)營

（3） deal with 解決；處理；應(yīng)付；涉及

（4） a good/great deal （of...）（跟不可數(shù)名詞）大量的（……）

（5） a good/great deal（修飾動(dòng)詞）很多；（修飾形容詞，特別是比較級(jí)）非常，……得多

【拓展】

dealer n. 交易商；貿(mào)易商；發(fā)牌者

3. involve v. 包括，包含；牽涉，牽連

【用法精析】

（1） be/get involved in 卷入；陷入；潛心于

（2） involve sb in sth 把某人牽涉到某事里

（3） 比較involve，contain，hold和include的區(qū)別：

involve指必然包括某種結(jié)果；contain指包括在內(nèi)或含有幾種成分及幾個(gè)部分，或指某物裝在比其更大的東西內(nèi)；hold指“容納；包含”，有時(shí)可與contain互換；include指某物作為整體的一部分或要素而包含在內(nèi)。include，contain和hold都指具體的物質(zhì)的實(shí)體和它們的各部分；involve側(cè)重于非實(shí)體的事物及要素。

4. spread v. 鋪開；展開；伸開；涂抹；伸展；延伸；張開；

蔓延，傳染；傳播；傳開

【用法精析】

（1） spread out 伸開；展開；打開

（2） spread...with... 用……涂抹在……上

（3） spread...on/over... 在……上面涂抹……

5. bend v. 低下；使彎曲；彎下腰；俯身

【用法精析】

bend one’s mind to... 把心思集中到……上

She could no longer bend her mind to the work.

她不再能把心思集中到工作上。

6. stare v. 凝視；盯著看

【用法精析】

（1） stare at 盯著看；凝視

（2） stare sb in the face 對(duì)直凝視某人；就在某人眼前；

對(duì)某人來說顯而易見

7. request n. 要求；請(qǐng)求；要求的事

v. 要求；請(qǐng)求

【用法精析】

a request for sth 要求某物

As a grown-up， he still often makes a request for his parents’ help.

作為一個(gè)成人，他仍然經(jīng)常要求父母給與幫助。

8. live adj. 現(xiàn)場直播的；活的

v. 活著；生活；住

adv. 在現(xiàn)場直播

【用法精析】

比較live，alive和living的區(qū)別：

live只做定語，只用于物；alive多作表語，也可作后置定語，多用于人；living既可作定語、又可作表語，既可用于物、又可用于人。

9. educate v. 教育；教導(dǎo)

【用法精析】

（1） educate sb in/on sth 在某事上教育某人

（2） 比較teach，educate，instruct和train的區(qū)別：

這些動(dòng)詞均含“教育，培養(yǎng)”之意，但具體含義有所區(qū)別。teach是最普通用詞，含義廣泛，強(qiáng)調(diào)直接教給某人知識(shí)或技能等，側(cè)重傳播知識(shí)。educate是較正式用詞，指教育，內(nèi)容比teach廣泛，強(qiáng)調(diào)教育的目的、培養(yǎng)的結(jié)果，也涉及人生觀以及學(xué)識(shí)。instruct與teach含義很接近，但語體較正式，指系統(tǒng)、詳細(xì)地傳播知識(shí)，側(cè)重教授與指示。train指訓(xùn)練與培養(yǎng)。

【拓展】

education n. 教育

educated adj. 受過教育的；有教養(yǎng)的

educational adj. 教育的；有教育意義的

10. breakthrough n. 突破

【拓展】

breakthrough是由短語break through構(gòu)成的合成名詞，英語中有很多類似的例子：

break out 爆發(fā)→outbreak n. 爆發(fā)

break down 故障→breakdown n. 故障

burst out 突然開始（做某事）→outburst n. 爆發(fā)，迸發(fā)

come out 出來，結(jié)果是→outcome n. 結(jié)果；效果

put out 生產(chǎn)→output n. 產(chǎn)量

11. support v. 支持；幫助；資助；支撐；

養(yǎng)（家）；維持（生活）

n. 支持；幫助；支撐（物）

【用法精析】

（1） in support of 支持……（作狀語）

He was unhappy because few his friends spoke in support of his suggestion.

他因?yàn)閹缀鯖]有朋友支持他的建議而不高興。

（2） come to one’s support 支持某人

The scientists got a series of new discoveries to come to their support.

科學(xué)家們得到一系列的新發(fā)現(xiàn)來支持他們。

12. replace v. 取代；以……代替；把……放回原處

【用法精析】

replace...with/by... 用……替換；以……接替

It isn’t healthy behavior for girls to miss supper and replace it with fruit.

不吃晚餐，改吃水果，這對(duì)于女孩來說是不健康的行為。

13. quantity n. 數(shù)量（作不可數(shù)名詞，和質(zhì)量相對(duì)；

作可數(shù)名詞，指具體數(shù)量）

quality n. 質(zhì)量（作不可數(shù)名詞，和數(shù)量相對(duì)）；

（人的）品質(zhì)（可數(shù)名詞）

【用法精析】

（1） be of good/bad quality 質(zhì)量好/不好

（2） in quality 質(zhì)量方面

（3） in quantity 大量的

（4） a large/small quantity of 大量/少量的……

（5） 比較quantity，number和amount的區(qū)別：

quantity可與可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞連用，number只與可數(shù)名詞連用；amount只與不可數(shù)名詞連用。

【拓展】

quantitative adj. 數(shù)量上的；定量的

qualitative adj. 性質(zhì)上的；定性的

14. explode v. 爆炸

explosion n. 爆炸

【用法精析】

explode into/with... 突然發(fā)生……

Hearing the sad news， she exploded into tears.

聽到這個(gè)悲傷的消息，她突然哭起來。

The audience exploded with laughter.

觀眾發(fā)出了哄笑。

【拓展】

explosive adj. 會(huì)爆炸的；爆炸性的

15. escape v. 逃跑；逃脫

n. 逃跑；逃脫

【用法精析】

escape from... 從……逃跑/逃脫

No matter how many efforts he made， he had no way to escape from doing that work.

無論他做多大的努力，他還是沒法避免干那種工作。

【拓展】

escaped adj. 逃跑了的

16. clear v. 移走，清除；（煙、霧等）消散

【用法精析】

（1） clear away 消散，散去

（2） clear...of... 移走/清除……中的……

（3） clear...off... 從……中移走/清除……

17. give away 暴露，泄露；捐送，捐贈(zèng)；頒發(fā)

He isn’t my friend because he gave away my secret to others.

他不是我的朋友，因?yàn)樗盐业拿孛苄孤督o了別人。

The expressions on her face gave her away.

她臉上的表情使她露餡了。

He promised that he would give away all his money to the people who needed it after he died.

他承諾將在死后，把他所有的錢都捐贈(zèng)給需要的人們。

According to the news， a well-known person will give away the prize.

據(jù)新聞?wù)f，一位名人將頒發(fā)這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)。

【拓展】

（1） give back 歸還；使恢復(fù)

（2） give in 屈服；認(rèn)輸；投降；呈上；交上

（3） give out 用完；耗盡；分發(fā)；散發(fā)；發(fā)出（熱、光等）

（4） give up 投降；認(rèn)輸；放棄；中止；拋棄

18. by accident 偶然地

I met my classmate by accident whom I hadn’t seen for long at the meeting.

我在會(huì)上偶然遇見我很久沒見的同學(xué)。

【拓展】

其反義短語為on purpose“故意地”。

She must tell you the discouraging thing on purpose.

她必定是故意告訴你這件令人泄氣的事。

19. as a result of 作為……的結(jié)果；由于

As a result of a heavy pressure， he failed this exam.

由于巨大的壓力，他這次考試失敗了。

【用法精析】

比較as a result of和as a result的區(qū)別：

as a result of 作為……的結(jié)果；由于（多引起狀語）；

as a result 結(jié)果……（作狀語）。

【拓展】

其他表示原因的短語：because of/thanks to/owing to/due to/as a consequence of 由于，因?yàn)椤?/p>

語法精析精練

狀語從句

考點(diǎn)提示：

1. 對(duì)狀語從句的考查主要在單項(xiàng)填空題中；完形填空有時(shí)涉及狀語從句，如考查狀語從句從屬連詞的詞義判斷；短文改錯(cuò)題中少有出現(xiàn)；書面表達(dá)中常用狀語從句。

2. 狀語從句考題的解題關(guān)鍵是連詞的意義，從試題的語義邏輯進(jìn)行判定。熟記引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞的意義是必須的。

3. 注意區(qū)別易混誤用的幾組連詞，熟記含有狀語從句連詞的常用固定結(jié)構(gòu)。

語法精析

一、熟記引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞的意義

1. when（1）當(dāng)……時(shí)候；在……時(shí)候（2）既然

while（1）在……期間；和……同時(shí)（2）雖然，盡管

as（1）當(dāng)……時(shí)候；隨著……；（2）因?yàn)?；由于；?）雖然（用倒裝語序）；（4）（not） as/so... as... （不）和……一樣……；（5）像……；按照……

2. before 在……之前

after 在……之后

3. since 自從……以來；既然；因?yàn)?/p>

4. as soon as； the moment/minute/instant； immediately； instantly； directly； no sooner...than...； hardly...when...

一……就……

5. until/till 直到……

6. every time/each time 每次

whenever 每當(dāng)，每次

next time 下次

the first time 第一次

the last time 最后一次

any time 任何時(shí)候，隨時(shí)

by the time 到……時(shí)候

7. if 如果

unless 如果不；除非

as/so long as 只要……就……

on condition that 條件是……

in case 萬一；以防萬一

providing； provided （that）； supposing； suppose （that）

假如，如果

8. because 因?yàn)?/p>

now（that）既然

in that 因?yàn)?；既?/p>

9. though/although 雖然

even if/even though 即使；盡管

no matter what/how/where/when/which/who... = whatever/however/wherever/whenever/whichever/whoever... 無論什么、怎樣、哪兒、何時(shí)、哪個(gè)、誰……

whether... or... 無論……還是……

10. where 在/到……地方

wherever 在……任何地方；無論在/到哪兒

11. so... that.../such... that... 如此……以至于……

so that... 結(jié)果；為了，以便……

in order that... 為了，以便……

for fear that... 以防；因?yàn)楹ε隆?/p>

12. as if/as though 好像

二、注意幾組連詞的用法區(qū)別

1. when/while/as 三者都可表“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”。

when：既可表具體某時(shí)，也可表一段時(shí)間；既可表主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可表主從句動(dòng)作先后發(fā)生，故?？商鎿Qwhile和as（as表“隨著……”的意義時(shí)除外）。注意：表示主從句動(dòng)作先后發(fā)生時(shí)，只能用when。when還可表“既然；就在那時(shí)”（用作并列連詞）。

while：只表持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。注意：while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。while還可表“雖然；然而；卻”（用作并列連詞）。

as：表示從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。as還有“隨著……”的意義，注意：“with + sb/sth + 賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)也有此意義。區(qū)別在于結(jié)構(gòu)不同：as引導(dǎo)從句，而“with + sb/sth + 賓補(bǔ)”是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)然，除此之外as還有其他意義和用法。

2. because/as/since/now that/for

because：原因語氣最強(qiáng)。在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is/was... that... 中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是原因狀語從句時(shí)，其引導(dǎo)詞只用because。回答Why引導(dǎo)的疑問句時(shí)，也必須用because，不用其他連詞。

as/since/now that ：原因語氣弱，原因明顯，談話雙方都知道。

for：原因語氣最弱，甚至表示出來的不成為原因。注意：它是并列連詞，不能用于句首。

3. though/although/as/while

它們都有“雖然”的意義，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。注意though和as的特別用法：

though引導(dǎo)的從句可用正常語序，也可將從句表語或狀語提到句首。另外注意though還可用作副詞，表“然而、可是”，相當(dāng)于however，但它常位于句末。

as表“雖然”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)的從句要用倒裝語序，即將從句的表語或狀語、甚至動(dòng)詞原形提到句首。

4. so... that.../such... that...

注意so和such的不同用法：

5. whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever...與no matter what/who/whom/which...

whatever/whoever等既可引導(dǎo)狀語從句，也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但no matter what/who 等只引導(dǎo)狀語從句。

6. until/till

當(dāng)引導(dǎo)的從句在句首，或與not直接連用（not until） 時(shí)，只能用until 。

三、熟記含狀語從句的常用固定結(jié)構(gòu)

1. It is/has been... since...， It was/had been... since...

自從……以來，有多長時(shí)間了

2. It will be... before... 要過……（時(shí)間），才……

It was... before... 過了……（時(shí)間），才……

It will be/was long before... 很久才……

It won’t be/wasn’t long before... 不久就……

... before... could... 還沒來得及……就……

3. not... until/till... 直到……才……

It is/was not until...that... 直到……才……

語法精練

1. （2012年四川卷） If you happen to get lost in the wild， you’d better stay ___ you are and wait for help.

A. whyB. where

C. whoD. what

2. （2012年北京卷） — Look at those clouds！

— Don’t worry. ___ it rains， we’ll still have a great time.

A. Even ifB. As though

C. In caseD. If only

3. （2012年山東卷） A number of high buildings have arisen ___ there was nothing a year ago but ruins.

A. whenB. where

C. beforeD. until

4. （2012年山東卷） He smiled politely ___ Mary apologized for her drunken friends.

A. asB. if

C. unlessD. though

5. （2012年重慶卷） —Coach， can I continue with the training？

— Sorry， you can’t ___ you haven’t recovered from the knee injury.

A. untilB. before

C. asD. unless

6. （2011年四川卷） As is reported， it is 100 years ___ Qinghua University was founded.

A. whenB. before

C. afterD. since

7. They said that they would not give up ___ they should fail again.

A. as ifB. even if

C. asD. so that

8. ─ Did you remember to give Smith the dictionary？

─ Yes， I gave it to him ___ I saw him.

A. whileB. the moment

C. onceD. if

9. College students are expected to go ___ they are most needed， such as western China or other less developed areas.

A. whenB. where

C. thereD. that

10. The film is very good because it can hold its viewers’ curiosity ___ the end of it.

A. whenB. before

C. afterD. until

11. Larry always blames me ___ anything goes wrong. I can’t stand him any more.

A. wheneverB. wherever

C. howeverD. whatever

12. You shouldn’t get angry just ___ some people speak ill of you.

A. becauseB. since

C. asD. now that

13. ─ Did the guard let you in ？

─ No， ___ I told him who I was.

A. as thoughB. even though

C. as ifD. in case

14. I like the city， but I like the country better ___ I have more friends there.

A. in caseB. in that

C. even ifD. as if

15. We were told that we should follow the main road ___ we reached the central railway station.

A. wheneverB. while

C. tillD. where

16. ___ he took part in such a competition， he won a first prize.

A. The first timeB. For the first time

C. By the timeD. On condition that

17. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot in Canada， ___ this was a memory she especially treasured.

A. asB. if

C. whenD. where

18. ___ he said he was our good friend， ___ he wouldn’t help us wholeheartedly.

A. Since； andB. As； because

C. Though； yetD. Although； but

19. They were surprised that their grandma should dance so beautifully ___ they themselves couldn’t.

A. onceB. where

C. whileD. if

20. Tim may come to see me. I don’t want to go out ___ he comes.

A. so thatB. in case

C. as long asD. now that

綜合能力提升

（滿分120分；時(shí)間80分鐘）

第一部分 英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）

第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）

1. These settlers started to use English， while they also ___ some words from their own languages.

A. brought onB. brought in

C. brought outD. brought up

2. He has decided to become a successful businessman as his father ___ many efforts he has to make.

A. whicheverB. whatever

C. howeverD. wherever

3. — Please be quick. I have to get to the school before 8：00 am.

— ___ ， but I’ll do my best.

A. No problemB. I can’t promise

C. That’s all rightD. It’s impossible

4. The research result says a small ___ of effect from this material ___ on the animal.

A. quantity； isB. number； is

C. quality； isD. amount； are

5. She knew his bad living situation， but still asked him embar-rassing questions about his life ___ .

A. by accidentB. in return

C. on purposeD. in total

6. — Nurse， what’re the meals provided for the patients in your hospital？

— The meals ___ in type for different patients.

A. expressB. vary

C. misunderstandD. advance

7. To my surprise， only a few of our company were ___ the manager’s proposal which sounded good.

A. in face ofB. in honor of

C. in search ofD. in support of

8. — I have thrown all your clothes out of my house.

— What are you going to express ___ doing that？

A. forB. in

C. ofD. by

9. The next month CCTV-5 will give a ___ broadcast of Euro Cup so as to make football fans see those football players’ performance meanwhile.

A. livingB. live

C. livelyD. alive

10. — Tomorrow is Sunday. What are you going to do if it ___ ？

— Maybe I will stay inside and watch TV.

A. rainedB. will rain

C. rainsD. is raining

11. Mothers aren’t selfish to their children， for they will do their best to ___ the children.

A. forbidB. support

C. refuseD. abandon

12. Take it easy！ If you have difficulty in understanding the text， you can immediately refer ___ my note ___ it.

A. to； toB. for； to

C. for； ofD. to； of

13. My grandma has a habit that she must ___ wet things on the roof in order to dry them quickly when it’s sunny.

A. spreadB. open

C. bendD. wipe

14. Before reading a book， I wouldn’t like others to tell me its outline， for it may ___ its ending to me.

A. give outB. give up

C. give awayD. give off

15. This lady will ___ the Nobel Peace Prize ___ her big contribution to the world peace so many years.

A. award； forB. award； by

C. be awarded； forD. be awarded； by

第二節(jié) 完型填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）

第二部分 閱讀理解（共10小題；每小題2分，滿分20分）

A

There are currently 32 million people in the United States who speak a language other than English， an increase of 38 percent since 1980. The inability to understand and use English well can make their many daily activities such as reading a bus list or help-wanted advertisements difficult. Many people who have limited English face far more serious problems when trying to manage their own health.

Imagine being brought into an emergency room and being unable to describe to the doctor what is wrong， or not going to the doctor because you are worried that you won’t be able to answer his or her questions. Imagine being prescribed a medicine and not understanding how to take it， or staring at the shelf in a store and being puzzled about which medicine to buy. These are the problems faced by many ESL（母語非英語的）students.

A recent study in the newspaper of General Internal Medicine showed that people who have difficulty reading or understanding health-related materials are twice as likely to end up in hospital as those who don’t. This can be caused by simply not knowing the number of pills to take or not under-standing the drug effects with their prescriptions.

Language obstacles can also cause problems in hospital. In another survey reported in the newspaper of General Internal Medicine， non-English speakers were less satisfied with their care in the emergency room， less willing to return to the same emergency room， and reported more problems with emergency care. In many cases， these problems happen because of com-munication difficulties between patients and health care professionals.

36. The passage mainly tells us that ___ .

A. people all over the world should speak English

B. language obstacles do harm to health and safety

C. language obstacles can cause failures in hospital equipment

D. more and more people realize the importance of English

37. About how many people spoke languages other than English in the United States in 1980？

A. 32 million.B. 38 million.

C. 6 million.D. 23 million.

38. The results of the two studies are showed in the article to ___ .

A. show that there is difficulty between patients and doctors

B. show that non-English speakers are more likely to fall ill

C. point out that the language obstacle is also a health obstacle

D. show that American medical services are not enough

39. We can infer from the passage that ___ .

A. more and more foreigners live in the USA

B. American doctors treat ESL students badly

C. non-English speakers enjoy their life in the USA

D. communication is most important living abroad

B

It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out. And if it is really good science， it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new， they must be unknown in advance. You cannot make choices on this matter. You either have science or you don’t. And if you have it you have to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information， along with the neat and useful bits.

The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we don’t know enough about nature. Indeed， I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is， in its way， a clear piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century to be told by any of us how little we know and how strange the way ahead seems. In earlier times， they either pretended to understand how things worked or simply made up stones to give answers. Now that we have begun exploring seriously， we are catching sight of how huge the questions are， and how far from being answered. Because of this， we are sorry. It is not so bad being ignorant（無知的）if you are totally ignorant； the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance， the worst spots and the not-so-bad spots， but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can be trusted.

But we are making a beginning， and there should be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions which we can think up that can’t be answered， sooner or later. Within our limits， we should be able to work our way through to all our answers， if we keep at it long enough， and pay attention to it.

40. According to the writer， really good science ___ .

A. will bring about disturbing results

B. will produce results which can’t be predicted

C. will help people to make the right choice in advance

D. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century

41. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century ___ .

A. did more harm than good in man’s understanding nature

B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research

C. knew they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature

D. thought they knew a great deal and could deal with most problems of science

42. What is the writer’s attitude towards science？

A. He is sorry because of the ignorance of scientists.

B. He is delighted because of the latest scientific findings.

C. He is doubtful because of the great difficulties in scientific research.

D. He is confident though he knows well the great difficulties in scientific research.

C

Sometimes I think I’m the shyest person on the planet. Over the years， I’ve done my best to calm down about intro-ductions， and I’ve found that thinking about what I can do can at least distract me from the worries I might have about a situation.

Be Human

Even if a person isn’t shy， a first meeting can be hard. It is important， though， to make the effort to relax in this situation. Whether or not you want to worry about impressing your new friend or client， doing it during a conversation makes it even harder to talk. You’ll either make that good impression， or not. Don’t worry about it during the process.

Think Ahead

Any pre-planned introduction is a chance for you to make the best possible introduction. It’s also a chance for you to associate yourself with certain ideas. Consider job interviews. Make a list of reasons that you are the best person for the job. Take the time to discuss them.

Create Connections

If you know that you’ll be meeting someone new ahead of time—whether attending meetings or going to a date， once you’ve got it， you already have an automatic conversation ready to go just by asking questions about the connection， “How long have you known Sarah？ Let me tell you about how she and I met！”

Dress Perfectly

It would be nice if we all went around fresh out of the shower and perfectly dressed. It’s never going to happen， but it would be nice.

That’s just life. However， we do what we can to minimize those situations. That’s all that I want to tell you.

43. From Paragraph 1 we can infer that ___ .

A. the author is out of work and is still hunting for a job

B. the author used to lack experience to offer a good impression

C. the author is not satisfied with himself these days

D. the author is going to interview some graduates for jobs

44. By being human， the author really means ___ .

A. being hardB. calming down

C. gaining confidenceD. dressing up

45. The underlined word “them” refers to ___ .

A. interviews

B. interviewers

C. reasons

D. any pre-planned introduction

第三部分 寫作（共四節(jié)，滿分55分）

第一節(jié) 任務(wù)型讀寫（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在表格中的空白處填入恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。

Communication Principles

How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate.“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he （or she） is the center.” Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of ourselves in communication. A student， for instance， may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions， and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class. ”The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong.

The concept of self originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols， a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish self-image， the sort of person you believe you are， by how others think of you. Positive， negative， and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more obvious way， com-munication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So， the communication begins with the self， as defined largely by others， and involves others， as defined largely by the self.

Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicating with yourself （thinking， planning， reacting to the world around you）， you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you， you gather observations and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles （perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.

More often than not， you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless， your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. Communication cannot be reversed（倒退）， nor can it be repeated. When you tried to re-create the atmosphere， the conversation， and the setting， nothing seemed right. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results.

第二節(jié) 單詞拼寫（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）

56. Slowly ____（彎下腰）from the waist and bring your head down to your knees.

57. Even a 5-year-old child knows that it’s impolite to ____（盯著）at strangers.

58. It was the first successful interview I’d done in front of a ____（現(xiàn)場的）audience.

59. When he was a child he often ____（逃避）into a dream world of his own.

60. I consider that ____（質(zhì)量）is much more important than quantity.

61. Hearing the exciting news， a smile s____ quickly across her face.

62. A group of workers were gathering outside the building， hoping for a better pay d____.

63. The campaign is intended to e____ the public to respect the old and weak.

64. I’ll s____ you if you raise the proposal at the meeting.

65. The weather forecaster said the fog wouldn’t c____ until tomorrow.

第三節(jié) 短文改錯(cuò)（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）

此題要求改正所給短文中的錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)標(biāo)有題號(hào)的每一行做出判斷：如無錯(cuò)誤，在該行右邊橫線上畫一個(gè)勾（√）；如有錯(cuò)誤（每行只有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤），則按下列情況改正：

此行多一個(gè)詞：把多余的詞用斜線（＼）劃掉，在該行右邊橫線上寫出該詞，并也用斜線劃掉。

此行缺一個(gè)詞：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（∧），在該行右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞。

此行錯(cuò)一個(gè)詞：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，在該行右邊橫線上寫出改正后的詞。

注意：原行沒有錯(cuò)的不要改。

Once I went on an outing with one of my American friends.

66. ___

On the way he looked after me very carefully. I was much

67. ___

thankful to him. Besides said thank you， I added， “You’re

68. ___

so considerable.” As I said that， my friend， was previously

69. ___

wearing bright smile， quickly took on a very bad look. I

70. ___

immediately realized something wrong， and I did not know

71. ___

where my mistake laid， feeling so ashamed. Fortunately，

72. ___

my friend was really good at understanding other. He paused a second73. ___

and said，“I think you want to say I’m considerate.”I at once

74. ___

asked him for the differences between the two words.

75. ___

第四節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）

進(jìn)入高三后，因?qū)W習(xí)壓力，不少學(xué)生鍛煉身體的時(shí)間大減，甚至沒有。最近學(xué)校采取強(qiáng)制措施，規(guī)定每位高三學(xué)生周一到周五上下午大課間必須參加跑步鍛煉，對(duì)此高三學(xué)生意見各異。你作為學(xué)校學(xué)生會(huì)主席，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)了解到的情況，結(jié)合你的看法，寫一篇英文稿件，在下期校報(bào)上刊登，內(nèi)容包括：

1. 學(xué)校強(qiáng)制措施的目的；

2. 支持意見及其理由；

3. 反對(duì)意見及其理由；

4. 你的看法及建議。

參考詞匯：大課間 long break

注意：

1. 詞數(shù)：120左右；

2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3. 開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

Reaching Senior Grade 3， many students seldom have time or even have no time to take exercise because of their study pressure. Our school has recently taken a compulsory measure.