顏培娥,何先弟
翻譯控制腫瘤蛋白(translationally controlled tumor protein,TCTP)是一類(lèi)廣泛存在于真核生物中、在序列上高度保守且有很高同源性的高表達(dá)蛋白質(zhì),又被稱(chēng)為P21、P23、Q23、組胺釋放因子(histamine releasing factor,HRF)和Fortilin。TCTP并非僅在腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá),Johansson等[1-2]證實(shí),TCTP在細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核均有分布,Susini等[3-4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP可轉(zhuǎn)移至線粒體膜上,由此可確定其亞細(xì)胞定位。TCTP在轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯水平均可受到調(diào)節(jié)。關(guān)于TCTP的翻譯調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,目前主要有兩種解釋?zhuān)阂皇钦婧似鹗家蜃?E(eIF4E)的活性影響TCTP mRNA的翻譯,同時(shí)其磷酸化和過(guò)表達(dá),也有利于TCTP的合成[5]。二是TCTP的mRNA具有形成強(qiáng)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的潛力,能激活雙鏈RNA依賴(lài)的蛋白激酶(dsRNA dependent protein kinase,PKR),同時(shí)活化的PKR又抑制TCTP mRNA的表達(dá)[6]。Kim等[7-8]通過(guò)比較發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP通過(guò)分子間二硫鍵形成二聚體之后比全長(zhǎng)單體TCTP有更強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞因子釋放活性,隨后又發(fā)現(xiàn)TCTP二聚體結(jié)合肽(dTBP2)可能結(jié)合于TCTP之間的區(qū)域,對(duì)TCTP二聚體有更高的結(jié)合力。Kashiwakura等[9]也證明TCTP二聚體形式對(duì)其生物學(xué)活性非常重要。
TCTP的廣泛表達(dá)、高度保守和高度同源性,也從一個(gè)側(cè)面說(shuō)明了其生物學(xué)功能的重要性。以往大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP并不是一種單一的腫瘤相關(guān)蛋白,而是一種多功能的蛋白質(zhì),但目前TCTP的生物學(xué)功能還不完全明確。本文將TCTP的作用主要?dú)w納為以下幾個(gè)方面:調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)、抗細(xì)胞凋亡、參與應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖和分化、腫瘤逆轉(zhuǎn)等,并參與寄生蟲(chóng)和真菌感染和糖尿病的發(fā)展。
TCTP是一種免疫球蛋白E(IgE)依賴(lài)的組胺釋放因子,可引起嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞釋放組胺。除組胺外,TCTP還可刺激白介素(IL)-1、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8和IL-13等分泌,并可促進(jìn)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞的趨化和B細(xì)胞的活化。Yeh等[10]也證明,在轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠中TCTP的過(guò)量表達(dá)可使巨噬細(xì)胞增多,并加重過(guò)敏及哮喘反應(yīng)。幼鼠鼻中滴入TCTP可導(dǎo)致肺中炎癥細(xì)胞增多,且TCTP和IgE可激活肥大細(xì)胞[9],提示TCTP可能作用于炎癥的反應(yīng)階段。Qiu等[11]用脂多糖(LPS)刺激鱸魚(yú)后,其頭、腎、脾、肝中的TCTP表達(dá)上調(diào)。Choi等[12]通過(guò)體內(nèi)外研究證明質(zhì)子泵抑制劑可減少TCTP的分泌,繼而減少炎癥細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)而發(fā)揮抗炎作用。因此,TCTP在炎癥反應(yīng)和過(guò)敏性疾病中起著非常重要的作用。
TCTP能夠與B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2基因(Bcl-2)家族蛋白相互作用,包括具有抗凋亡活性的Mcl-1及Bcl-xL和促凋亡活性的Bax。Liu等[13]研究表明,TCTP過(guò)表達(dá)可增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞中Mcl-1的穩(wěn)定性,而用siRNA干擾TCTP表達(dá)可導(dǎo)致Mcl-1不穩(wěn)定,TCTP可能通過(guò)干擾Mcl-1泛素依賴(lài)的蛋白酶體降解途徑調(diào)節(jié)Mcl-1的穩(wěn)定。另有研究證實(shí),TCTP 通過(guò)其N(xiāo)末端區(qū)域和Bcl-xL的BH3結(jié)構(gòu)域相互作用,阻止Bcl-xl磷酸化來(lái)抑制細(xì)胞的凋亡[14]。Susini等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP通過(guò)嵌入線粒體膜抑制Bax的二聚體化,進(jìn)而抑制線粒體的損傷而起到抗凋亡作用。
含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase)家族和細(xì)胞凋亡的關(guān)系密切,其中caspase-8和casepase-3被認(rèn)為是凋亡的起始者和執(zhí)行者,TCTP抗凋亡作用同樣和caspase有關(guān)。Jeong等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP能結(jié)合并作用于促凋亡因子轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β誘導(dǎo)基因22(TGF-βstimulated clone 22,TSC-22)而使之失去穩(wěn)定性,從而阻止其介導(dǎo)的caspase-3依賴(lài)的凋亡途徑。用siRNA干擾前列腺癌細(xì)胞TCTP,發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞凋亡增加且細(xì)胞內(nèi)caspase-8/3增加[16]。
Ca2+從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的釋放及其胞漿中的濃度均和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。Graidist等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP中谷氨酸(Glu)58和Glu 60在結(jié)合Ca2+中起關(guān)鍵作用。TCTP表達(dá)缺失的細(xì)胞受毒胡蘿卜素刺激后,胞質(zhì)Ca2+顯著上升,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡;而野生型細(xì)胞TCTP與Ca2+結(jié)合后,阻斷毒胡蘿卜素誘導(dǎo)的Ca2+依賴(lài)的細(xì)胞凋亡。Bommer等[5]也有類(lèi)似發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP可阻止棕櫚和毒胡蘿卜素誘導(dǎo)的胰腺癌β細(xì)胞凋亡。
p53主要通過(guò)兩條途徑誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡:p53作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡的靶基因的表達(dá)上調(diào),并通過(guò)凋亡蛋白參與內(nèi)源和外源凋亡途徑;另一方面,胞漿中的p53能轉(zhuǎn)位到線粒體,激活內(nèi)源性的線粒體途徑,促進(jìn)凋亡。Rho等[18]在肺癌細(xì)胞系人肺腺癌細(xì)胞(A549)細(xì)胞中過(guò)表達(dá)TCTP能夠降低由p53介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,而利用siRNA干擾TCTP的表達(dá)則增加了細(xì)胞的凋亡,這與TCTP能夠促進(jìn)p53的降解有關(guān)。
Fas及其配體FasL是近年來(lái)研究得較為深入的有關(guān)細(xì)胞凋亡的膜表面分子,兩者相互作用是細(xì)胞凋亡的主要途徑之一,對(duì)維持機(jī)體正常免疫功能十分重要。Yan等[19]通過(guò)研究證明,TCTP可抑制Fas介導(dǎo)的調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞凋亡。
TCTP屬于應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白,因?yàn)槠湓诙喾N應(yīng)激條件下的表達(dá)可被高度調(diào)節(jié)。熱休克后,細(xì)胞中TCTP表達(dá)高度升高[20],并可結(jié)合多種變性蛋白[21],從而保護(hù)自身免受熱傷害。因此,TCTP是一種具有分子伴侶活性的熱休克蛋白。細(xì)胞在缺氧情況下TCTP水平上升[22]。氧化應(yīng)激同樣可以促進(jìn)TCTP的釋放,如用H2O2刺激人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞[23]。Gnanasekar等[24]認(rèn)為,TCTP是一種抗氧化蛋白,其抗氧化作用的關(guān)鍵是位于蛋白中央的3個(gè)半胱氨酸。另有研究將蚯蚓分別置于含鎘、鉛和鋅的土壤中,TCTP上升4倍以上,而置于含銅的土壤中則上升335倍[25]。在鈾硝酸鹽引起的急性腎衰竭小鼠模型中,TCTP表達(dá)也高度上調(diào)[26]。這些表明TCTP與重金屬刺激有關(guān)。
細(xì)胞中TCTP水平過(guò)高可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)緩慢和形態(tài)改變[27],TCTP基因敲除小鼠的胚胎細(xì)胞數(shù)目明顯減少[28],均說(shuō)明TCTP 具有生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)功能。
Jacek等[29]證實(shí)TCTP在有絲分裂紡錘體兩極水平較高,而在翻譯后可在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中被部分降解,因此TCTP可作為紡錘體蛋白參與細(xì)胞增殖的調(diào)節(jié)。擬南芥TCTP可以彌補(bǔ)果蠅TCTP功能缺失造成的細(xì)胞增殖缺陷;同樣擬南芥TCTP抑制后也可用果蠅TCTP代替其行使功能。所以TCTP是動(dòng)植物中一個(gè)保守的有絲分裂相關(guān)因子[30]。Johansson等[1,31]發(fā)現(xiàn),磷酸化核仁蛋白-翻譯控制腫瘤蛋白復(fù)合物(Ncl-P/Tpt1)和翻譯控制腫瘤蛋白-核磷蛋白1復(fù)合物(Tpt1-Npm1)在有絲分裂過(guò)程中達(dá)到頂峰。TCTP與細(xì)胞分裂增殖有關(guān)。
骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(BMP)2和BMP4可以誘導(dǎo)未分化的間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為脂肪細(xì)胞,而經(jīng)BMP2和BMP4處理后間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞TCTP的表達(dá)水平明顯增加,利用siRNA下調(diào)TCTP的表達(dá)則可抑制此分化過(guò)程[32]。另一研究表明,體細(xì)胞中TCTP mRNA水平比胚胎干細(xì)胞高2~4倍;小鼠多能干細(xì)胞過(guò)表達(dá)的TCTP通過(guò)作用于Oct4的Sf1而下調(diào)其表達(dá),同時(shí)也降低了干細(xì)胞的全能性,TCTP通過(guò)其氨基酸N端以劑量-時(shí)間依賴(lài)性方式抑制Oct4啟動(dòng)子的活性;而以siRNA抑制TCTP表達(dá)后,Oct4的表達(dá)增加[2]。因此,TCTP 在細(xì)胞分化的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
TCTP在許多腫瘤細(xì)胞中高度表達(dá)。其中,肺癌患者血清和人類(lèi)肺癌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基中的TCTP含量均高于正常對(duì)照組,Kim等[33]提出TCTP可作為備選肺癌標(biāo)記物。
Ma等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP水平表達(dá)降低后,結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外的增殖、遷移也會(huì)被抑制,所以TCTP可能在腺癌的進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮作用。Tuynder等[35]在腫瘤逆轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP基因信號(hào)在腫瘤細(xì)胞U937中是逆轉(zhuǎn)株US4.2細(xì)胞的124倍。通過(guò)siRNA干擾TCTP表達(dá),可抑制腫瘤的惡性表型及細(xì)胞重組。自然狀態(tài)下腫瘤逆轉(zhuǎn)的發(fā)生率僅為10-6,而抑制TCTP的表達(dá)后,則提高到了30%[36]。TCTP在逆轉(zhuǎn)的腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下調(diào),使其有望成為腫瘤逆轉(zhuǎn)的靶標(biāo)或化療藥物的靶點(diǎn)。
在多種寄生蟲(chóng)如血吸蟲(chóng)、絲蟲(chóng)和瘧原蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)也發(fā)現(xiàn)TCTP。小鼠感染血吸蟲(chóng)9周后可在其血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)TCTP抗體,提示TCTP可能是血吸蟲(chóng)病進(jìn)展的一個(gè)重要因素[37]。TCTP可以與抗瘧藥青蒿素直接結(jié)合,并且TCTP高表達(dá)的瘧原蟲(chóng)對(duì)青蒿素的抗性較大。
足分枝菌病以癌性水腫為特點(diǎn),其病原菌為杜拉分支桿菌。此真菌最具特色的免疫抗原為T(mén)CTP,TCTP抗體水平與病灶大小及病程進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。因此TCTP可作為杜拉分枝桿菌第一個(gè)單分子疫苗候選[38]。
TCTP可抑制調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的凋亡、幫助調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞逃避胸腺的負(fù)性選擇作用并降低胰腺TNF-α的表達(dá),從而抑制自身免疫性糖尿病的發(fā)展[19]。Diraison等[4]用葡萄糖刺激胰腺β細(xì)胞后,TCTP表達(dá)上調(diào);而用siRNA使TCTP表達(dá)下降后,β細(xì)胞活性增加,所以葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)TCTP的表達(dá)可能是高糖血癥引起胰腺β細(xì)胞損傷的機(jī)制。
TCTP結(jié)構(gòu)具有高度保守性和同源性,其表達(dá)調(diào)控可在轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯水平,并受多種因素的影響。TCTP生物學(xué)功能的多樣性和復(fù)雜性,引起了研究人員越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。目前,國(guó)外對(duì)TCTP的研究較多,但國(guó)內(nèi)研究較少且多數(shù)關(guān)于腫瘤方面。盡管現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)對(duì)TCTP有了一定的認(rèn)識(shí),但對(duì)其具體的生物學(xué)功能、其潛在的藥用和應(yīng)用價(jià)值值得進(jìn)一步探究。
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