趙建萍,吳瑋峰
(1.上海工會管理職業(yè)學院健康安全系,上海 201400; 2.上海市奉賢區(qū)中心醫(yī)院藥劑科,上海 201400)
圖1 噸酮骨架
圖2 噸酮Xan-1~Xan-18的結構
人工合成化合物主要包括O-取代化合物[11-12]和N-取代化合物兩類。前者的代表藥物是5,6-二甲基-4-乙酸基二苯吡酮(DMXAA,Xan-8),具有良好的血管阻斷和抗腫瘤活性,已經進入了Ⅲ期臨床[13]。后者的代表藥物為Xan-9,Xan-10,Xan-11?;衔颴an-9對小鼠白血病細胞L1210的半數抑制濃度為2μmol/L,而對直腸癌細胞HT29的半數抑制濃度為1.7μmol/L,顯示了強大的抗腫瘤活性[14]?;衔颴an-10對人口腔表皮樣癌細胞 KB 3.1的半數抑制濃度為1.6μmol/L,而對癌細胞直腸MCF-7的半數抑制濃度為1.9μmol/L,顯示了強大的抗腫瘤活性[15]?;衔颴an-11對肺癌細胞MDA-MB-231的半數抑制濃度為 16 μmol/L[16]。
蛋白激酶C在腫瘤病理過程中扮演著重要角色,因此影響其表達或抑制其作用均可能產生抗腫瘤作用[24]。一些異戊二烯基取代的噸酮類化合物,包括α和γ曼果斯廷(Xan-12和Xan-13)已被證實對蛋白激酶C有一定的抑制活性[25]。降阿賽里奧(Xan-14)、優(yōu)中酮(Xan-15)、3,4-二羥基噸酮(Xan-16)和 1-甲?;?4-羥基 -3-甲氧基噸酮(Xan-17)也被發(fā)現對蛋白激酶C有抑制作用。對一些蛋白激酶C亞型來說,上述4種化合物的抑制活性甚至比標準的蛋白激酶C抑制劑白屈菜赤堿和NPC15437[26]還要好。更進一步研究發(fā)現,噸酮類化合物能夠通過上調蛋白激酶C-α,β,γ,δ等亞型誘導分化腫瘤細胞,不同取代基團的化合物對蛋白激酶C的亞型具有選擇性抑制[27]。如3,4-二甲基噸酮可選擇性作用于蛋白激酶C-δ,2-羥基-2-甲氧基,3-羥基-4-甲氧基和1,2-二羥基噸酮則對蛋白激酶C-ζ有選擇性[28],1,2-二甲氧基噸酮對蛋白激酶C-η有選擇性[29]。因此,這些化合物對闡述蛋白激酶C各亞型的生理作用具有重要意義。
多藥耐藥性(MDR)是腫瘤化學治療失敗的主要原因之一。Tcham等[30]發(fā)現噸酮類化合物對P-糖蛋白C末端具有較強的親和力,可調節(jié)P-糖蛋白活性,經過結構改造將成為潛在的P-糖蛋白抑制劑。吳秋歌等[31]也發(fā)現,P13K/Akt抑制劑噸酮類化合物LY294002能通過增強對信號轉導通路的調控,從而增強P13K信號轉導通路在多細胞耐藥中發(fā)揮作用。
普梭草素(Xan-18)是從非洲植物莽吉柿的根和皮提取分離得到的噸酮類化合物[32]。這一天然產物在體內和體外都有較好的抗白血病活性,并且對乳腺癌、結腸癌、淋巴癌和白血病等多種人類腫瘤細胞有抑制作用[33]。機理學研究證明,普梭草素的作用機理是其在拓撲異構酶Ⅱ的分裂位點進行鳥嘌呤烷基化,從而對插入的DNA分子產生作用[34]。普梭草素的結構類似物及其功能性基團環(huán)氧二氫呋喃對體內活性的影響也已被證實[33]。最新研究表明,R構型的普梭草素具有最佳的DNA烷基化和抗腫瘤活性[33]。覃江克等[35]人工合成的酮并吡啶季銨鹽類化合物,體外試驗顯示其對人卵巢癌細胞(A2780)、宮頸癌細胞(Hela)、肺癌細胞(SIC-A)和口腔上皮癌細胞(KB)均有較好的抑制作用,其作用機理也證實與DNA的相互作用有關。
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