【摘 要】 高中英語(yǔ)教材外研版中出現(xiàn)的表示“除了……”的介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，其用法復(fù)雜多變，難以掌握，大多數(shù)學(xué)生分辨不清，文章將其用法和注意事項(xiàng)作一歸納和辨析。

【關(guān) 鍵 詞】 英語(yǔ)；高中；用法

高中英語(yǔ)教材外研版中出現(xiàn)的表示“除了……”的介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，其用法復(fù)雜多變，難以掌握，大多數(shù)學(xué)生分辨不清，這里將其用法和注意事項(xiàng)作一歸納和辨析。

1. besides和except

<1>besides指“在整體中加入一部分”，其引出比前面更加有力的論據(jù)，通常表示遞加的概念，含義是肯定的。意指“除了……之外，還有……”如同with或plus（加）

①Besides half a bottle of whisky，he drank three gins and some beer. ②（2007全國(guó)Ⅱ，16）Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.

<2>except則表示一種排除關(guān)系，意指“除了……之外，不再有……”。except=without或minus（減），其后跟名詞、代詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或從句。

①I get up early every day except Sunday.（星期天不包括在內(nèi)）

比較這兩個(gè)句子：

We all went except him.（他沒(méi)有去）

We all went besides him.（他也去了）

②We know little about the man except that he is an American.

③He never comes to see me except when it rains.

<3>注意：besides用在含有否定意義的句中時(shí)，意思相當(dāng)于except，besides與except可換用，例如：

No one write to me besides you.

She posted me nothing besides（或except）a card.

2. except和except for

except指“從所指的人或事物中除去（除去的和非除去的是同類事物），即從整體中除去一部分”，通常表示遞減的概念，含義是否定的。except for 表示對(duì)整體主要部分的肯定和對(duì)局部的否定，說(shuō)明整個(gè)基本情況后，又在細(xì)節(jié)上對(duì)主要意思作些修正，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體與局部的關(guān)系。前后內(nèi)容不是同類，且從語(yǔ)氣上常表示遺憾。其后一般接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

①I like all drinks except whisky.（I don’t like whisky.）

②（2008浙江，17）Everything was perfect for the picnic except for the weather.

③Your composition is quite excellent except for some spelling mistakes.

some spelling mistakes（除去的）和your composition（非除去的）是不同類的事物。又如：He is a good man except for hot temper.

注意：①當(dāng)except用于句首時(shí)，后面往往要加上for。如：Except for this，everything is in good order.相當(dāng)于Everything is in good order except this.②except for后接名詞/代詞，可以轉(zhuǎn)化為except+從句或其他介詞短語(yǔ)。

Eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.

（except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days.）

3. but

<1>表示“除了...”的意思。它與except同義，都表示遞減的概念，二者在多數(shù)情況下可以互換，但用法稍有區(qū)別。如果句中有no，no one，none，nobody，nothing，all，anyone，anybody，anything，every，everyone，everybody，everything，who，that，where等否定詞、不定代詞或疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)，多用but；如果句子后面跟賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，多用except。如①（選修8，Module 1）...so don’t take any souvenirs home with you，and be careful to leave nothing but footprints. ②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note. ③He no longer went out，except when Jane forced him.

<2>but位置的變化會(huì)引起人稱代詞主格，賓格的變化。如：

①No one but I （=except me）knows it.

②No one knows it but me.（=except me）

<3>but不接動(dòng)名詞而接不定式，有“do”時(shí)去掉符號(hào)“to”，比較下面兩個(gè)句子：

I can do nothing but wait.

I had no choice but to wait.

<4>but for=without 含義有時(shí)與except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”“如果沒(méi)有……”，常用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)虛擬條件句，表示一種假設(shè)。例如：

①But for your help（If you hadn’t helped me），we couldn’t have carried out the plan.

②But for the atmosphere plants would die.

4. apart from

表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，還可以表示without的意思。后接名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞。如：

①（選修7，Module 6）Apart from providing warmth，what was fire used for？

②（2011，福建，22）Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.

③Apart from the cost，it will take a lot of time.（=besides）

④The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.（=except）

⑤The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.（=except for）

⑥There can be no knowledge apart from practice.（=without）

5. in addition

兼有besides和as well（as）兩種含義，常用作副詞；in addition to 相當(dāng)于as well as，besides，apart from，常用作介詞，但要注意 as well as 表示“除...之外”不那么正式。如：①（選修6，Module1）In addition，you need to know how long you should stay，and when you have to leave. ②（選修8，Module6）For children，it is a good way to explore language and have fun with words as well as to express themselves.

請(qǐng)看下面一道練習(xí)題：

___English，I have to study a second foreign language.

A. In addition thatB. In addition

C. In addition toD. Except

解析：題中In addition to 相當(dāng)于besides，表示“除了英語(yǔ)...還得...”，而except表示“不包括英語(yǔ)”；in addition為副詞短語(yǔ)，作狀語(yǔ)。故正確答案為C。

6. other than=except，but，apart from

都表示從總體中除去一部分，后接名詞，代詞或不定式。如：①（選修8，Module5）...which is believed to be the only body in the solar system other than the Earth with liquid on the surface. ②（2011，全國(guó)1，30）The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. ③He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. ④English is now spoken in many countries other than England.（other than=besides） ⑤You can’t get there other than by swimming.（other than=in any other way than）

注意：下列句子中不宜用except代替other than.

（1）Your failure was due to nothing other than your own carelessness.

（2）He has no close friend other than me.

He never comes to see me other than.

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

[1] 朱建衛(wèi). 新課程視野下的高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)[J]. 基礎(chǔ)教育外語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究，2005（8）.

[2] 趙萬(wàn)長(zhǎng). 認(rèn)知法及其在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J]. 四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2001（2）.