王偉 廖專 董元航 李兆申 張文俊 王麗華 鄒多武 金震東
·論著·
慢性胰腺炎胰腺鈣化與煙酒關(guān)系初探
王偉 廖專 董元航 李兆申 張文俊 王麗華 鄒多武 金震東
目的探討國(guó)內(nèi)慢性胰腺炎(CP)患者煙酒攝入量與發(fā)生胰腺鈣化間的關(guān)系。方法按入院時(shí)有無胰腺鈣化分為兩組進(jìn)行比較分析,再將無胰腺鈣化者出院后有無新發(fā)胰腺鈣化分為新發(fā)組和持續(xù)無鈣化組。Logistic回歸或Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型進(jìn)行逐步回歸分析胰腺鈣化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果1997年1月到2007年7月共收治并成功隨訪449例CP患者,248例有胰腺鈣化;201例無胰腺鈣化,其中13例出院后新發(fā)生胰腺鈣化。入院時(shí)胰腺鈣化者的發(fā)病年齡小、病史長(zhǎng)、糖尿病和腹瀉發(fā)生率高。首發(fā)年齡≤40歲、酒精攝入量>20 g/d、糖尿病和腹瀉為胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素;過量飲酒為無胰腺鈣化CP患者新發(fā)生鈣化的唯一風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素(OR3.2)。結(jié)論飲酒增加CP患者胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議戒酒;吸煙的作用需進(jìn)一步研究。
胰腺炎,慢性; 鈣質(zhì)沉著癥; 吸煙; 飲酒
慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis, CP)胰腺鈣化機(jī)制尚不清楚。有研究認(rèn)為,鈣化始于胰管內(nèi)蛋白栓子形成,繼之鈣離子沉積而成[1]。酒精為CP重要病因,吸煙為CP重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[2-3]。國(guó)外資料顯示,煙酒與CP患者鈣化有關(guān)[3-6]。CP患者在疾病初期戒煙亦可大大減少胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7]。但我國(guó)該方面資料少見,故回顧性分析近10年我院收治的CP患者資料,探討國(guó)內(nèi)CP患者煙酒攝入量與胰腺鈣化間的關(guān)系,為臨床研究提供參考。
一、臨床資料
收集1997年1月到2007年7月間在我院住院治療的所有CP患者。CP的診斷基于亞太診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。即典型的病史至少伴有如下表現(xiàn)之一:(1)病理見CP組織學(xué)特征; (2)影像學(xué)檢查見胰腺鈣化,包括胰管結(jié)石和胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)鈣化;(3)內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)示胰管狹窄、擴(kuò)張、不規(guī)則、粗細(xì)不均、串珠狀改變等。
記錄患者性別、病史、煙酒史和攝入量以及糖尿病、腹瀉、體重下降等資料。日攝入酒精量>80 g(男)或>60 g(女),持續(xù)時(shí)間超過2年患者為酒精性CP[8];除外重度飲酒(>80 g/d)、遺傳性、藥物性、外傷性和甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)等因素導(dǎo)致的CP為特發(fā)性CP(idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, ICP),發(fā)病<35歲為早發(fā)型ICP,>35歲為遲發(fā)型ICP[5]。吸煙者分為<100年支和>100年支兩組。末次隨訪時(shí)間為2007年12月,隨訪時(shí)間平均(75±61)個(gè)月。
二、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
一、一般情況
共收治并成功隨訪449例CP患者,其中,酒精性79例(17.6%),ICP 345例(76.8%),其他因素所致者25例(5.6%)。有吸煙史233例,飲酒史230例,其中205例既吸煙又飲酒,吸煙與飲酒呈正相關(guān)(r=0.76,P=0.0000)。入院時(shí)胰腺鈣化248例;無胰腺鈣化201例,其中13例出院后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺鈣化,188例持續(xù)無鈣化。
二、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素分析
入院時(shí)胰腺鈣化者的發(fā)病年齡小、病史長(zhǎng)、糖尿病和腹瀉發(fā)生率高(表1)。
首發(fā)年齡≤40歲、酒精攝入量>20 g/d、糖尿病和腹瀉為胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素(表2)。
表1 449例慢性胰腺炎患者首次入院時(shí)的資料
表2 CP胰腺鈣化相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素分析
三、新發(fā)胰腺鈣化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素
單因素和多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型逐步回歸分析顯示,過量飲酒為無胰腺鈣化CP患者新發(fā)生鈣化的唯一風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素(表3)。
表3 新發(fā)胰腺鈣化單、多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型分析
本組顯示,胰腺鈣化患者入院時(shí)病史長(zhǎng),糖尿病、腹瀉發(fā)生率高,其中糖尿病和腹瀉為胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素之一,與CP基本特征[6,9]吻合。另外,本組胰腺鈣化患者首發(fā)年齡較小,考慮與本組含青少年患者例數(shù)較多有關(guān),亦提示應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)青少年CP患者胰腺鈣化機(jī)制及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素方面的研究。
胰腺鈣化患者中過量飲酒者比率高,過量飲酒為胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,且為出院后新發(fā)胰腺鈣化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,均提示酒精的促胰腺鈣化作用,與國(guó)外資料[7,9]類似。
吸煙與胰腺鈣化的研究較復(fù)雜,原因是吸煙與飲酒往往相關(guān),吸煙加速酒精導(dǎo)致的胰腺損傷[10],而飲酒為胰腺鈣化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。本組出院后新發(fā)胰腺鈣化患者單因素分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)過量吸煙(>100年支)發(fā)生胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為3.2,P=0.052,但多因素回歸分析時(shí)吸煙因素被剔除,考慮該因素與飲酒呈正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)0.76 ,P=0.0000 )或未知促鈣化因素未納入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素分析而影響統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果有關(guān)。
Imoto等[1]研究了24和42例早發(fā)型和晚發(fā)型ICP(隨訪時(shí)間分別為27年和13年),晚發(fā)型ICP患者中吸煙者(>100年支)發(fā)生胰腺鈣化率高于非吸煙者(83%對(duì)13%,P<0.0001),吸煙增加晚發(fā)型ICP胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度4.8)。Maisonneuve等[5]報(bào)道來自瑞士和意大利各83例ICP,前組顯示吸煙同胰腺鈣化無相關(guān)性(HR=0.64),后組則提示吸煙增加晚發(fā)型ICP胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR=2.09)。Maisonneuve等[3]同時(shí)研究了1552例CP(酒精性CP 934例),隨訪(8.4±7.6)年,結(jié)果顯示吸煙與CP確診時(shí)的胰腺鈣化顯著相關(guān)(OR=2.0),CP確診后胰腺鈣化的發(fā)生同吸煙顯著相關(guān)(HR=4.9)。Cavallini等[11]研究570例CP(酒精性459例),隨訪(10.4±6.4)年,發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙同胰腺鈣化相關(guān)(HR=1.2),即增加胰腺鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)20%。這些結(jié)論的不一致需要進(jìn)一步的探索。
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,吸煙誘使CP發(fā)生胰腺癌已有公認(rèn)[6,12],其致癌機(jī)制為尼古丁的直接作用及激活致癌物或減弱抗蛋白酶活性等[9],因此CP患者戒煙的首要意義為減少癌癥的發(fā)生、延長(zhǎng)生存期[13]。
總之,胰腺鈣化患者多表現(xiàn)為低齡、病史較長(zhǎng)及糖尿病、腹瀉,飲酒對(duì)CP胰腺鈣化有顯著促進(jìn)作用,因此強(qiáng)烈建議CP患者戒酒。吸煙等其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素在胰腺鈣化中的作用尚待進(jìn)一步研究。
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2009-07-08)
(本文編輯:屠振興)
Impactofalcoholandsmokingonpancreaticcalcificationinchronicpancreatitis
WANGWei,LIAOZhuan,DONGYuan-hang,LIZhao-shen,ZHANGWen-jun,WANGLi-hua,ZOUDuo-wu,JINZhen-dong.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between alcohol and smoking and the development of pancreatic calcification in chronic pancreatitis (CP) in China.MethodsThe patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of pancreatic calcification at admission and the data were analyzed; furthermore, the discharged patients without pancreatic calcification were divided into two groups as newly diagnosed pancreatic calcification group and persistent non-pancreatic calcification group. Logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards model was used for multivariate analysis of the risk factors for pancreatic calcification.ResultsFrom January1997 to July 2007, 449 patients with CP were enrolled and followed up successfully. 248 patients presented with pancreatic calcification at admission; among the 201 patients presented without pancreatic calcification, 13 patients developed pancreatic calcification after discharge. Patients with pancreatic calcification had a young age at onset, long CP history, higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and diarrhea. Age at onset ≤ 40, alcohol intake over 20 g/day, and diabetes mellitus and diarrhea were risk factors for pancreatic calcification. The only risk factor of development of pancreatic calcification after discharge was excessive alcohol intake (OR: 3.2).ConclusionsAlcohol intake increased the risk of pancreatic calcifications, suggesting the patients abstain from alcohol intake. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of smoking.
Pancreatitis, chronic; Calcinosis; Smoking; Alcohol drinking
Correspondingauther:LIZhao-shen,Email:zhaoshenlichhai@163.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2010.05.002
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(慢性胰腺炎研究組)
李兆申,Email:zhaoshenlichhai@163.com