王 鶴 李筱潔

英語中有三種形式的“動(dòng)詞+ing”:現(xiàn)在分詞(the present participle) 、動(dòng)名詞 (the gerund)和名詞化的動(dòng)名詞(the verbal noun)。分析這些形式在句中的語法功能可以幫助我們對(duì)這三種形式加以區(qū)分。

一、 現(xiàn)在分詞

正因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞一半是動(dòng)詞一半是名詞,所以現(xiàn)在分詞具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞的特點(diǎn)。這類詞可以用在以下類型的句子中。

(1)部分謂語?，F(xiàn)在分詞可以用在動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)中。He is reading a book.

(2)定語。如果現(xiàn)在分詞作名詞的修飾語,一般是像形容詞一樣,置于動(dòng)詞前?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作是由它修飾的名詞完成的,或者表明被修飾語的狀態(tài)。Look at the flying bird! (正在飛的鳥) 如果現(xiàn)在分詞用作定語修飾“something”“anything”“nothing”等,需后置。The book mentions something interesting.(一些有趣的事)

(3)表語。現(xiàn)在分詞在句中可以用作定語,表示句子主語的狀態(tài)或者特征。His report is convincing.(有說服力的)

(4)狀語。①時(shí)間狀語:如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作與限定性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,就可以使用現(xiàn)在分詞短語。Seeing Mr. Smith, we greeted him.如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在限定性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作以前,我們用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)形式。Having finished our homework, we went to play basketball.②原因狀語:Being a Party member, he works very hard.③方式狀語:He stood there, gazing at the bright moon.④結(jié)果狀語:She hurried to school, leaving her purse behind.⑤目的狀語:He got up very early this morning, hoping to catch the first bus.

(5)賓語或主語的補(bǔ)足語?，F(xiàn)在分詞還可以跟在“see”“hear”“notice”“watch”“feel”和“find”這些動(dòng)詞的后面做賓語補(bǔ)足語或者主語補(bǔ)足語。a. I saw him crossing the street. (賓語補(bǔ)足語)b. He was seen crossing the street. (主語補(bǔ)足語)

二、 動(dòng)名詞

動(dòng)名詞是非限定性動(dòng)詞的一種。我們稱其為動(dòng)名詞是因?yàn)樗哂袆?dòng)詞和名詞的特征。動(dòng)名詞與其賓語或者其狀語被稱為“動(dòng)名詞短語”。

(1)動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語在句中的作用。①主語:Smoking is not allowed in the office.②謂語:動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語在句中可用作謂語,含義與主語一致。His job is delivering newspapers.③動(dòng)詞賓語:Hob's hair needs cutting.④介詞賓語:He was charged with neglecting duty.

(2)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。我們通常把物主代詞或名詞性物主代詞放在動(dòng)名詞的前面來表示動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。It's no use your telling me not to worry.

(3)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。動(dòng)名詞有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和完成時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài),主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)兩種語態(tài)。①動(dòng)名詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是一個(gè)普遍的動(dòng)作或與限定性動(dòng)詞幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。We are all interested in climbing mountains.②動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在限定性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作以前。I regret not having taken the doctor's advice.③動(dòng)名詞在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中表示主動(dòng)動(dòng)作。有時(shí)我們要用邏輯主語來更清晰地表達(dá)我們的意思。比較:a. I like staying here.(我喜歡呆在這)b. I like your staying here. (我喜歡你呆在這)④如果邏輯主語是動(dòng)名詞所表示動(dòng)作的賓語,我們用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。I took his dictionary away without being seen.

三、 名詞化的動(dòng)名詞

在語法術(shù)語中,第三種“動(dòng)詞 + ing”形式是指具有名詞特征的名詞化的動(dòng)名詞。它一般在句中用作主語、賓語或介詞賓語。名詞化的動(dòng)名詞具有以下特征:

(1)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式。He paid no attention to their comings and goings.

(2)冠詞可以前置于名詞化的動(dòng)名詞。A knocking at the door was heard.

(3)形容詞修飾名詞化的動(dòng)名詞,副詞修飾現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞。對(duì)比:a. The work needs careful planning. (形容詞修飾名詞化的動(dòng)名詞) b. The work needs planning carefully. (副詞修飾動(dòng)名詞) c. I saw him planning carefully. (副詞修飾現(xiàn)在分詞)

(4)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞沒有賓語。對(duì)比:a. The reading of the book is a great enjoyment. (名詞化的動(dòng)名詞用作主語)b. I like reading books very much. (動(dòng)名詞+賓語用作動(dòng)詞“l(fā)ike”的賓語) c. I saw him reading a book in his room. (現(xiàn)在分詞+賓語用作賓語補(bǔ)足語)

(5)名詞化的動(dòng)名詞沒有時(shí)態(tài)或者語態(tài)。對(duì)比:a. He does some washing every day. b. After having washed the clothes he watched television. (動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)用作介詞“after”的賓語)

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]潘歡懷.現(xiàn)代英語實(shí)用句法[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,

1987.

[2]張道真.實(shí)用英語語法[M].北京:商務(wù)印書館,1979.

[3]章振邦.新編英語語法教程[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,

1986.

(1.河南財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院經(jīng)貿(mào)外語系,2.河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)外語系)