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        小議過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別

        2009-04-29 00:00:00寇愛英
        考試周刊 2009年4期

        摘要: 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法既是高考考查的重點(diǎn),又是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)。過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的主要區(qū)別是:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成。判斷用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞的思路是:先判斷其在句中作什么成分;然后找準(zhǔn)它的邏輯主語;再判斷與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞,被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過分詞。

        關(guān)鍵詞: 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 主動(dòng) 進(jìn)行 被動(dòng) 完成

        縱觀歷年高考試題,可以看出,過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的用法一直是高考的重點(diǎn)、熱點(diǎn),以單項(xiàng)選擇、完型填空、短文改錯(cuò)等各種題型來考查學(xué)生,并且占有一定的比例;同時(shí),分詞的用法也是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中的難點(diǎn)。在具體的做題過程中,許多學(xué)生思路不清,不知從何處下手,不知判斷主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)關(guān)系是以什么為參照。過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的主要區(qū)別是:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成。下面就其具體用法區(qū)別歸納如下:

        一、作定語(判斷與被修飾的名詞的關(guān)系)

        現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,與被修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;而過去分詞作定語,與被修飾的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

        e.g.

        1.The girl standing over there is my sister.(表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)

        站在那邊的那個(gè)女孩是我妹妹。

        2.“Things lost will never come back again.”He said to himself.(表示被動(dòng)、完成)

        他自言自語地說:“失去的東西永遠(yuǎn)也回不來了?!?/p>

        【鞏固練習(xí)】

        1.The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket________the desert.(2006年湖南卷)

        A.covering B.covered C.cover D.to cover

        2.The trees________in the storm have been moved off the road.(2008年湖南卷)

        A.being blown down B.blown down C.blowing down D.to blow down

        注意:

        1.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行;過去分詞作定語,則表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。

        e.g.

        1)falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子

        fallen leaves已經(jīng)落下的葉子

        2)developing country 發(fā)展中國家

        developed country發(fā)達(dá)國家

        3)boiling water 正在沸騰的水

        boiled water沸騰過的水(可能是熱的,也可能是涼的)

        2.過去分詞與其他非謂語形式作定語的區(qū)別。

        過去分詞 表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作

        現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式 表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作

        動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式 表示將要進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作

        e.g.

        The meeting held yesterday is very important.

        昨天召開的會(huì)議很重要。(會(huì)議已召開)

        The meeting being held now is very important.

        現(xiàn)在召開的會(huì)議很重要。(會(huì)議正在召開)

        The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.

        明天召開的會(huì)議很重要。(會(huì)議將要召開)

        【鞏固練習(xí)】

        3.The Town Hall_______in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.(2007年上海卷)

        A.to be completed B.having been complete

        C.completed D.being completed

        4.The travel plan tomorrow is very important for each of the tourists.

        A.discussed B.discussing

        C.to be discussed D.having discussed

        5.The building now will be our library.

        A.built B.building C.being built D.having built

        二、作表語(判斷主語是人/物)

        有些表示情感的及物動(dòng)詞如interest,surprise,tire,bore,excite,disappoint,puzzle等有兩種形容詞形式:interesting,interested;surprising,surprised;tiring,tired;boring,bored;exciting,excited;disappointing,disappointed;puzzling,puzzled。區(qū)別在于:前者有主動(dòng)之意,表示“令人……的”,表示事物的特征,作表語時(shí),主語多是物,作定語時(shí),多修飾物;后者有被動(dòng)之意,表示“感到……的”,表示心理活動(dòng)狀態(tài),作表語時(shí),主語多是人,作定語時(shí),多修飾人。

        e.g.

        1.The book is so interesting that I’m interested in it.

        這本書如此有趣以至于我對它非常感興趣。

        2.All of us were puzzled by the puzzling questions raised by a-ten-year-old boy.

        我們大家都被那個(gè)十歲男孩所提出的那些令人迷惑的問題搞迷惑了。

        【鞏固練習(xí)】

        6.please remain________until the plane has come to a completed stop.(2007年山東卷)

        A.to seat B.to be seated C.seating D.seated

        7.Tom sounds very much in the job,but I’m not sure whether he can manage it.(2006年安徽卷)

        A.interested B.interesting C.interestingly D.interestedly

        8.He was________at the_______result.(disappoint)

        9.He made an________speech at the meeting and the audience stood up and gave him a lot of applause.(inspire)

        10.The play was so________that all of us were________to tears.(move)

        三、作賓語補(bǔ)足語(判斷與賓語的關(guān)系)

        現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,與賓語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,常常表示動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行;過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,與賓語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,常常表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。

        e.g.

        1.I heard someone crying in the next room.

        賓語 賓補(bǔ)(表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)

        我聽見有人在隔壁哭。

        2.I found my money stolen just now.

        賓語 賓補(bǔ)(表示被動(dòng)、完成)

        我剛才發(fā)現(xiàn)我的錢被偷了。

        注意:

        非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語也常常用在“with+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)中:

        With+賓語+賓補(bǔ)過去分詞:表示被動(dòng)、完成現(xiàn)在分詞:表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行動(dòng)詞不定式:表示被動(dòng)、將要發(fā)生

        e.g.

        1.With a lot of difficult problems settled, the president was spoken highly of.

        賓語 賓補(bǔ)(表示被動(dòng)、完成)

        由于解決了許多難以解決的問題,總理受到了高度的贊揚(yáng)。

        2.The storm died away at last with the golden waves beating the shore in peace.

        賓語 賓補(bǔ)(表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)

        隨著金色的海浪平靜地拍打著海岸,風(fēng)暴最終漸漸地平息了。

        3.With so much work to do,I’m afraid I won’t go to the cinema with you.

        賓補(bǔ)(表示被動(dòng)、將要發(fā)生)

        有這么多的事要做,我恐怕不能和你去看電影了。

        【鞏固練習(xí)】

        11.I smell something_________in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?(2007年全國卷I)

        A.burning B.burnt C.being burnt D.to be burnt

        12.Without speaking a word,we can make ourselves ,by using our face and our body,of course.

        A.to understand B.understand

        C.understood D.understanding

        13.When he came back to life,he found himself_______on a chair, with his hands_______back.

        A.to sit;tied B.sitting;tying C.sat;tied D.sitting;tied

        14.To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear English______as much as we can.(2008年江蘇卷)

        A.speak B.speaking C.spoken D.to speak

        15.After a knock at the door,the child heard his mother’s voice_______him.(2007年上海卷)

        A.calling B.called C.being called D.to call

        16.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work_______,he gladly accepted it.(2007年安徽卷)

        A.finished B.finishing C.having finished D.was finished

        17.Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English_______in a short period.(2007年福建卷)

        A.improved B.improving C.to improve D.improve

        18. —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

        —Sorry. With so much work_______my mind,I almost break down.(2008年福建卷)

        A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled

        19.He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them_______in his lectures.(2007年江蘇卷)

        A.interested B.interesting C.interest D.to interest

        20.She wants her paintings_______in the gallery,but we don t think they would be very popular.(2007年上海春)

        A.display B.to display C.displaying D.displayed

        四、作狀語(判斷與主語的關(guān)系)

        現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,與句子的主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;過去分詞作狀語,與句子的主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

        e.g.

        1.Once published,the book became very famous.

        那本書一出版就很有名。

        2.When completed,the park will be open to the public next year.

        那個(gè)公園明年竣工時(shí),將對公眾開放。

        以上兩例中,分詞所表示的動(dòng)作皆與主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用過去分詞作狀語。

        3.My cousin came to see me from the country,bringing me a full basket of fresh fruits.(2006年安徽高考)

        我表弟從鄉(xiāng)下來看我,給我?guī)頋M滿一籃新鮮的水果。

        4.Having finished his homework,he went to bed.

        他做完作業(yè)就去睡覺了。

        以上兩例中,分詞所表示的動(dòng)作皆與主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。

        5._______around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.(2008年陜西卷)

        A.Having shown B.To be shown

        C.Having been shown D.To show

        解析:非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語,其邏輯主語就是主句的主語。show與We為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前,應(yīng)該用完成式。故選C,現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式。意思是:我們在被帶領(lǐng)著參觀了水立方后,又被帶去參觀為2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)準(zhǔn)備的“鳥巢”。

        【鞏固練習(xí)】

        21._______that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.(2007年陜西卷.)

        A.To have said B.Having said C.To say D.Saying

        22._______automatically,the e-mail will be received by all the club members.(2006年上海卷)

        A.Mailed out B.Mailing out

        C.To be mailed out D.Having mailed out

        23.When_______different culture,we often pay attention onlyto the differences without noticing the many similarities.(2006年浙江卷)

        A.compared B.being compared

        C.comparing D.havingcompared

        24._______with the size of the whole earth,the bigger ocean does not seem big at all.

        A.Compare B.When comparing

        C.Comparing D.When compared

        25._______that he was in great danger,Eric walked deeper into the forest.(2008年浙江卷)

        A.Not realized B.Not to realize

        C.Not realizing D.Not to have realized

        26.Ideally_______for Broadway theatre and Fifth Avenue,the New York Park hotel is a favouritewith many guests.(2008年上海卷)

        A.locating B.being located

        C.having been located D.located

        27._______their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.(2008年天津卷)

        A.To throw B.Thrown C.Throwing D.Being thrown

        28._______in the fields on a March afternoon,he could feel the warmth of spring.(2008年安徽卷)

        A.To walk B.Walking C.Walked D.Having walked

        29._______by a greater demand of vegetables,farmers have built more green houses.(2007年浙江卷)

        A.Driven B.Being driven C.To drive D.Having driven

        注意:

        分詞與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的區(qū)別:分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語;獨(dú)立主格作狀語,它的邏輯主語不是句子的主語,而是它前面的名詞或代詞。

        e.g.

        The teacher came into the classroom,followed by Jim.

        吉姆跟著老師進(jìn)了教室。

        The teacher came into the classroom,following Jim.

        老師跟著吉姆進(jìn)了教室。

        The teacher came into the classroom,Jim following.

        老師進(jìn)了教室,吉姆在后面跟著。

        It rained and rained,vehicles bogged down and bridges washed out.

        雨不斷地下,車輛陷入泥沼,橋梁被水沖走。

        【鞏固練習(xí)】

        30.The children went home from the grammar school,their lessons _______ for the day.(2007年重慶卷)

        A.finishing B.finished C.had finished D.were finished

        總之,在做題過程中,判斷用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞的思路是:先判斷其在句中作什么成分,然后找準(zhǔn)它的邏輯主語,再判斷與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞,被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過分詞。

        參考文獻(xiàn):

        [1]薄冰新編高中英語語法.

        注:“本文中所涉及到的圖表、注解、公式等內(nèi)容請以PDF格式閱讀原文?!?/p>

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