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        狀語從句的表象與深層

        2008-12-31 00:00:00孔令梅
        考試周刊 2008年42期

        摘要: 狀語從句為人們所熟知,正因這樣,人們往往望文生義,落入陷阱。其實,狀語從句的意義往往不存在于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)——表象,而存在于句子的深層。狀語從句性質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定,其語義功能既能彌漫于句子的表象又能潛身于語言的深層。語意功能在深層產(chǎn)生了混合與交替。這是值得人們深刻研究的問題。

        關(guān)鍵詞: 狀語從句 表象 深層 語義功能

        《英語語法學(xué)》(姚善友,1965)的狀語分類更為精細:地點狀語、時間狀語、方式狀語、比較狀語、程度狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語和伴隨狀語。在狀語這同一結(jié)構(gòu)形式里,各式各樣的狀語所表達的語義功能既明確又朦朧。明確,才分類出這么多的狀語;朦朧是因為各種狀語從句之間的深層語義功能存在著混合和交替。我們以人們熟知的時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句和條件狀語從句為例。

        一、時間狀語從句

        when,while等常指時間,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,但是,時間狀語從句還有其他用法。

        1. 時間狀語從句有時在意念上相當于地點狀語從句,例如:

        It is right in front of you as you cross the bridge.(=It is right in front of you where you cross the bridge.)就在你過了橋的前面。

        2. 時間狀語從句有時具有條件從句的意義,例如:

        a.He tells his girlfriend that when he has a son,he won’t make him study all the time,as his father makes him(=if he has a son,he won’t make him study all the time,as his father makes him).(l.60,p.229,BⅠ)他對女朋友說,等他有了兒子,他不會像他父親逼他那樣逼自己的兒子整天讀書。

        b.While one finds company in himself and his pursuits,he cannot feel old,no matter what his years may be.一個人只要自己在工作中不感到寂寞,那么無論年紀有多大,也不覺得老。

        c.When everybody redoubles his exertions in his work this can be completed ahead of schedule.只要人人加倍努力工作,這個可以提前完成。

        d.The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework,such as later occurred in France and Russia,when both were already independent nations.美國革命并不像后來發(fā)生在法國和俄國的革命那樣,在本身已經(jīng)是獨立國的情況下迅猛地推翻一種政治和社會體制。

        e.Energy can be measured only while it is being transformed,transferred,released,or absorbed.能量的量度只有在能量的轉(zhuǎn)變、傳遞、釋放或吸收過程中才能進行。

        3. 時間狀語從句有時具有讓步狀語從句的意義,例如:

        a.While our children seem better-natured than ever,they are so ignorant.(l.12,p.227,BⅠ)(=Although our children seem better-natured than ever,they are so ignorant.)雖然我們的孩子似乎比以往任何時候都要溫厚和氣,他們卻如此無知。

        b.While the idea of love among animals has been generally rejected by science, doubts remain.(l.78,p.189,BⅠ)(=Although the idea of love among animals has been generally rejected by science,doubts remain.)雖然科學(xué)界普遍不接受動物間存在愛的看法,但是疑問仍未消除。

        c....every possible angle of every story over and over and over,even when they are of no possible use to me(=though they are of no possible use to me).(l.36,p.102,BⅡ)……收看有關(guān)每一條新聞的各種不同視角的報道,盡管他們對我毫無用處。

        d.She had chosen to stay among poor folks when she might have everything of the best. 雖然她本可以享受一切美好的東西,她卻寧愿和窮人呆在一起。

        e.I lent him ten dollars when I dislike him.雖然我不喜歡他,我還是借給他十美元。

        f.While the story is a joke,it does tell people about a danger in modern technology.盡管這個故事是個笑話,但確實告訴人們現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的一種危險性。

        4. 時間狀語從句有時具有原因狀語從句的意義,例如:

        a. I had to change my way of thinking when I came aboard.(l.76,p.36,BⅡ)(=I had to change my way of thinking because I came aboard.)我加盟沃爾瑪后,不得不改變自己的思維方式。

        b.And it(psychology)certainly must be of practical service when businessmen have taken such a fancy to it,spending hundreds of thousands of dollars under its rigorous guidance.既然連商人們都對心理學(xué)如此喜愛,花費成千上萬美元去接受它的嚴格的指導(dǎo),那么,它一定具有其實用的一面。

        c.Why do you walk when you have a car?你(既然)有車為什么要步行呢?

        d.Employment became widespread when enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land,and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.由于十七、十八世紀圈地運動剝奪了許多人使用土地的權(quán)利,也就剝奪了他們自給自足的手段,這樣,他們就不得不靠就業(yè)拿工資為生了,于是就業(yè)就逐漸普及了。

        5.有時until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句在意義上可以表示結(jié)果。例如:

        During the two months and three weeks at sea,they had been chained to the rough planks on which they lay until their backs and shoulders were all dirt and blood.在海上那三個月零三個星期中,他們被鎖在粗糙的木板上,躺在上面,肩膀和背上皆是一片血污。

        6. 時間狀語從句有時具有轉(zhuǎn)折從句的意義,例如:

        a.That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words,while other major languages have far fewer.(l.2,p.207,BⅡ)(=That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words,where as other major languages have far fewer.)正因為如此,今日英語的詞匯量據(jù)估計超過一百萬,而其他語言的詞匯量都要小得多。

        b.Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.而今,許多司機即使目睹了禮貌的行為也似乎視而不見了。

        c.The gain of lying is not to be trusted by anyone,nor to be believed when you speak the truth.說謊如果有什么好處的話,那就是得不到任何人的信任,而即使說了真話也沒有人相信。

        7. 時間狀語從句有時具有對照的意義,例如:

        a.As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dream so calmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday.孩提時,我琢磨不透為什么大人們把夢想看得那么平淡,而不論什么節(jié)假日卻那么小題大做。

        b.Oaks may fall,when reeds brave the storm.橡樹也許會被刮倒,蘆葦反而能頂住風(fēng)暴。

        c.While I was busy here and there,he was gone.我忙得團團轉(zhuǎn),他卻溜之大吉了。

        d.Applied mathematicians have coped successfully with practical problems,while pure mathematicians seem to have lost touch with the practical world.應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)家已成功地解決了許多實際問題,而理論數(shù)學(xué)家卻似乎已失去了和現(xiàn)實世界的聯(lián)系。

        二、地點狀語從句

        我們再以地點狀語從句為例,一般說來,where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句,表示事件發(fā)生的處所等,但是,地點狀語從句也可表示其它。

        1. 地點狀語從句有時具有原因狀語的意義,例如:

        a.Where much is alleged,something must be true.(=Since much is alleged,something must be true.由于大家都這么說,想必有些是真的。

        b.Where usage is so undecided,it would be presumptuous to favor one over the others.由于語言習(xí)慣上還沒有定論,要說一種說法比另一種說法好未免有些武斷。

        2. 地點狀語從句有時具有條件狀語的意義,例如:

        a.Where there is matter,there is motion.(=So long as there is matter,there is motion.)有物質(zhì)就有運動。

        b.Where there is a pressure,there is a resistance.有壓迫就有反抗。

        c.Birth is nothing,where virtue is not.如果品德不好,出身好也等于零。

        d.Light is the task where many share the toil.(口語)大伙兒都動手干,活就輕。

        三、條件狀語從句

        我們再以條件狀語從句為例,if常用來表示前提或條件,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,但是,也可具有其它意義。

        1. 條件從句有時具有讓步狀語從句的意義,例如:

        a.If life there was full of hardships,it was also full of joy and excitement.(=Although life there was full of hardships,it was also full of joy and excitement.)盡管那里的生活很艱苦,但也非常愉快和令人興奮。

        b.If he is too old to work much,he’s still eager enough to keep up with things.雖然他年紀大了,不能多做工作,但他還是積極爭取跟上形勢。

        2. 條件從句有時具有時間狀語從句的意義,例如:

        a. The bird will return if summer comes.每當夏天來臨,這種鳥就會飛回來。

        b.It can,however,only do so if its role in international economic cooperation is recognized and its outstretched hand accepted.然而,只有當它在國際經(jīng)濟合作中的作用得到承認,它伸出的手被人接受之時,他才能這樣做。

        c.The independence won by our peoples at a high price will be meaningful only if we can satisfy the vital need of masses of the people and raise their standard of life.只有當我們能夠滿足人民群眾切身生活需要,并且提高他們的生活水平時,我們各族人民以高昂的代價所贏得的獨立才有意義。

        3. 條件從句有時具有原因狀語從句的意義,例如:

        a.If you don’t like your job,why don’t you change it?(=Because you don’t like your job,why don’t you change it?)既然你不喜歡你的工作,為什么不換一個呢?

        b.If Chairman Mao was so well able to assimilate the though of the founders of socialism-Marx,Engels and Lenin-it was precisely because he read them as a Chinese and For the Chinese.毛主席之所以能這樣好地掌握科學(xué)社會主義奠基人——馬克思、恩格斯和列寧的思想,恰恰是由于他以一個中國人的眼光來閱讀他們的著作,目的在于為中國人民服務(wù)。

        c.But if one witnesses such brilliant victories of Africa fighting against the white colonialist,it is in large measure thanks to the efficacious aid of certain progressive countries in the world.人們看到非洲之所以在反抗白人殖民者的斗爭中取得如此輝煌的勝利,那在很大程度上是由于一些進步國家給予了有效的援助。

        對上述的語言現(xiàn)象的解讀,眾說紛紜,仁者見仁,智者見智?!队⒄Z語法學(xué)》認為是矛盾的特殊性。“矛盾存在于一切客觀事物和主觀思維的過程中,矛盾著的事物以一定的條件有同一性,因此能夠共居于一個統(tǒng)一體中。句法中的形式和內(nèi)容本來是矛盾著的事物,按著一定的條件,統(tǒng)一于具體的句子中。但是當某一形式用來表達一種非它平時所具有的意義時,除了形式與內(nèi)容之間的一般性矛盾外,還存在著一種特殊的矛盾”(姚善友,1956)。筆者認為,修飾語的性質(zhì)較不穩(wěn)定,各種修飾語可以輕易相互轉(zhuǎn)化,起到不同作用的修飾功能。語義功能既能彌漫于語言的表象又能潛身于語言的深層。我們把這種語義功能隱身于語言的深層稱之為形式與意義的不一致關(guān)系,即定語從句表示狀語意義,狀語從句之間混合與交替。我們學(xué)習(xí)英語,對于修飾分句的混合與交替有時缺乏深刻的認識,原因在于英漢文化差異,在于語言思維定式差異。漢語零句,松散句,流水句多。中國人說話言簡意賅,思維敏捷,表達明確。英語善用長句,修飾分句在長句里起著極其重要的作用。長句體現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的思維,多層次的邏輯關(guān)系。所以,狀語從句的表象與深層就成了中國人學(xué)英語的一口“陷阱”。

        參考文獻:

        [1]Quirk,A Grammar of Contemporary English[M].Longman Group Ltd.,London,1972.

        [2]C.E.Eckersley J.M.Eckersley,A Comprehensive English Grammar[M].Longman Group Ltd.,London,1970.

        [3]章振邦.英語語法新編[M].上海外語教育出版社,1997.

        [4]姚善友.英語語法學(xué)[M].北京商務(wù)印書館,1965.

        [5]李蔭華.大學(xué)英語(全新版)[M].上海外語教育出版社,2003.5.

        [6]莫運夏.狀語從句隱含的邏輯關(guān)系及其譯文的處理[J].廣西梧州師范高等??茖W(xué)校學(xué)報,2000.

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