俞江濤

英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)主要分為兩種：即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 二者為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者, 二者為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：I have done the job.(主動(dòng)關(guān)系) The job has been done. (被動(dòng)關(guān)系)

一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài), 高考主要考查以下八種：

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：am/is/are+過去分詞。例如：

The song is often sung by children.

2.一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：was/were+過去分詞。例如：

The house was built in 2000.

3.一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：will/shall be+過去分詞。例如：

Cars will be taken by railway to many parts of the country.

4.過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：would/should+be+過去分詞。例如：

Mr Li said that he would be invited to visit America before long.

5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：am/is/are+being+過去分詞。例如：

The case is being investigated.

6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：was/were+being+過去分詞。例如：

Mr Li was in hospital. When we went to see him, he was being operated on.

7.完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：have/has/had+been+過去分詞。例如：

①The letters have been posted.

②He told me that the work had been finished.

8.帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。例如：

①Nothing can be done about this.

②He should be praised by the teacher.

9.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除常用be+過去分詞外, 還可用get+過去分詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語(yǔ)中, 高考?？?。例如：

①Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.

②The boy got hurt on his way to school.

二、用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)的意義:

1.不知道或無必要指出行為、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（無須加by短語(yǔ)）。如：

①Football is played all over the world.

②Color TV sets are sold in that shop.

2.突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)行為或動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。如：

①History is made by the people.

②The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.

3.有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng), 宜后置。如：Its said that they have won the game.

三、使用動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)：

1.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語(yǔ)。如：look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, take care of等。 例如：

①The data is often referred to.

②My sister is taken care of by Grandma.

2.不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：appear, belong, remain, happen, occur, escape, break out等。例如：

①The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937. (錯(cuò)誤)

The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937. (正確)

②At last, my dream was come true. （錯(cuò)誤）

At last, my dream come true. (正確)

3.連系動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)的含義。 如：

①表示感官的連系動(dòng)詞, 如：smell, taste, sound, feel, look, seem等, 這類動(dòng)詞只能用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)的含義。如: Mr Li looks quite young. 又如：His health seems to be better.

②表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞, 如stay, remain等,也不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 它們的被動(dòng)意義也要用主動(dòng)的形式來表達(dá)。如：

Much work remains to be done. 又如：The window stayed open all the night.

③prove, turn out作連系動(dòng)詞, 表“結(jié)果,證明”。例如：

This meeting proved/turned out to be a success.

這次會(huì)議證明是一次成功的會(huì)議。

4.說明商品,產(chǎn)品或工具自身所具有的性能或內(nèi)在屬性的動(dòng)詞, 如sell(well/badly); wash(well/badly); write(well/badly); cut(well/badly)等, 這類動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（不表達(dá)此意時(shí), 則另當(dāng)別論）。如：

①The book sells well. 這本書賣得很好。

②This knife cuts well. 這把刀切起來很鋒利。

5.need, want, require以及be worth…之后的V-ing不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 要用主動(dòng)的形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)的含義。如：

①This book is well worth reading.

②The flower needs watering.

6.動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要注意的問題。

（1）動(dòng)詞不定式與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 又和句子的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系;在“主語(yǔ)+be+形容詞（如hard, easy, difficult, good, impossible, important等）+不定式”句型中,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。如：

①I have an important meeting to attend.

②The math problem is hard to work out.

（2）There be句型中,通常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義。如：

There is lots of difficulty to face in the future.

（3）有些動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)意義用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)是固定用法,如：to blame（應(yīng)受譴責(zé)）; to let（出租）等。如：

In this matter he seems to be in no way to blame.

在這件事情上, 看來他沒有什么責(zé)任。

7.一詞多義的動(dòng)詞在用作某一特定的詞義時(shí)是不及物的, 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 反之則可以用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 應(yīng)視具體情況而定。如decline做及物動(dòng)詞時(shí), 意為“拒絕; 謝絕”。如：The invation of the TV was declined by the famous singer. decline作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí), 意為“衰退; 減弱; （物價(jià)等）下跌”。如：The prices are declining.

8.有些動(dòng)詞形式上是被動(dòng)的, 但含義上是主動(dòng)的。例如：

①He was dressed in red at that time.

②The girl was lost in the forest.

③The boy was seated in the chair.

9.在使役動(dòng)詞make以及感官動(dòng)詞see, hear…等動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式須加不定式符號(hào)“to”。 如：

The teacher made Jim answer it again.(主動(dòng))

Jim was made to answer it again. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 加to)

10.賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞時(shí),不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),只用主動(dòng)形式,如：

The man introduces himself as Mr Li.

11..注意系表結(jié)構(gòu)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。系表結(jié)構(gòu)表明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或特征,不帶by短語(yǔ),而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是表明主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,可以帶by短語(yǔ)。

The job was well done. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))

The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

鞏固練習(xí)：選擇最佳答案。

1. They consider the question hard ____.

A. to be answered B. to being answered

C. to answer D. answer

2. ____ this bicycle ____ to you?

A. Does; belong B. Is; belong

C. Has; been belonged D. Is; belonging

3. His idea, though good, needs ____ out.

A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. trying

4. ——Do you like the material?

——Yes, it ____ very soft.

A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt

5. ——Shall we begin now?

——Yes. All the preparations for the task ____, and you may start.

A. completed B. have been completed

C. had been completed D. complete

6. ——You could have asked your brother for help. He is good at math.

——Yes, a whole day ____.

A. will waste B. had wasted

C. was wasted D. would be wasted

7. Nothing ____ after the terrible fire which had been caused by

someone smoking in bed.

A. left B. was remained C. remained D. continued

8. The new dictionaries are very useful. They ____ well and ____

already.

A. sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold

C. sell; sell out D. are sold; have been sold out

9. Why havent you finished your homework yet? You ____ to have

finished it last Sunday.

A. are supposed B. were supposed C. are supposing D. were supposing

10. Our team won the match, but one of the players ____ hurt in the match.

A. got B. gets C. are D. were

Key(3)