潘喜霞

1.概念：表示過去的過去

構(gòu)成:had+過去分詞。

2.用法

A. 用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

她說她從前沒有去過巴黎。

B. 狀語(yǔ)從句

在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 當(dāng)警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷已經(jīng)離開了。

C. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本……，未能……”。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 我們希望你能來，但你沒來。

3.過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常用before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等引導(dǎo)。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 當(dāng)愛迪生12歲時(shí)，他已經(jīng)開始自己謀生了。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

當(dāng)湯姆來參加晚會(huì)時(shí)，大多數(shù)客人已經(jīng)走了，這令他很失望。

4.Statements 陳述句

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 在他們到達(dá)旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃完早飯了。

從句中“arrived at”到達(dá)在“過去”的時(shí)間，而“had already had”吃早飯的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在到達(dá)之前，因此主句的時(shí)態(tài)為“過去的過去”。

She had searched the Internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera. 當(dāng)她找到了佳能數(shù)碼照相機(jī)的廣告時(shí)，她已經(jīng)在因特網(wǎng)上查詢了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。

I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldnt make any mistakes.

我一遍又一遍地檢查了我所寫的內(nèi)容，以至我沒有出現(xiàn)任何錯(cuò)誤。

5.Negatives 否定句

He remembered he hadnt paid for it yet. 他記得他沒有付過帳。

He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird before.

他說他以前從來沒有看過這樣美麗的鳥。

6.Questions 疑問句

How many English films had you seen by the end of last term?

到上學(xué)期期末為止，你們看了多少部英文片？

Had you reached the station before ten oclock?

十點(diǎn)以前你們已經(jīng)到達(dá)車站了嗎？

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：

1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生某動(dòng)作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（將來還有可能繼續(xù)下去）,常和for＋時(shí)間段或since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。

I have studied English for 3 years.(從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)

I have taught here since I came here.(主句的動(dòng)作“教”從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)。[記?。簊ince（從……）從句的動(dòng)作要用過去時(shí)，我們平時(shí)不是愛說“從過去”嗎？]

2.過去完成時(shí)則主要體現(xiàn)過去發(fā)生的兩動(dòng)作的先后有別，表達(dá)的是“過去的過去”，即比過去發(fā)生的某動(dòng)作還要“過去”，兩動(dòng)作中先發(fā)生的就用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則只用一般過去時(shí)。運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)的句子往往有兩個(gè)過去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作，一定要注意這點(diǎn)喲！

Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.(“來”中國(guó)已過去，而先前“住”在紐約更是過去！)

We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.

（“上學(xué)期期末”已過去，而在其前“學(xué)”的就更是過去了?。?/p>

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)與過去時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：

1. 意義上的區(qū)別

一般過去時(shí)態(tài)只是單純地表示過去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài), 和現(xiàn)在沒有任何聯(lián)系, 只著眼于過去。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系, 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果, 屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇。

試比較下列例句:

I have washed my shoes. 我刷過鞋了。

強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過去的某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作“洗”對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響是“鞋是干凈的”。

I washed my shoes yesterday. 我昨天刷了鞋。

強(qiáng)調(diào)昨天做過“洗”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在鞋是否干凈沒有關(guān)系。

My father has bought a new car. 我爸爸買了一輛新車。

強(qiáng)調(diào)在過去的某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作“買”,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是“他有了一輛新車”。

My father bought a new car last Sunday.

我爸爸上個(gè)周日買了一輛新車。

強(qiáng)調(diào)上個(gè)周日“買”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生過,與爸爸現(xiàn)在是否有車無(wú)關(guān)。也許這輛車是給別人的。

2. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別

一般過去時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1990, just now等。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)的時(shí)間是到現(xiàn)在為止。如:“just”剛剛, “before”以前, “since/ever since+過去時(shí)間”自從……開始, “ever”曾經(jīng), “never”從未,未曾, “already”已經(jīng), “for+時(shí)間段”已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了, “in the last/past ten years”在過去的十年里,“so far”到目前為止,“up to now”直到現(xiàn)在, “this week”這個(gè)星期等等。

專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：

一、單選

1. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____ already ____ to hospital.

A. has; been sent B. had; sent

C. has; sent D. had; been sent

2. We ____ five English songs by the end of last term.

A. had learned B. learned

C. have learned D. will have learned

3. Han Mei told me she ____ lunch, so she was very hungry.

A. has had B. hasnt had C. have had D. hadnt had

4. By the end of 1976, many buildings ____ built in the city.

A. have been B. have C. had been D. will

5. She ____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____ home.

A. has left; comes B. had left; would come

C. had left; came D. left; had come

6. He said that it was at least ten years since I ____ a good drink.

A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying

C. have enjoyed D. have been enjoying

7. The meeting ____ when Mr. Wang ____ to school.

A. has begun; get B. has been on; get

C. had begun; got D. had been on; got

答案：１.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C

二、填空

1. When I returned home, he ____(leave).

2. By ten yesterday evening, she ____(finish) writing.

3. He ____(study) English for five years before he came here.

4. It ____(stop) raining when I woke up this morning.

5. I ____(not read) the book because I had read it before.

6. She said she ____(be) born in 1992.

7. When he ____(come) to China two years ago he found people didnt understand him at all though he ____(learn) some Chinese in his own country.

8. I saw Han Mei yesterday. We ____(not see) each other since we left

Beijing.

9. When I got to his home, he ____(go) to bed.

10. She asked if Mr. Liu ____ already ____(come) back.

答案：1.had left 2.had finished 3.had studied 4.had stopped 5.didnt read 6.was 7.came, had learned 8.hadnt seen 9.had gone 10.had, come