姜經(jīng)志
Unit 8
1. You could help clean up the city parks. 你可以幫助清掃城市公園。
(1)could意為“能,可以”;在句中表示建議,其語氣比can更委婉。例如:
You could try cooking supper yourself. 你可以嘗試自己做晚餐。
You could send her a new mobile phone as her birthday present.
你可以送她一個新手機作為生日禮物。
另外,could還可表示推測,意思是“大概,可能”,但語氣比must弱,肯定性不大。例如:
The monitor could be broken by him. 顯示器可能是他弄壞的。
(2) clean up是動詞短語,意為“打掃”。例如:
Bruce is cleaning up the garage. 布魯斯正在打掃車庫。
They have to clean up the room after the dance.
舞會后他們得打掃房間。
2. You could give out food at a food bank.
你可以在救濟食品發(fā)放中心分發(fā)食物。
give out是動詞短語,意為“分發(fā)”。例如:
Remember to give out these handbills. 記得發(fā)這些傳單。
Give the money out to the children. 把錢分給孩子們。
3. Id like to cheer up sick kids. 我想讓生病的孩子們高興起來。
(1) cheer up是動詞短語,意為“高興、振作”。cheer sb. up表示“(使某人)高興、振作”。例如:
He cheered up at once when his friends won the football match.
看到朋友們贏了足球賽,他馬上高興起來。
The speech he made cheered us up. 他所作的演講使我們振奮起來。
(2) sick是形容詞,“生病的”,同義詞是ill。區(qū)別在于sick在句中可作表語和定語,而ill只能作表語。例如:
You must be ill/sick. Youd better see a doctor.
你肯定生病了,最好去看醫(yī)生吧。
Lucy has looked after the sick girl for a week.
露西照看那個生病的小女孩已經(jīng)一個星期了。
另外,當ill做“壞的,惡劣的”意思講時,在句中可以作定語。例如:
Its an ill wind that blows nobody any good. (諺)
任何人都得不到好處的事可真是一件壞事。
4. You could volunteer in an after-school study program.
你可以去課外學習班做義工。
volunteer 在句中是動詞,“志愿效勞、主動貢獻”的意思。例如:
Susan volunteered some information about traveling to England.
蘇珊主動提供了一些去英國旅行的信息。
volunteer to do sth. “自愿做某事”。例如:
Mike volunteered to collect wood for the picnic.
邁克自愿去為野餐撿拾木柴。
另外,volunteer還可以用作名詞,表示“志愿者、志愿兵”的意思。例如:
They both work as volunteers in the supermarket.
他倆都是超市里的義工。
5. We need to come up with a plan. 我們需要想出一個計劃。
come up with 是動詞短語,“想出、提出”。例如:
Dan came up with a way to work out the math problem.
丹想出了解答這道數(shù)學題的方法。
The doctors came up with a cure for the disease.
醫(yī)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)了該疾病的治療方法。
6. Being a volunteer is great!做一個志愿者真棒!
Being a volunteer is great! 是動名詞短語作主語。動名詞短語作主語時,其謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Mending that tent is hard work. 修補那個帳篷不是件簡單的工作。
Eating too much sweetmeat is bad for your health.
吃太多甜食對你的健康不利。
7. …and she puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care center at her local elementary school. 她通過在當?shù)匾凰W的課后輔導中心工作,使這個愛好得到較好的利用。
she puts this love to good use by working 句中put…to use意為“把……投入使用、利用”;句中by是個介詞,意思是“靠,用,通過”,用來表示方法、手段。例如:
Workers are all glad to put the new machine to good use.
新機器投入使用,工人們都很高興。
What do you mean by doing that? 你這樣做是什么意思?
We came by the back road. 我們從后面的小路而來。
Will you travel by air or by train? 你是乘飛機還是坐火車旅行?
8. I take after my mother. 我與我母親很像。
take after是動詞短語,指(在長相或性格方面)像某人。例如:
He takes after his father, a drunkard. 他就像他父親一樣,酒鬼一個。
Nancy doesnt take after her sister. She is a lively girl.
南希不像她姐姐,她是個活潑的女孩子。
9. I fixed it up. 我把它修好了。
fix up 是動詞短語,意為“修理,修補”。例如:
He is busy fixing up those kites. 他正忙于修補那些風箏。
fix, repair與mend都有“修理、修補”之意,有時可以通用,但也有區(qū)別:
repair和fix都表示使受到一定損壞或失靈的東西恢復其性能或機能,其對象范圍很廣,可以用于從道路、機器到日常用品。比如:repair/fix a machine/watch/road,而mend表示修補破損的東西,使其恢復原樣,一般指較小的物品。例如:mend the window/shirt/sock。此外,fix up還有“安排”之意。例如:
Nobody will fix you up with a job. 沒人會為你安排工作。
10. I am similar to her. 我與她有點相似。
similar 是形容詞,意為“類似的、同樣的”,在句中可作定語和表語,常用be similar to結構,表示“與……相似”。例如:
They have similar tastes in music. 他們在音樂方面有相似的愛好。
His new hairstyle is similar to yours. 他的新發(fā)型和你的相似。
11. I gave it away. 我把它送人了。
give away是動詞短語,“贈送,分發(fā)”。例如:
She gave away all her toys to them. 她把所有的玩具都送給他們了。
此外,give away還可以表示“泄露”的意思。例如:
Dont give away my secret. 不要泄露我的秘密。
give-away則是名詞,表示“贈品”的意思。例如:
If you are one of the first ten buyers, youll get one give-away from us. 如果你是前十名顧客之一,你將得到我們的一件贈品。
12. The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他想出的這個策略很有效。
(1) strategy是名詞,意為“戰(zhàn)略、謀略、策略”。例如:
I think we have worked out a strategy for dealing with this situation.
我想我們已經(jīng)制訂出了處理這種情況的策略。
與strategy相對應的詞是tactics,意為“戰(zhàn)術”,用作單數(shù)。strategy 指做事的宏觀戰(zhàn)略;tactics指做事的具體方法。例如:
Tactics is subordinate to strategy. 戰(zhàn)術從屬于戰(zhàn)略。
Our strategy is going the right way while our tactics needs some change. 我們的戰(zhàn)略是對的,而戰(zhàn)術需要做些調(diào)整。
(2) work out是動詞短語,在句中意為“結果為,結局”,作不及物動詞用,不帶賓語。例如:
The situation worked out quite well. 情況到最后相當不錯。
work out還可表示“算出、解答出”,用作及物動詞,帶賓語。例如:
Havent you worked out the total traveling expenses?
你們還沒算出旅費總數(shù)嗎?
13. Id like to thank you for sending money to “Animal Helpers”, an organization set up to help disabled people. 我想感謝你捐款給“動物助手”,一個組建起來以幫助殘障人士的機構。
(1) an organization在文中作為“animal helper”的同位語使用,對其進行解釋。其后的set up為過去分詞短語,在句中起到后置定語的作用,修飾organization。
(2) set up在這里是“建立,設立,創(chuàng)辦”的意思。例如:
He set up a trust fund for his niece. 他為他的侄女建立了信托基金。
The government set up a committee to look into unemployment.
政府設立了一個委員會來調(diào)查失業(yè)問題。
14. For sure, you have helped make it possible for me to have “Lucky”, who has filled my life with pleasure. 毫無疑問,你曾經(jīng)提供幫助使我擁有“Lucky”一事成為可能,它讓我的生活充滿了樂趣。
(1) for sure是一個副詞短語,意為“確實如此,毫無疑問”。例如:
He wont lend money to you, thats for sure.
他不會借錢給你,這是毫無疑問的。
(2) it在句中是一個形式賓語,真正的賓語是后面的動詞不定式to have “Lucky”。it在句中作為形式賓語使用的情況很常見。例如:
I find it difficult to finish this task on time.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)要準時完成這一任務很難。
(3) make在句中為使役動詞,其后使用形容詞possible作為賓語補足語。也就是使用“make sb./sth.+形容詞”的結構。例如:
Eating the unripe apple makes him ill. 吃未長熟的蘋果讓他生了病。
We made the house more secure by putting locks on the windows.
我們在窗戶上加了鎖,使房子更安全。
(4) 這是一個非限制性定語從句,修飾“Lucky”。意即“Lucky使我的生活充滿了樂趣”。句中fill…with…意為“使……充滿(某種情緒)”。例如:
The thought fills me with pleasure. 這種想法使我充滿了樂趣。
fill 也常用作過去分詞作表語,表示“充滿”。例如:
His heart was filled with gratitude. 他內(nèi)心充滿了感激之情。
fill 還可表示“填充”的意思。表示“用……填充……”時,常用“fill…with…”的結構。此時with后常用物質(zhì)名詞作賓語,該名詞前不使用冠詞修飾。例如:
She filled the jug with water. 她用水裝滿了罐子。
The thought fills me with dread. 這個念頭使我充滿了恐怖。
15. …a friend of mine said that she would like to help me out.
我的一個朋友說她想幫助我解決這些問題。
help sb. out 意為“幫助……做事;解決難題(或擺脫困境)”。其中out為副詞,當help的賓語是代詞時需置于out前面,但若是名詞時則置于前后都可以。例如:
I have often helped Bob out when hes been a bit short of money.
鮑勃沒錢時,我經(jīng)常幫助他。
I cant work out this math problem. Please help me out.
我做不出這道數(shù)學題。請幫我一下。
該短語后還可以接用介詞with引導的短語,說明進行幫助的方式。例如:
My mother helped me out with some money when I lost job.
我失業(yè)時,媽媽給了我一筆錢,幫我度過難關。
Unit 9
1. I think the telephone was invented before the car.
我認為電話比小汽車發(fā)明得早。
(1) 此句中主句謂語動詞用的是一般時,而賓語從句由于是陳述一個過去的事實,所以謂語動詞用的是一般過去時。
(2) invent是動詞,意為“發(fā)明,創(chuàng)造”。例如:
Who invented the steam engine? 誰發(fā)明了蒸氣機?
He invented a new type of machine to help deaf people hear the sound. 他發(fā)明了一種新型機器來幫助耳聾者聽見聲音。
inventor 意為“發(fā)明家”,invention是名詞,意為“發(fā)明”。
(3)was invented被發(fā)明(被動語態(tài))
“be+動詞過去分詞”構成被動語態(tài),表示主語和謂語動詞之間的被動關系。例如:
The book was finished last week. 這書是上周寫完的。
The table is made of wood. 這張桌子是用木頭制成的。
2. Its used for scooping really cold cream. 它是用來挖出非常冰的冰淇淋的。
(1) 此句中be used是use的被動語態(tài)形式,意為:被用……。
be used for:“被用來做……”,介詞for表用途,后面加名詞或動名詞。例如:
The key is used for locking the door. 這把鑰匙是用來鎖門的。
(2)scoop vt. 舀取,挖,掘,挖出;n. 鏟子、勺子。例如:
She scooped flour out of the bag. 她從口袋里舀出面粉。
an ear scoop 耳勺
3. shoes with adjustable heels 可調(diào)整后跟的鞋子
(1) with本身含有“具有,帶有,加上,包括”等含意。
with短語在句中作后置定語修飾shoes。意為“……的鞋子”。
(2) adjustable是形容詞,意為“可調(diào)整的”,是由動詞adjust加上后綴able構成的。如:enjoy(喜歡的)→enjoyable(有趣的), comfort→comfortable(舒適的)等。例如:
This is an adjustable chair. 這是把可調(diào)整的椅子。
4. What do you think is the most helpful invention? 你認為最有用的發(fā)明是什么?
do you think是插入語,插入語在句中通常是對一句話的一些附加解釋,說明或總結;有時表示說話者的態(tài)度和看法;有時起強調(diào)的作用;有時是為了引起對方的注意;還可以起轉(zhuǎn)移話題或說明事由的作用;也可以承上啟下,使句子與前面的語句銜接的更緊密一些。例如:
Its a great mistake, I think, not to take the umbrella with us.
我認為,沒帶雨傘是個大錯誤。
Who do you think will win? 你認為誰會贏?
5. Did you know that potato chips were invented by mistake? 你知道薯片的發(fā)明是出于偶然嗎?
mistake是名詞,意為“錯誤”;by mistake是介詞短語,意為“弄錯,錯誤地”。例如:
He took the umbrella by mistake. 他錯拿了那把雨傘。
mistake 還可作動詞,意為“弄錯,誤解,把……誤認為”。詞組mistake …for…意為“把……誤認為……”。例如:
He is often mistaken for the famous singer.
他常被錯認為是那個著名歌手。
6. According to an ancient Chinese legend,… 據(jù)一個中國古代傳說相傳……
according to, 意為“根據(jù)……,按照”。例如:
Well be paid according to the amount of work we do.
我們將按工作量取得報酬。
According to the forecast, itll be snowy today.
據(jù)天氣預報報道,今天有雪。
7. The emperor noticed that the leaves in the water produced a pleasant smell. 神農(nóng)氏注意到樹葉在水中發(fā)出了一種很宜人的氣味。
pleasant 是形容詞,意為“高興的,愉快的”,一般指天氣、時間、旅行等事物令人感到高興、愉快和舒服。
pleased 形容詞,也有“高興的、愉快的”的意思。但表示外部因素引起人發(fā)自內(nèi)心的欣慰的愉快,其后常接介詞with。例如:
What pleasant weather it is today!今天的天氣多好啊!
He was looking very pleased with himself so I knew he had passed the exam. 他看起來得意洋洋,所以我知道他通過了考試。
8. It is played by more than 100 million people in over 200 countries including China, where basketball has been played in parks, schools, and even in factories. 有兩百多個國家,超過一億人打籃球,其中包括中國,在這些國家里,人們在公園,學校,甚至工廠里都打籃球。
(1) including是一個介詞,意為“(其中)包括”,其后可用名詞,代詞,V-ing形式等作賓語。其反義詞為excluding (除……之外; 不包括)。例如:
I am ordering some extra office equipment, including some new desks and a word processor. 我準備額外訂購一些辦公室設備,包括一些新辦公桌和一臺文字處理機。
Six people, including a baby, were injured in the accident.
事故中有六人受傷,其中包括一名嬰兒。
(2) where在這里引導一個定語從句,對前面的in over 200 countries including China進行補充說明,翻譯時,可理解為“在那里”。例如:
She moved to the city, where jobs are available.
她搬到了城里,在那里工作好找。
9. Basketball was invented by a Canadian doctor named James Naismith. 籃球是加拿大一位名叫詹姆斯?耐史密斯的醫(yī)生發(fā)明的。
這里的過去分詞短語作為后置定語出現(xiàn),對前面的名詞doctor進行限定,相當于定語從句“who was named James Naismith”。這種過去分詞后置定語的結構通??梢岳斫鉃椤氨弧钡囊馑肌@纾?/p>
In the forest he saved a rabbit trapped by the hunter.
在森林里,他救了一只被獵人套住的兔子。
I have a little cat called Mimi. 我有一只名叫咪咪的小貓。
10. Knocking into players and falling down would be dangerous. 撞到其他人身上和跌倒都會很危險。
這里使用V-ing形式作主語。這種V-ing形式仍然保留自己作為動詞時的意思,但是具有了名詞的特征,可以在句中充當主語、賓語等成分。V-ing形式作主語時,謂語動詞應使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。例如:
Walking on the grass is not allowed. 禁止在草地上行走。
He insists on giving me a present for my return.
他堅持要為我的歸來送我一份禮物。
11. Dr Naismith divided the men in his class into two teams… 耐史密斯醫(yī)生將他們班上所有的男生分成兩隊……
divide意為“分開,劃分”,通常指將一個整體分成幾個對立或相對的部分。大多與介詞in、into等連用。例如:
Lets divide ourselves into several groups. 我們分成幾個小組吧。
How shall we divide up the labour in the work? 我們怎樣分工?
另外,divide也可以表示“分開;把……跟別的東西分開;分離”的意思,此時其意同separate一樣,都指將原本就分別獨立整體的部分放置為隔著一定距離的情形,同時也都可以與介詞from連用。例如:
Divide the boys from the girls for gym class.
上體育課時把男生跟女生分開。
12. Players move towards one end of the court while throwing the ball to each other. 運動員相互傳球時都朝球場的一端移動。
while throwing…句中省略了主語和be動詞,其完整的句子應為while players are throwing the ball to each other。在英語表達中,如果主從句主語一致,且從句中謂語動詞由“助動詞be+動詞的其它形式”構成時,??墒÷詮木渲械闹髡Z和助動詞be。例如:
Dont reach aside while (youre) standing on a ladder.
站在梯子上時別朝旁邊伸手。
13. …and many young people dream of becoming famous basketball players. 許多年輕人都夢想著成為著名的籃球運動員。
本句中dream作為動詞使用,表示“做夢,夢見,夢想,想到”的意思。另外,dream還可用作名詞,表示“夢,夢想”。用作這兩種詞性時,dream都可以和介詞of, about 等連用。作動詞時,其后還可直接用名詞,代詞或that從句作賓語,此時意思變化,指“睡眠時夢見……”。例如:
She has a dream of owning her own business.
她的夢想是擁有自己的企業(yè)。
I dream about my teacher last night. 昨天夜里我夢見我的老師了。
I dream of being the best footballer in the town.
我夢想成為全城最好的足球隊員。
Did it storm last night, or did I dream it?
昨晚有暴風雨嗎?還是我在做夢?
Unit 10
1. By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. 我走到外面的時候,公共汽車已經(jīng)開走了。
(1) by the time意為“到……時候為止”,指從過去某一點到從句所示的時間為止的一段時間。例如:
By the time he reached the square, we had put up all the signs.
他趕到廣場時我們已經(jīng)張貼完所有的告示了。
By the time we entered the hall, they had ordered the dishes.
到我們進入大廳時,他們已經(jīng)點好了菜。
(2) had left“過去完成時態(tài)”。過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。其結構是由“助動詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù))+動詞的過去分詞”構成。例如:
They had reached the destination before it was dark.
他們在天黑之前到達了目的地。
She had collected these stamps by 9:00 this morning.
她趕在早上九點前收集了這些郵票。
2. When I got to school, I realized, I had left my backpack at home.當我到學校的時候,我意識到我把書包忘在家里了。
leave my backpack at home “把書包忘在家里了”。英語中表示“把某物遺忘在某處”常用leave+地點,而不是forget+地點。例如:
Unluckily I left my passport in the hotel.
不幸的是,我把護照忘在酒店了。
Maybe youve left the key at home. 也許你把鑰匙忘在家里了。
此外,leave for表示“動身前往某地”。例如:
Hell leave for Tokyo next Monday. 他下周一要去東京。
3. Ive never been late for school, but yesterday I came very close.我上學從來不遲到,但昨天我差點遲到了。
close在句中是副詞,意為“接近地、靠近地”。close 還可以用作形容詞,“親密的,親近的”;用作動詞,“關閉”。例如:
There is a supermarket close to the bank. 銀行附近有家大型超市。(副詞)
She is my close friend. 她是我親密的朋友。(形容詞)
The shop is closed on Sunday. 這家店星期天不開門。(動詞)
4. My alarm clock didnt go off, and by the time I woke up, my father had already gone into the bathroom and I had to wait for him to come out. 我的鬧鐘沒有響,到我醒來時,我父親已經(jīng)在浴室里了,我不得不等他出來。
go off是動詞詞組,句中意為“(鬧鐘)鬧響”。例如:
The alarm went off when they got in. 他們一進去,警鈴就響了。
Youd better get up as soon as the alarm clock goes off.
最好鬧鐘一叫你就起床。
此外,go off還可以表示“變質(zhì)、變壞”的意思。例如:
Milk goes off quickly in hot weather. 牛奶在熱天很容易變壞。
Bad Luck!The beef has gone off. 糟糕!牛肉已經(jīng)變味了。
5. Luckily, my friend Tony and his dad came by in his dads car and they gave me a ride. 幸好我朋友托尼和他爸爸開車從我身邊經(jīng)過,他們讓我搭了車。
give sb. a ride是動詞短語,意為“讓某人搭便車”。例如:
Its kind of you to give me a ride to the beach!
你讓我搭便車去海灘真是太好了!
He often gives me a ride to the library. 他常讓我搭便車去圖書館。
6. I only just made it to my class. 我剛剛好趕上上課。
(1) only just意為“剛剛才、恰好”。例如:
They have only just watered these trees. 他們剛剛澆了這些樹。
此外,only just還可表示“幾乎不”。例如:
Weve only just enough material. 我們的材料差一點就不夠。
(2) make it意為“辦成功,做到、趕到”。例如:
You cant make it without making a survey. 不調(diào)查你就不可能做好。
Well just make it if you hurry. 如果你快點,我們將及時到達。
7. The bus broke down. 公共汽車壞了。
break down“出毛??;壞掉;(精神)崩潰、瓦解”等意思。例如:
The car broke down halfway to the camp.
車子在去營地的半路上拋錨了。
Our plans to travel have broken down. 我們出游的計劃已經(jīng)失敗了。
She broke down when she heard the bad news.
她聽到那壞消息就癱了。
8. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country. 威爾斯是如此讓人信任,以致于成百上千的人相信這個故事,舉國上下一片恐慌。
(1) convincing是形容詞,“令人信服的”。例如:
Hes a convincing speaker. 他是個令人信服的演說家。
Who do you think is the most convincing? 你認為誰最令人信服?
convince是動詞,意為“使確信,使信服”,常用convince sb. of sth.和convince sb. that結構。例如:
I couldnt convince my uncle of his mistake.
我無法使我叔叔明白他的錯誤。
Im convinced that he is honest. 我確信他是誠實的。
(2) panic在句中是名詞,意為“恐慌,驚恐”。例如:
Rumors of an imminent earthquake started a panic.
即將發(fā)生地震的謠言引起了一陣恐慌。
此外,panic還可以用作動詞,意為“受驚、驚慌”。例如:
Dont panic! Theres no danger! 不要驚慌!沒有危險!
(3) set off在句中意為“激起,引起”。例如:
The news set off a rush of activity. 這消息令人蜂擁而動。
此外,set off還可表示“出發(fā)”。例如:
Theyve set off on a journey round the world. 他們已出發(fā)環(huán)球旅行去了。
9. By the time the authorities revealed that the story was a hoax, thousands of people had fled from their homes. 到權威機構揭露這個故事是一個騙局時,成千上萬的人已經(jīng)逃離了他們的家園。
(1) reveal是動詞,有“提示、揭露、透露、泄露”等意思。例如:
Little by little he revealed his ambitions. 漸漸地,他暴露出了他的野心。
The principal didn't reveal to us the truth about these events.
負責人沒有向我們透露事件的真相。
(2) flee (fled, fled) 是動詞,意為“逃跑、避開”。例如:
He fled the city after stealing much treasure.
偷竊了大量的財寶之后,他逃離了這個城市。
He killed his enemy and fled the country.
他殺死了他的敵人后逃離了那個國家。
10. He asked her to marry him. 他向她求婚。
marry 是動詞,意為“嫁,娶,與……結婚”。例如:
To our surprise, she is going to marry a man who is ten years younger than her. 令我們驚奇的是,她將和那個比她小10歲的人結婚。
Jack didn't marry until he was over 40. 杰克過了40歲才結婚。
11. She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married. 她非常感動,因為她真的想結婚。
get married意為“結婚”。例如:
My parents got married in 1980. 我的父母是在1980年結的婚。
Tom and Ann are going to get married next month.
湯姆和安下個月要結婚。