【摘要】 行為與生活方式干預(behavior and lifestyle interventions,BLIs)可以降低血糖和血壓,調節(jié)血脂,控制肥胖,減少心血管事件,是糖尿病等慢性病的一線治療措施。BLIs包括幫助患者維護健康飲食、堅持體育鍛煉、保持正常體重、保證良好睡眠、避免吸煙和酗酒、做好心理調適、建立良好的社會支持、進行科學的血糖自我監(jiān)測、堅持降糖藥治療等。除了出現嚴重高血糖及糖尿病急性并發(fā)癥需要立即進行藥物治療外,新診斷的2型糖尿病患者應首先進行BLIs。BLIs應遵循有效性、建立互信、問題解決導向、綜合性和個性化原則。常用干預策略包括應用成熟的行為改變理論、使用行為改變技術、有效運用傳播策略、提高患者行為技能、實施以人為本的患者自我管理教育和支持?;静襟E包括行為與生活方式及其影響因素評估、確定行為目標、制定干預實施方案、實施干預和評價效果。BLIs效果評價指標包括過程指標、臨床結局、社會心理、行為結局、患者報告和健康結局。效果評價可采用定性和定量相結合的方法進行,常用的評價工具包括糖尿病自我護理行為評價量表(summary of diabetes self-care activities,SDSCA)、患者行為量表(patient activation measurement,PAM)和糖尿病管理自我效能量表(diabetes management self-efficacy scale,DMSES)。
【關鍵詞】 糖尿病;高血糖;高脂血癥;高血壓;行為與生活方式干預
【中圖分類號】 R 587.1 【文獻標識碼】 A DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.0548
Chinese Diabetes Behavior and Lifestyle Intervention Guidelines(2024)
Diabetes Prevention and Control Committee of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association
Corresponding authors:ZHOU Yingsheng,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism,Beijing Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100029,China;E-mail:zyswe@aliyun.com
TIAN Xiangyang,Chinese Center for Health Education,Beijing 100011,China;E-mail:healthtian@163.com
【Abstract】 Behavior and lifestyle interventions(BLIs) can reduce blood glucose and blood pressure,regulate blood lipids,control obesity,reduce cardiovas cular events and are a first-line treatment for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. BLIs include helping patients maintain a healthy diet,adhere to physical exercise,maintain a normal weight,ensure good sleep,avoid smoking and alcohol abuse,make good psychological adjustments,establish good social support,as well as scientific self-monitoring of blood glucose and adherence to drug therapy. Except for the severe hyperglycemia and acute complications requiring medication,patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus should first undergo BLIs. BLIs should follow the principles of effectiveness-centered,mutual trust establishment,problem-solving orientation,integration,and individulization. Common strategies for BLIs include applying behavior change theories,utilizing behavior change technologies,effectively emlpoying communication strategies,improving patient behavior skills,and implementing patient-centered self-management education and support(DSMES). The steps of BLIs include evaluating behavior,lifestyle and their influencing factors,setting behavioral goals,developing intervention plans,and conducting interventions and effectiveness evaluation. The evaluation measures for the effectiveness of BLIs include process indicators,clinical outcomes,socio-psychological and behavioral outcomes,patient reports,and health outcomes. Evaluation can be performed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Common evaluation tools include the SDSCA,PAM,and DMSES.
【Key words】 Diabetes mellitus;Hyperglycemia;Hyperlipidemia;Hypertension;Behavior and lifestyle interventions
控制高血糖、高血脂、高血壓(“三高”)是糖尿病防治的主要任務[1-2]。糖尿病“三高”與行為和生活方式密切相關,行為與生活方式干預(behavior and lifestyle interventions,BLIs)可以降低血糖和血壓,調節(jié)血脂,控制肥胖,減少心血管事件[3-5],減少急診就診和住院,降低醫(yī)療費用支出,預防糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥,改善患者生活質量[6-7]。BLIs包括幫助患者維護健康飲食、堅持體育鍛煉、保持正常體重、保證良好睡眠、避免吸煙和酗酒、做好心理調適、建立良好的社會支持,以及科學進行血糖自我監(jiān)測、堅持降糖藥治療等。BLIs是糖尿病等慢性病的首選和一線治療措施[8]。
實現“三高”控制目標應以BLIs為基礎,進行綜合防治[9-11]。除了出現嚴重高血糖及糖尿病急性并發(fā)癥需要立即進行藥物治療外,新診斷的糖尿病患者應首先進行BLIs[12-13]。BLIs的目的是幫助患者學習糖尿病防治知識,掌握糖尿病自我管理技能,包括與醫(yī)護溝通、知情決策、解決問題、制定行為目標和行動方案并幫助其實施,以及幫助患者提高情緒管理和生活壓力應對能力,樹立戰(zhàn)勝疾病的信心,堅持正確治療和健康的生活方式,減少或推遲并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,提高生活質量[14]。本指南在總結我國糖尿病防治經驗的基礎上,參考國內外糖尿病管理指南和共識,經我國糖尿病防治領域專家的研究討論,內容涵蓋BLIs的原則、策略、內容和流程,供糖尿病臨床一線醫(yī)護人員參考使用。本指南嚴格遵守循證原則,僅標注高質量(A級)和強推薦(Ⅰ級)證據[15]。
1 糖尿病行為與生活方式
要點:
·飲食質量和能量控制是血糖管理的基礎。膳食干預的目標是促進和支持健康飲食模式,滿足人體營養(yǎng)需求,保持進食樂趣,并為患者提供養(yǎng)成健康飲食習慣的工具。
·所有糖尿病(1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、妊娠糖尿病和特殊類型糖尿?。┗蛱悄虿∏捌诨颊邞摻邮茚t(yī)學營養(yǎng)治療(證據A級)。
·醫(yī)學營養(yǎng)干預可顯著降低糖化血紅蛋白(glycated haemoglobin A1c,HbA1c),預防、延緩糖尿病并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生并增強其治療效果。用于血糖控制的推薦飲食包括低脂、高非精制碳水化合物或低血糖指數飲食(證據A級)。
·地中海飲食模式(mediterranean diets,MD)或得舒飲食模式(dietary approaches to stop hypertension,DASH)可改善患者的血脂狀況,降低糖尿病進展的風險(證據A級)。
·肥胖糖尿病患者的減重目標一般為體重減少5%~15%(證據A級)。
·糖尿病患者每周應進行150 min以上中等至高強度或75 min 以上高強度有氧運動和2~3次抗阻、靈活性或平衡訓練(證據A級)。
·應積極診治睡眠障礙,幫助患者養(yǎng)成良好的睡眠習慣,防止糖尿病進展(證據A級)。
·應向所有糖尿病患者詢問有關吸煙的問題,對于吸煙者應提供戒煙咨詢或藥物治療(證據A級)。
·應向所有糖尿病患者提供協(xié)作性的和以患者為中心的社會心理護理,并以改善健康結局和健康相關生活質量為目的(證據A級)。
1.1 糖尿病治療相關行為
1.1.1 血糖的自我監(jiān)測。自我監(jiān)測血糖包括指尖毛細血管血糖和皮下組織間液葡萄糖測定[16],后者還可以結合持續(xù)血糖監(jiān)測(continuous glucose monitoring,CGM),提供更全面和動態(tài)的血糖數據。血糖監(jiān)測幫助糖尿病患者合理使用降糖藥,主動保持健康生活方式,降低低血糖發(fā)生風險和不必要的醫(yī)藥花費[17-19]。
1.1.2 堅持藥物治療。藥物治療是糖尿病治療的重要組成部分,不正確服藥或服藥中斷是常見的不良服藥行為。提高藥物治療依從性的有效方法包括:(1)社會/家庭/醫(yī)護人員的支持;(2)增強患者治療意愿,提供教育、咨詢和行為指導;(3)提高患者獲得藥物和健康食品的便利性;(4)使用智能藥盒、手機提醒APP等技術手段[20]。服藥中斷的原因有懷疑藥物療效、害怕出現低血糖、獲取藥物困難、擔心不良反應、需要注射以及治療花費等[21-25]。
1.1.3 其他。患者門診就診和檢查等診療預約,以及患者對自身健康問題的發(fā)現和確認。
1.2 生活方式行為
1.2.1 飲食。健康飲食是糖尿病管理的基礎,包括查看食品標簽、食品采購、食物烹制、份量控制、熱量計算、碳水化合物計算。所有糖尿?。?型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、妊娠糖尿病和特殊類型糖尿?。┗蛱悄虿∏捌诨颊邞摻邮茚t(yī)學營養(yǎng)治療[26](證據A級)。
飲食行為失調可顯著影響血糖、血脂和血壓控制,增加并發(fā)癥風險[27]。健康飲食的目標是通過促進和支持健康的飲食模式,滿足人體營養(yǎng)需求,保持進食樂趣[28]。飲食質量和能量控制是血糖管理的核心[29]。由專業(yè)營養(yǎng)師提供的醫(yī)學營養(yǎng)治療,可顯著降低HbA1c,并有助于預防、延緩和治療糖尿病并發(fā)癥[14]。用于血糖控制的推薦飲食有更大的減重效果和改善血脂、血壓效應[30-31],降低糖尿病進展的風險(證據A級)。
天然食物和植物性膳食主要由全谷物、蔬菜、豆類、水果、堅果和種子組成,同時避免或盡量減少動物性食物和精制食品。健康的、基于食物種類的飲食干預,如MD、DASH、全植物性飲食模式,比單純限制能量或單純進行營養(yǎng)限制(如低碳水化合物、低脂肪和高蛋白)更好,可長期(持續(xù))改善糖尿病患者的血糖、血脂和血壓[32-33]。
1.2.2 身體活動。身體活動是指主動或被動的肢體或身體運動,包括走路、健身、體育運動、做家務、園藝、減少久坐和視屏時間。在評估無增殖性視網膜病變、缺血性心臟病等運動相關禁忌證后,糖尿病患者每周應進行總時長150 min以上中等至高強度或75 min以上高強度有氧運動和2~3次抗阻、靈活性或平衡訓練[2,34]。定期鍛煉可改善患者的血糖、血脂控制,減少心血管危險因素,有助于減重、增強肌肉力量、肺功能和免疫功能,改善健康狀況[35-40]。餐后活動≥45 min可以最大限度地提高血糖控制效應[41-42]。久坐時間延長與血糖控制差和代謝風險增加相關[43]。糖尿病患者推薦身體活動,見表1。
1.2.3 睡眠。成年人每天應保證7~8 h睡眠,周末補差無效[45-48]。糖尿病患者的睡眠障礙是指睡眠質量受損和/或睡眠持續(xù)時間異常[49]。睡眠不足(lt;6 h/晚)和晝夜節(jié)律紊亂可導致胰島素敏感性降低,引起血糖升高,使糖尿病病情加重[50-53]。有超過半數的糖尿病患者因阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征導致睡眠障礙,影響血糖控制[54]。應積極診治睡眠障礙,幫助患者養(yǎng)成良好的睡眠習慣,防止糖尿病進展[25](證據A級)。
1.2.4 吸煙。戒煙可改善胰島素抵抗和血糖控制[55]。戒煙1~3個月即對血脂有顯著改善[55-57]。應向所有糖尿病患者詢問有關吸煙的問題,對于吸煙者應提供戒煙咨詢或藥物治療[26](證據A級)。
但戒煙通常會導致血糖波動,這可能是由戒煙后體重增加所致[58],戒煙的同時應加強體重管理。
1.2.5 飲酒。酒精對肝臟的膽固醇合成功能具有破壞作用,飲酒被認為是高脂血癥的一個促成因素[59]。飲酒可增加低血糖、持續(xù)低血糖(特別是行胰島素治療者)、增重和高血糖(過量飲酒者)風險[59-60]。
1.2.6 體重管理。體重管理比常規(guī)護理更能緩解糖尿病。減輕肥胖者的體重是血糖和血脂控制的重要策略之一。肥胖糖尿病患者減重目標一般為體重減少5%~15%[61](證據A級)。
1.2.7 心理調適。對所有糖尿病患者應進行社會心理護理,以改善患者的生活質量和健康結局,心理護理應與常規(guī)治療有機融合,且強調合作、以人為中心和文化適宜性[26](證據A級)。
長期高血糖會引起認知能力下降,對糖尿病治療效果產生嚴重影響[62]。如果患者頻繁發(fā)生低血糖、糖尿病自我管理困難或不明原因的跌倒,應進行認知障礙篩查。心理情緒問題反過來會影響治療任務的完成和健康結局[63-64]。應評估患者的抑郁癥狀,必要時應轉診給心理行為學專家進行循證干預[26](證據A級)。
無低血糖意識可能與低血糖恐懼同時發(fā)生,應對患者進行培訓,以幫助其認識低血糖癥狀,減少對低血糖的恐懼[26](證據A級)。
2 行為與生活方式干預的原則
要點:
·BLIs應遵循有效性原則、建立互信原則、問題解決導向原則、綜合性原則和個性化原則。
對糖尿病患者進行BLIs應遵循以下原則。
2.1 有效性原則
一般來說,有效的行為改變建議具備5個特征,分別是清晰、對個人來說有意義、經常反饋、主動指導和支持,以及耐心解釋[65]。應在科學理論指導下,根據循證結論,開展有針對性的BLIs。
2.2 建立互信原則
醫(yī)患互信是糖尿病有效管理的前提。醫(yī)護人員應掌握并運用傾聽、共情、理解、開放式提問和分享信息的技巧[66],在與患者深入溝通的基礎上,建立互信關系,實施以患者為中心的醫(yī)患共同決策[67-68]。
2.3 問題解決導向原則
問題解決是指運用有效、靈活的方式解決日常生活中遇到的具體問題的一種認知行為過程[69]。醫(yī)護人員需在每次門診接觸中向患者傳授解決問題的方法。要教會患者找出問題、設定目標、集思廣益解決問題并評估效果的簡單方法[70-71]。
2.4 綜合性原則
應采取綜合措施促使糖尿病患者完成行為改變,如建立社區(qū)和家庭參與的干預團隊、兼顧患者的健康素養(yǎng)和計算困難問題(如食物交換份的計算)等。僅提高疾病防治知識,不足以達到改變行為的目標;傳授知識與咨詢或行為改變策略結合,可促使患者更長期、更持久地堅持新的行為[72-73]。
2.5 個性化原則
行為改變建議應做到個性化,應為不同性別、年齡、種族、社區(qū)基礎設施和文化背景的糖尿病患者提供更有針對性的建議。不注意影響行為改變的個體障礙和社會背景,干預措施往往會失?。?4-75]。影響患者行為改變的社會心理因素包括飲食失調、抑郁癥和糖尿病痛苦,以及與糖尿病相關的擔憂和恐懼[76]。
3 行為與生活方式干預策略
要點:
·應運用行為改變策略支持糖尿病患者進行自我管理和實施健康行為,包括正確服藥、健康飲食和身體活動等,以促進糖尿病治療取得最佳效果(證據A級)。
·以行為改變理論或理論構件為指導的干預措施,在改變各種健康行為和糖尿病管理方面更有效(證據A級)。
·在患者行為轉變的過程中,有效運用醫(yī)患溝通和合作策略,并通過有效運用團隊策略促進患者自主性,可為患者培育促進健康行為形成有效賦能,而僅僅傳播糖尿病防治知識是遠遠不夠的(證據A級)。
·醫(yī)護人員向患者傳遞科學、準確、清晰的信息,可消除醫(yī)患之間的誤解,更好地達成共識,消除行為改變的障礙(證據A級)。
·高效傳播策略包括協(xié)作性目標設定(證據A級)、應用現代信息技術(證據和推薦ⅠA級)等。
·應對技能培訓可對代謝指標、血糖和生活質量達到改善效果(2型糖尿病證據和推薦ⅠA級)。
·糖尿病常用行為改變技術(behavior change techniques,BCTs)與HbA1c顯著降低有關,包括對任務進行分級、指導如何實施行為、行為演練/預演、行為計劃和行為示范、社會支持(未特指)、解決問題和目標設定(行為)(證據A級)。
·糖尿病患者自我管理教育和支持(diabetes self-management education and support,DSMES)是一項關鍵的干預措施,與藥物治療同等重要(證據A級)。
·由訓練有素的糖尿病護理和教育專家提供的DSMES可顯著改善患者的知識、血糖水平、臨床和心理結局,減少住院和全因死亡,而且具有較高的成本效益(證據A級)。
·所有糖尿病患者應參加DSMES,并獲得所需的支持,以促進其掌握糖尿病自我護理所需的知識、決策能力和技術(證據A級)。
·智能軟件可以與患者的其他健康數據(如血糖、血壓)聯(lián)動,提供綜合性健康管理服務,提高行為干預的依從性(證據和推薦ⅠA級)。
應運用行為改變策略支持糖尿病患者進行自我管理和實施健康行為,包括正確服藥、健康飲食和身體活動等,以促進糖尿病治療取得最佳效果[26](證據A級)。
3.1 運用成熟的行為改變理論
以行為改變理論或理論構件為指導的干預措施,在改變各種健康行為方面更有效[77-78](證據A級)。
在糖尿病防治相關行為干預領域應用較多的行為改變理論包括社會認知理論(social cognition theory,SCT)、自我效能理論(theory of self-efficacy,TSE)、計劃行為理論(theory of planned behavior,TPB)、自我決定理論(theory of self-determination,TSD)和跨理論模型(trans-theoretical model,TTM)等。SCT認為一種新的行為可以通過模仿和觀察而養(yǎng)成[79]。TSE認為增加成功的經驗、言語勸說、他人成功的經驗等可提高自我效能感[80-81]。TPB理論[82]中的自我行為控制能力以及TSD理論[83]中的個體“內在的成長傾向性”(即健康和有效行事自主性、能力)均與糖尿病管理和結局有關。TTM把人的行為改變分為5個階段,即無打算轉變階段、打算轉變階段、準備階段、轉變階段和維持階段[84]?;赥TM的干預措施有可能解決與糖尿病和糖尿病前期相關的復雜行為和生活方式問題,促進患者自我管理行為,改善健康結局[85],見圖1。
3.2 有效運用傳播策略
有效的醫(yī)患溝通是糖尿病管理成功的前提[86]。促進臨床醫(yī)生與患者之間的溝通和合作并支持患者進行自我管理的干預措施,可改善糖尿病痛苦和血糖控制[87]。應設置專門的患教人員或團隊,在充分尊重糖尿病患者的基礎上,及時提供以患者為中心的自我管理教育[88]。在患者行為轉變的過程中,有效運用醫(yī)患溝通和合作策略,并通過有效運用團隊策略促進患者自主性,可為患者培育促進健康行為形成有效賦能,而僅僅傳播糖尿病防治知識是遠遠不夠的[86,89-91](證據A級)。
鼓勵行為改變的效果取決于醫(yī)護人員向患者傳遞信息的科學性和說服力。醫(yī)護人員向患者傳遞科學、準確、清晰的信息,可消除醫(yī)患之間的誤解,更好地達成共識,消除行為改變的障礙[88](證據A級)。
常用的傳播策略包括使用適宜的語言、共同決策(shared decision making,SDM)、協(xié)作性目標設定(collaborative goal-setting,CGS)、動機性晤談(motivational interview,MI)、認知行為療法(cognitive behavioral therapy,CBT)、回教法(teach-back)等。
3.2.1 使用適宜的語言。糖尿病患者與醫(yī)療團隊成員之間的溝通是綜合護理的核心。臨床醫(yī)生必須認識到語言的重要性,糖尿病護理中的溝通語言[91]應該是:(1)中立的、非污名化的、基于事實的;(2)以優(yōu)勢為基礎(專注于有效的事情)、尊重和包容;(3)鼓勵合作;(4)以人為本。在和患者溝通時,一次溝通最好只關注一個議題,減小信息量,運用通俗易懂的語言,以多種方式傳遞,如口頭語、書面語、傳播材料等[91-92]。應避免使用有可能引起歧視和誤解的稱謂或語言[93-94]。患者的認知意愿和認知效率會受到各種情緒的影響,除了關注患者的文化程度外,醫(yī)護人員還應考慮患者的心理情緒狀態(tài)[87,95]。
3.2.2 SDM。SDM是一種以患者為中心的、基于循證信息、醫(yī)護經驗以及患者價值觀和偏好的決策方法[96],可減少醫(yī)患矛盾,提高護理滿意度[97]。醫(yī)護應在充分了解患者個人特征(包括性別、種族、年齡和資源)的基礎上提供訂制性的健康建議。醫(yī)護人員必須了解患者的健康信念,宜經常以非評判性的方式提出開放式問題,使患者講出自己的真實健康狀況、行為經歷、觀點、期望和信念,以促進SDM [98]。
3.2.3 CGS。CGS是一種基于證據的、旨在改善糖尿病患者自我護理、醫(yī)患信任和臨床結局的醫(yī)患傳播策略[99-100]。CGS鼓勵醫(yī)患之間分享想法并相互交流,共同設定管理目標并支持目標實現[101]。CGS對糖尿病患者抑郁癥狀[102]和血糖控制有效[103-104],是一種有效的、符合指南的糖尿病護理策略[105](證據A級)。
3.2.4 MI。MI是指通過與患者的平等對話和深入溝通,幫助患者找出并確定自己的行為動機,根據患者的個人信念和偏好提供健康行為建議,MI在糖尿病中具有潛在的應用價值和益處[106]。研究表明,MI可以改善糖尿病和高血壓患者的血壓和依從性,且有助于降低HbA1c水平[107-109]。
3.2.5 回教法溝通。回教法溝通是指患者接受培訓指導后,向醫(yī)護人員復述或演示自己學到的知識和技術,醫(yī)護人員可以借此了解患者對行為建議的理解和掌握情況[110]?;亟谭ㄔ谔岣咚幬镏委熞缽男裕?11]、改善膳食行為[112-113]、促進足部護理[114]方面的效果優(yōu)于常規(guī)護理組?;亟谭ㄟ€可增加患者的自我效能感,促進自我保健行為的形成[115]。
3.2.6 信息設計。信息設計是指在不改變信息內容和含義的情況下,通過調整信息的呈現方式(強調采納某行為的益處//強調不采納該行為的損失),從而影響個人行為決策的信息訂制方法[116]。強調獲益的信息更容易說服患者采取長期持續(xù)性的健康行為[117],如“如果你能夠按照我們的建議管理好自己的生活方式,你完全可以像正常人一樣保持高質量的生活,你的自我管理能力比較強,這其實很容易做到”,而不是相反,“如果你不能按照我們的建議管理好自己的生活方式,有可能發(fā)生心臟病、卒中、腎病和肢端壞疽等嚴重的并發(fā)癥,甚至威脅到你的生命”(強調損失的信息)。
3.2.7 增加傳播強度。行為建議的時間點和傳播頻率很重要,如門診提出行為建議后的幾天內,盡快進行隨訪,請患者反饋行為的執(zhí)行情況,有利于行為的形成。逐漸增加醫(yī)患接觸的強度和頻率有助于患者維護健康飲食和身體活動[118]。把行為改變任務設置為分階段逐步完成,可以幫助患者提高自我效能感[26]。
3.2.8 增大關聯(lián)性。與患者深入溝通,找出行為提示場景,有益于行為的養(yǎng)成,如讓患者把測血糖與每天刷牙結合在一起,患者更容易把測血糖作為習慣[119]。把執(zhí)行某種行為與患者期望的重要事項聯(lián)系在一起,更有益于行為的實施,如患者下個月要參加孫子/孫女學校舉行的一場親子運動會,以此鼓勵患者開始慢跑會很有效。把糖尿病改善行為與患者日常生活習慣結合,更容易促進行為的形成和維護[120]。
3.2.9 CBT。CBT幫助個體重組不恰當的想法、信念和消極行為,重建適宜的思維模式和行為,更好地調整情緒[121-122]。目前,CBT 已被用于改善包括糖尿病在內的慢性病管理[123-124]。CBT對于糖尿病患者的血糖控制和情緒管理有效[125-126]。
3.2.10 幫助患者建立社會支持。社會支持是指社會資源供給,包括心理支持(如給予安慰和關懷)、人際支持(如共同參加社交活動)、物質支持(如經濟支持)或信息支持(如建議)[127-128]。幫助患者找出社會支持者,有利于行為的實施。這些潛在的支持者包括伴侶、家人、朋友和臨床醫(yī)生。對患者行為改變的支持可通過打電話、發(fā)微信等進行。醫(yī)護人員對患者的同情和支持是患者良好自我管理的基礎。試圖使患者感到羞愧、內疚或恐嚇很難奏效。在醫(yī)護人員的培訓和支持下,同伴領導者使糖尿病患者能夠通過情感支持、獲得適當的教育材料、臨床護理、所需服務和其他資源管理糖尿病的需求,并最終改善結局[129]。精心設計的同伴領導者項目可以成為接觸更多糖尿病患者,并幫助其成功參與糖尿病行為管理的有利方式[130]。
3.2.11 現代信息技術的應用。通過互聯(lián)網和移動醫(yī)療技術提供行為干預是糖尿病管理中正在增長的領域[131]。這些技術手段能夠通過在線方式為糖尿病患者提供便捷的自我管理工具?;诨ヂ?lián)網的小程序和血糖監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)可以實現實時數據共享和個性化反饋,幫助患者隨時監(jiān)測血糖變化并調整生活方式。發(fā)送短信息和移動應用程序等手段,能夠為患者提供持續(xù)的健康教育和行為指導,支持其長期保持良好的自我管理習慣。通過這些智能軟件,患者不僅可以獲得個性化的健康建議,還可以通過社交平臺與醫(yī)生或其他患者交流,形成有效的社會支持網絡。移動應用程序通常設有飲食記錄、運動監(jiān)測、服物提醒等功能,能夠全面跟蹤患者的日常生活行為。研究表明,使用這些智能軟件能夠顯著改善糖尿病患者的血糖控制[117](證據和推薦ⅠA級)。
3.2.12 增加行為的趣味性和娛樂性。研究表明,增加生活方式行為的趣味性和娛樂性,可提高行為改變的積極性[132]。如可穿戴設備(電子腕表等)可提供運動的實時心率[133],可使患者覺得運動起來很有趣。
3.3 提高患者行為技能
僅向患者傳播知識并不能徹底改變行為,糖尿病的自我管理需要患者的全面參與。應對技能培訓是一種認知行為干預,重點是將不適當或非建設性的應對方式和行為模式,轉變?yōu)楦呓ㄔO性的行為。應對技能培訓可對代謝指標、血糖和生活質量達到改善效果[134]。(2型糖尿病證據和推薦ⅠA級)。這些應對技能包括適應性調整、解決問題、溝通和家庭成員合作。
3.4 使用BCTs
BCTs是指行為干預措施中可復制的、能夠通過增強行為改變的促進因素或抑制行為改變的阻礙因素,扭轉目標人群行為因果走向的成分[135]。如小組干預比個體單獨干預效果好,增加干預頻率和干預強度效果更好[73]。對任務進行分級、指導如何實施行為、行為演練/預演、行為計劃和行為示范與HbA1c降低有關[136](證據A級)。
隨機對照試驗中最常見的BCTs是社會支持(如情感支持、物質支持)、解決問題和目標設定(行為),與HbA1c的顯著降低獨立相關[137]。常用BCTs,見表2。
3.5 實施以人為本的患者自我管理教育和支持
DSMES指幫助糖尿病患者實施和維護管理疾病所需的持續(xù)性行為的活動,所提供的支持包括行為改變、教育、社會心理和/或臨床服務。DSMES是一項關鍵的干預措施,與藥物治療同樣重要[70,139]。由訓練有素的糖尿病護理和教育專家提供的DSMES可顯著改善患者的知識、血糖水平、臨床和心理結局,減少住院和全因死亡,且具有較高的成本效益[28,140-146]。有證據表明,與那些花較少時間參加DSMES的患者相比,在6~12個月完成超過10 h DSMES 的患者以及持續(xù)參加的患者的HbA1c和死亡率顯著降低[31]。所有糖尿病患者應參加糖尿病自我管理教育,并獲得所需的支持,以促進其掌握糖尿病自我護理所需的知識、決策能力和技術[26](證據A級)。
DSMES團隊成員應向患者提供教育材料,材料的內容應堅持以人為本、語言簡單、避免專業(yè)術語,且與患者文化背景相關、適合患者的語言和讀寫能力[26](證據A級)。
內分泌科應建立DSMES團隊。在對患者進行評估后,DSMES團隊成員制定以人為本的DSMES計劃。DSMES應尊重患者的文化、個人偏好、需求和價值觀,可把患者組成小組或單獨進行[26](證據A級)。
DSMES課程的內容、關鍵點和效果評價指標,見表3~5。效果評價和隨訪記錄,見表6、7。
4 行為與生活方式干預步驟
要點:
·在對患者進行行為干預前,應對其行為與生活方式及影響因素進行綜合評估,包括健康狀況、認知水平、技能及生活背景、社會心理狀況、治療行為和生活方式行為情況。
·應與患者進行深度溝通,共同商定行為目標。
·確定行為目標應做到具體化、可測量、以行為改變?yōu)槟繕?、可實現但有挑戰(zhàn)。
·在制定干預實施方案時,應在干預者、干預場所和干預方式方法三個方面做工作。
·在干預過程中,應注意幫助患者克服影響其執(zhí)行行為的障礙因素,包括但不限于患者信念、情緒、社交網絡、資源和環(huán)境條件。
糖尿病患者的BLIs一般包括6個步驟[75],分別為:(1)通過對患者進行綜合評估,確定主要行為與生活方式問題及行為改變目標;(2)確定行為問題的主要影響因素(包括行為的障礙因素和促進因素);(3)根據實際需要選擇基于證據或理論的干預策略和方法,形成干預方案;(4)就干預方案征求各相關方的意見,并進行預試驗;(5)實施干預,并明確干預效果評價指標;(6)進行干預效果評價,包括患者參與情況、行為改變情況和健康結局指標變化情況,見圖2。也可參照能力-機會-動機-行為模型(capability-opportunity-motivation-behavior model,COM-B)[149]和詢問-評估-咨詢-同意-協(xié)助模型(ask-assess-advise-agree-assist model,5As)[150]理清干預思路。所有BLIs應符合醫(yī)學倫理學原則,包括知情同意、保密事項、患者自主等[151]。
4.1 患者綜合評估
行為與生活方式評估是指通過與患者深入溝通、現場觀察、查閱檔案等,收集患者當前與糖尿病相關的行為和生活方式情況,通過分析,確定最突出和需優(yōu)先解決的行為問題及其主要影響因素[152]。行為的直接影響因素是行為意向,而行為意向會受到個人和環(huán)境等多方面因素的影響,需與患者明確行為的主要促進因素和障礙因素[70]。
收集的信息包括:
4.1.1 健康的社會決定因素和健康狀況(social determinants of health,SDOH)。一是收集并分析SDOH方面的信息,包括一般人口學特征(性別、年齡、職業(yè)、文化程度、婚姻家庭情況等)和社會經濟情況(經濟收入情況、居住狀況、食品營養(yǎng)情況、交通狀況、醫(yī)療保健服務等);二是收集、分析患者健康狀況方面的信息,包括總體身體狀況、糖尿病類型、臨床需求、既往史、身體限制、風險因素、合并癥[153-154]。收集、分析這些信息的目的是為制訂基于證據的、符合患者實際情況和需求的個性化綜合治療方案提供參考依據[145,155-159]。
4.1.2 認知和技能水平。主要收集、分析患者對健康信息的認知能力和行為技能方面的信息,包括:讀寫能力、健康信念和態(tài)度、糖尿病知識、糖尿病自我管理技能(如血糖、血壓的自我監(jiān)測技術、營養(yǎng)配餐和食物熱量計算、運動類型和運動強度的選擇、體重管理等)、健康素養(yǎng)、學習準備度、學習障礙、認知/發(fā)育障礙(如智力障礙、中重度自閉癥、癡呆)[154,160]。可采用患者自填式問卷、健康素養(yǎng)量表等進行患者認知和技能水平評估。收集和分析這些信息的目的是為實施有針對性的、有效的教育指導提供參考依據[161-162]。
4.1.3 社會心理狀況。對糖尿病的情緒反應、糖尿病痛苦、焦慮、抑郁、精神障礙(如精神分裂癥、自殺傾向)進行綜合評估。情緒問題與較差的自我保健行為、較差的代謝結局、發(fā)病率、死亡率、身心功能受限和較差的生活質量有關[26]。可采用有關心理量表對患者進行評估。社會心理狀況評估的目的是確定影響患者堅持健康行為和生活方式的心理情緒因素或是否需要轉診[87,163-164]。
4.1.4 行為與生活方式情況。應對患者糖尿病治療行為(如服藥和血糖自我監(jiān)測情況)和生活方式行為(如膳食、運動、睡眠等)進行綜合評估,確定優(yōu)先干預行為,找出行為的障礙因素和促進因素[151]。行為的障礙因素和促進因素包括社會經濟狀況、文化因素、時間安排、醫(yī)療保險、對治療需要的認識、醫(yī)護的鼓勵、身體缺陷、家庭支持、同伴支持(包括線上好友)、個人收入情況等[137,165]??筛鶕TM評估患者行為與生活方式所處的改變階段以及患者改變行為的決心和信心[166]。評估結果的準確性取決于醫(yī)護人員的人際溝通和問題分析能力。在溝通時需將問題具體化,如“我不能堅持健康膳食”不如“我總是喜歡在飯后吃很多零食”,“我沒時間運動”不如“我每天要花5個小時以上的時間看電視和上網”。行為與生活方式評估的目的是確定影響患者“三高”的主要行為與生活方式問題,確定影響行為和生活方式問題的主要因素,并在行為改變理論的指導下,運用BCTs,與患者商定行為目標、干預策略與方法,更好地實施干預。評估內容和指標可參考表8、9。
4.2 確定行為目標
確定行為目標是通過與患者溝通和談判,把行為意向轉化為實際行為的過程[148]。在與患者商定行為目標時,應符合SMART原則[167]。
4.2.1 具體化。應把行為目標具體化,明確指出要做什么、怎么做、什么時候做、在哪做、做多少。如每天晚飯30 min后在本社區(qū)快步走30 min,堅持6個月[168]。
4.2.2 可測量。行為目標需能量化,包括次數、持續(xù)時長等,如“每周慢跑3次,每次30 min”,而不是寬泛地定為“經常進行有氧運動”[169-171]。
4.2.3 可實現但有挑戰(zhàn)。在與患者商定行為目標時應關注其可實現性。目標實現起來過于困難會影響患者實施行為的信心,最終放棄;過于簡單容易又會使患者感到沒有成就感,不會認真對待或不屑于實施[153]。
4.2.4 把管理行為與日常生活關聯(lián)。應把糖尿病管理行為與患者的日常行為相關聯(lián)或融合,促使其更容易實現[117]。應以行為的改變情況作為目標,而不是生理生化指標,如“每天至少食用350 g新鮮蔬菜”,而不是“3個月內把體重減少5 kg”[118,159,172]。
4.2.5 設定時限。應為糖尿病患者確定達到行為目標的時限,如“從今天算起,3個月內”或“8月1日前”等[172]。
4.3 制定干預實施方案
在確定行為目標的基礎上,要通過與患者深入溝通,確定具體行為干預方案,包括誰干預、在哪里干預、怎么干預等。醫(yī)護人員每次和患者見面時都應該在與患者深入溝通的基礎上,根據患者的具體情況,對行為方案進行必要的調整。
4.3.1 干預者。最佳干預者是負責患者管理的醫(yī)護人員或社區(qū)醫(yī)生。醫(yī)護人員的知識、經驗和對糖尿病患者的支持性溝通能力是成功緩解糖尿病的基本素質[33]。干預者應具備傳播學、教育學、心理學、行為科學的基本知識和技能。
4.3.2 干預場所。除了在患者定期就診時對其進行面對面的干預外,也可在隨訪時在家庭中進行;或在社區(qū)中組成病友小組,以小組為單位定期進行[173-174]。
4.3.3 干預方法。應在循證和個體化評估的基礎上,明確基于理論的、具體的干預方式和方法。除了面對面的干預外,可通過電話、社交媒體、手機短信息、微信等方式進行干預[131,175]。
4.4 實施干預
按照與患者商定的干預方案實施。在干預過程中,應注意幫助患者克服影響其執(zhí)行行為的障礙因素,增加促進因素,包括但不限于:(1)信念,如不自信能做到;(2)情緒,如因缺乏操作技能導致的情緒低落;(3)社會支持,如缺乏家人、朋友、同事等的支持;(4)資源,如缺乏實施行為的時間或金錢;(5)物質條件,如缺乏設施、設備或器材等[176]。
以BLIs原則為指導,通過運用行為干預策略、逐漸減少對干預活動的支持、確定有意義的目標,以及與患者一起梳理分析預期的行為障礙,培養(yǎng)患者的自我調節(jié)技能(防止干預依賴),提供多樣化社交陪伴的機會,能夠更有效提高患者對行為建議的依從性[177]。
幫助患者長期堅持健康的行為和生活方式,主要有效措施包括:(1)增加干預頻率和時間;(2)根據行為目標實現情況及時調整行為計劃;(3)經常對患者的一些小進步進行鼓勵表揚,并向患者強化賦能;(4)幫助患者做好自我監(jiān)測和監(jiān)督;(5)幫助患者努力克服各種困難,偶爾漏掉或錯過一些行為,應告知患者不必氣餒,并按原計劃繼續(xù)[118]。
5 行為與生活方式干預效果評價
要點:
·BLIs效果評價指標包括過程指標、臨床結局、社會心理和行為結局、患者報告、健康結局。
·評價可采用定性和定量相結合的方法進行。
·常用的評價工具包括糖尿病自我護理行為評價量
表等。
評價是指系統(tǒng)地收集行為執(zhí)行情況的信息,以了解行為目標的實現情況,并找出影響目標實現的因素,為改進干預提供依據。
5.1 評價指標
評價指標用于評估干預目標是否實現或實現的程度。應根據干預目標制定評價指標,包括過程指標、臨床結局、社會心理和行為結局等[68]。評價指標舉例,見表10。
5.2 評價方法
過程性評價主要采用現場觀察、面對面訪談、小組討論、患者口頭報告等方式進行。可由患者記錄生活日記,由醫(yī)護人員定期收集有關信息,并進行總結梳理。臨床結局和健康結局性指標結合臨床檢測數據綜合研判。
5.3 評價工具
常用的評價工具包括糖尿病自我護理行為評價量表(summary of diabetes self-care activities,SDSCA)[178]、患者行為量表(patient activation measurement,PAM)[179-180]和糖尿病管理自我效能量表(diabetes management self-efficacy scale,DMSES)[181]。
編寫專家名單(按姓氏筆畫為序):馬曉靜(上海市第六人民醫(yī)院)、王文絹(中國疾病預防控制中心慢性非傳染性疾病預防控制中心)、王友發(fā)(西安交通大學醫(yī)學部)、王聘(中國老年保健醫(yī)學研究會)、田向陽(中國健康教育中心)、包玉倩(上海市第六人民醫(yī)院)、包柄楠(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院)、曲伸(上海市第十人民醫(yī)院)、許雯(中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院)、蘇本利(大連醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院)、李玉秀(中國醫(yī)學科學院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院)、李裕明(華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院)、季延紅(西安交通大學基礎醫(yī)學院)、鞏少青(西安交通大學公共政策與管理學院)、楊華元(中日友好醫(yī)院)、楊金奎(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院)、杜時雨(中日友好醫(yī)院)、汪志紅(重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院)、張俊清(北京大學第一醫(yī)院)、周后德(中南大學湘雅二醫(yī)院)、周迎生(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院)、周忠良(西安交通大學公共政策與管理學院)、姚斌(中山大學附屬第三醫(yī)院)、陶紅(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院)、常寶成(天津醫(yī)科大學代謝病醫(yī)院)、崔麗梅(北京市垂楊柳醫(yī)院)、彭定瓊(中國民航局民航醫(yī)學中心)、彭雯(青海大學醫(yī)學部公共衛(wèi)生系)、逄曙光(濟南市中心醫(yī)院)
編寫秘書:陳志昕(安徽醫(yī)科大學公共衛(wèi)生學院)、郭馨月(北京市疾病預防控制中心)、程果(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院)、海日漢(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院)
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(收稿日期:2024-10-14;修回日期:2024-11-21)
(本文編輯:王鳳微)