巴庫(kù)位于里海西岸阿普歇倫半島南部,是一個(gè)港口城市,也是外高加索地區(qū)第一大城市和交通樞紐。作為阿塞拜疆共和國(guó)的首都,巴庫(kù)是該國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化中心,因境內(nèi)坐落著巴庫(kù)油田,也被稱為“石油城”。
這座立于亞歐分界線的城市,其歷史可以追溯到公元8世紀(jì),但考古發(fā)現(xiàn)表明早在公元8世紀(jì)以前,巴庫(kù)就有人類居住的痕跡。漫長(zhǎng)歲月中,歐亞文化不斷在這里碰撞并相互融合,波斯、希臘、羅馬、阿拉伯、突厥和近代歐洲文明在這片土地上潮起潮落,從而造就了巴庫(kù)獨(dú)一無(wú)二的風(fēng)土人情。
從高處俯瞰,這座規(guī)模宏大、錯(cuò)落有致的城市,像一座半圓形劇場(chǎng)沿巴庫(kù)灣擴(kuò)展開(kāi)來(lái)。巴庫(kù)分為內(nèi)城和新城兩個(gè)部分,2000年,巴庫(kù)內(nèi)城與巴庫(kù)城墻、希爾凡王宮、少女塔,一并被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。
巴庫(kù)內(nèi)城被古老的城墻環(huán)繞,擁有迷宮般的狹窄巷道和古老的建筑,景致如畫(huà),古韻悠長(zhǎng)。
在巴庫(kù)內(nèi)城最高的山丘之上,散布著著名的希爾凡宮建筑群。整個(gè)建筑群依山勢(shì)而建,上下分為三個(gè)部分,希爾凡王宮建在最高層,始建于15世紀(jì)。由于建筑精美、風(fēng)格獨(dú)特、用料講究,希爾凡王宮被稱作是阿塞拜疆古建筑的典范之作。宮殿的墻用不同大小的石頭壘成,每塊石材都被打磨得極為精致,石頭彼此精巧連接,以至于看不出壘砌的縫隙。
在巴庫(kù)內(nèi)城中心,里海海濱,靜靜地矗立著一座名為少女塔的建筑。它不僅是巴庫(kù)城的象征,更是承載著無(wú)數(shù)歷史變遷與浪漫傳說(shuō)的古老見(jiàn)證。少女塔的具體修建年代和修建者至今仍是一個(gè)謎,在歷經(jīng)無(wú)數(shù)風(fēng)雨與修繕后,目前塔高28米,距離里海不到100米。登臨少女塔,可以看到石油工人大街、巴庫(kù)灣和巴庫(kù)內(nèi)城全貌。1304年,巴庫(kù)曾發(fā)生特大地震,許多民居被夷為平地,而少女塔卻安然無(wú)恙。如今,這座曾經(jīng)的防御性堡壘,已經(jīng)成為旅游觀光地。很多當(dāng)?shù)氐纳倥奂谏倥鲁杼瑁齺?lái)游客駐足欣賞。
漫步在巴庫(kù)內(nèi)城,能看到不少老舊的石磚建筑與新建的現(xiàn)代樓體并存,古老與現(xiàn)代交織、傳統(tǒng)與創(chuàng)新交融的畫(huà)面,令人印象深刻。而在新城,則是另一番風(fēng)景。新城位于內(nèi)城之南,因石油工業(yè)的發(fā)展而興起。
隨著里海石油的大規(guī)??碧介_(kāi)發(fā),巴庫(kù)的城市面貌煥然一新,逐漸建設(shè)成為高樓林立、綠樹(shù)成蔭的現(xiàn)代化城市。黑達(dá)爾·阿利耶夫文化中心是現(xiàn)代巴庫(kù)的地標(biāo)之一。它由世界著名建筑師扎哈·哈迪德設(shè)計(jì),運(yùn)用了大量層層跌宕起伏和彎曲變化的柔美線條,其設(shè)計(jì)如行云流水、似天馬行空,難以用具體的物體來(lái)比擬。扎哈·哈迪德以浪漫、大膽前衛(wèi)的設(shè)計(jì)理念贏得了倫敦設(shè)計(jì)博物館“年度設(shè)計(jì)大獎(jiǎng)”,她還是北京大興機(jī)場(chǎng)、廣州歌劇院等中國(guó)知名建筑的設(shè)計(jì)師。此外,火焰塔、月亮灣酒店、Daniz商場(chǎng)等眾多造型獨(dú)特而張揚(yáng)的標(biāo)志性建筑,也為巴庫(kù)這座城市增添了更多活力與生機(jī)。
編輯/郭曉娟
Pearl of the Caspian Sea — Baku
As the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku is the political, economic and cultural center of the country, and also known as the “Oil City” because of the Baku Oilfield there.
According to archaeological findings, before the eighth century, there were traces of human habitation in Baku. Over the long years, European and Asian cultures have continued to collide and integrate with each other; Persian, Greek, Roman, Arabic, Turkic and modern European civilizations have ebbed and flowed on this land, thereby bringing the unique customs and practices of Baku.
Viewed from above, this grand, well-proportioned city looks like a semicircular theatre spreading out along the Bay of Baku. Baku is divided into the Inner City (Icheri Sheher) and the New Town. In 2000, the Inner City, together with the City Walls of Baku, the Shirvanshah’s Palace, and the Maiden Tower, was inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
Strolling in the Inner City, you could see the coexistence of many old masonry buildings and new modern buildings. It is impressive to see the intertwining of antiquity and modernity, and the coexistence of tradition and innovation. However, the New Town presents another scene. Situated on the south of the Inner City, the New Town emerged due to the development of the oil industry. With the large-scale exploration and development of Caspian oil, Baku has taken on a new look, and has been gradually built into a modern city characterized by high rises and green trees. Numerous uniquely and flamboyantly shaped landmark buildings, e.g. Heyder Aliyev Cultural Center, Flame Towers, Moon Bay Hotel, and Daniz Mall, have added vitality to Baku.